Water Supply Engineering
ENV 330
Course Instructor:
[Link] Khanal
Lecturer
Pokhara University
School of Engineering
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Chapter 6:
Reservoir and Distribution System
Contents
• System of water supply system: Continuous and intermittent
• Methods of water distribution: gravity, dual and pumping
• Layouts of distribution system: dead end, tree, radial and ring systems
• Service reservoirs and its types
• Balancing reservoir, capacity determination of balancing reservoir by
analytical and graphical methods
• Design of distribution system: pipe hydraulics, design criteria, pipe network
analysis
• Numerical exercises on calculation of capacity of balancing reservoir by
analytical and graphical methods, water supply pipe line design of simple
networks
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DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
• After treatment, water is to be stored temporarily and
supplied to the consumers through the network of
pipelines called distribution system.
• The distribution system also includes pumps, reservoirs,
pipe fittings, instruments for measurement of pressures,
flow leak detectors etc.
System of Supply
Water may be supplied to the consumers by the following
two systems:
1. Continuous System
2. Intermittent System
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Classification water distribution systems
Depending upon the method of distribution, water
distribution systems may be classified as follows.
1. Gravity system
2. Combined gravity and pumping system
3. Pumping system.
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1. Gravity system
• In this system water is conveyed through pipes by
gravity only.
• This system is adopted where the treated water to be
supplied is available at a higher level than that of
distribution areas.
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2. Combined gravity and pumping system
• In this system the treated water to be supplied is pumped and
stored in an elevated distribution reservoir from which it is
supplied to the consumers under gravity.
• This system is adopted where the treated water to be
supplied is available at almost the same level as the area of
distribution
• From the elevated reservoir the water is then conveyed
through pipes under gravity.
• The pumps are usually worked at constant rate and the
excess water during low consumption period remains in the
elevated reservoir and it is supplied during the peak period.
• The rate of pumping is so adjusted that the excess quantity
of water stored in the reservoir during low consumption
period is nearly equal to the extra demand of water during
peak period.
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3. Pumping system.
• In this system water
is pumped directly
into the distribution
mains.
• The number of
pumps required in
this system will
depend on the
demand of water.
• Moreover, the
pumps may have to
be worked at varying
rates depending on
the demand of water.
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RESERVOIR
Definition: Reservoirs are the tanks which are used to
store water to meet required water demand.
Necessity:
To
• Reserve against failure
• Balance fluctuations in demand
• Reduce pressure on appliances and fittings
• Reduce size of pipe
• Maintain uniform pressure in distribution system
• Meet emergency demand
• Use lighter pipes
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Service reservoir/Distribution Reservoir
Distribution or service reservoirs are used in a
distribution system to provide storage to meet fluctuations
in demand of water, to provide storage for emergencies
such as breakdown of pumps, bursting of mains, heavy
fire demand, interruption in power supply, temporary
floods etc. and to stabilize pressures in the distribution
system.
These reservoirs may be constructed of brick masonry,
stone masonry, cement concrete-plain, reinforced or
prestressed and steel.
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Main functions of Storage, Service and Distribution
reservoirs:
• To store the treated water till it is distributed to the city
• To accommodate hourly fluctuations in demand, and thus
allowing the treatment units and pumps to work at the
average constant rate. This will reduce the running
maintenance operation costs of the treatment units as well as
also improve their efficiency.
• To maintain the constant pressure in the distribution main,
because when the pressure in the pipe lines decreases due to
the increase in demand at peak hours, the extra demand of
water is fed by these reservoir, and the pumps continue their
work at constant speed.
• Distribution reservoirs lead to an overall economy by
reducing the sizes of pumps, pipe lines and treatment units.
• By providing distribution reservoirs, the pumping of water
in shifts is possible, because treated water will continuously
flow in these reservoirs.
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According to the situation with respect to ground, the
distribution reservoirs are classified in the following three
types.
1. Surface reservoirs
2. Elevated reservoirs
3. Standpipes
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1. Surface reservoirs:
• Surface reservoirs are circular or rectangular in shape.
• These reservoirs are constructed at ground level or
below ground level and hence these are also called
ground reservoirs or non-elevated reservoirs.
• The treated water stored in these reservoirs is pumped to
elevated reservoirs from which it is supplied to the
consumers.
• However, if surface reservoirs are located at high points
in the distribution system then water may be supplied to
the consumers directly from these reservoirs by gravity.
• As such as far as possible surface reservoirs should be
located at high points in the distribution system.
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• It is usual practice to construct a surface reservoir in
two compartments, so that one can be used while the
other is being cleaned or repaired.
• The two compartments are connected with each
other by control valves.
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2. Elevated reservoirs
• Elevated reservoirs are constructed at an elevation from
ground level.
• These reservoirs are also known as overhead tanks
• These reservoirs may be rectangular, circular or
elliptical in shape.
• However, with the advancement in structural analysis it
is possible to construct the elevated reservoirs in any
shape to suit the architectural requirements.
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• An RCC tank known as Intz tank is more common and
widely used these days.
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3. Standpipes:
• Standpipe is a vertical cylindrical tank resting just above
the ground.
• The diameter of standpipe varies from 10 to 15 m and
its height varies from 15 to 30 m. made of steel or
R.C.C.
• Steel standpipes are more common as it is very difficult
to construct watertight R.C.C. standpipes under heads
greater than 15 m.
• The purpose of such tank is to increase pressure in the
distribution system by creating extra storage in the tank
above the elevation required to give necessary pressure
for the distribution of water.
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Storage Capacity of Service reservoir
• The storage capacity of the distribution/service reservoir
is based on various requirement as follows:
1. Balancing reserve (equalizing/operating):
• To balance the fluctuations in demand and supply
2. Breakdown storage or emergency storage:
• For breakdown or emergencies
• 25% of total capacity
3. Fire storage
The total of above three categories determines the
capacity of the service reservoir.
Total Capacity of a Reservoir
= Balancing storage + Breakdown storage + Fire storage
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1. Balancing reserve (equalizing/operating):
• The main function of a distribution reservoir is to
provide storage to meet the fluctuating demand of water
with a constant rate of pumping of water into the
reservoir.
• The quantity of water required to be stored in the
reservoir for balancing or equalizing this variable
demand of water against the constant rate of pumping is
known as balancing storage or balancing reserve
• The balancing storage of a distribution reservoir can be
determined by the following two methods:
A. Mass curve or Graphical method.
B. Analytical method
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A. Mass Curve Method
• A mass diagram is the plot of cumulative inflow (i.e.
supply) or outflow (i.e. demand) versus time. The
procedure to construct such diagram is as follows:
• By continuously adding the hourly demand of water for
a typical maximum day, values of accumulated demand
of water at successive hours are obtained and the same
are plotted against the corresponding hours to obtain
mass curve of demand.
• From figure 10.,If the two ends A and B of the mass
curve of demand are joined by a line AB, then line AB
represents the mass curve.
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• In order to determine the storage required for
distribution reservoir, draw tangents through lowest
point C and highest point D, parallel to line AB.
• The maximum vertical distance EF between the two
tangents gives the storage required for distribution
reservoir.
• This is so because at C there is maximum excess supply
equal to CC´ which should be stored, and at D there is
maximum deficit DD´
• The storage S required for distribution reservoir will
thus be the sum of the maximum excess supply through
pumping Ep (i.e., CC´) and maximum excess demand
(or maximum deficiency) Ed (i.e., DD’)
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2. Analytical Method:
• Calculate the cumulative hourly demand and cumulative
hourly supply for 24 hours in tabular form.
• Find the hourly excess of demand (deficit), excess of
supply (surplus), total demand (TD) and total supply
(TS).
• Then note the maximum cumulative surplus (MCS) and
maximum cumulative deficit (MCD).
• Then the capacity of balancing reservoir (CBR) is given
by:
• If TS > TD, CBR = MCS + MCD – TS + TD and
• If TS ≤ TD, CBR = MCS + MCD
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Assignment:
A town with a population of one lakh is to be supplied with water daily at 200
liters per head. The variation in demand is as follows :
6 A.M. to 9 A.M = 40% of total
9 A.M. to 12 Noon = 10% of total
12 Noon to 3 P.M. = 10% of total
3 P.M. to 6 P.M. = 15% of total
6 P.M to 9 P.M = 25% of total
Determine the capacity of the service reservoir assuming pumping to be at
uniform rate and the period of pumping to be from 6 A.M. to 6 P.M. Neglect fire
demand. Solve by analytical method.
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Layouts of distribution system:
Generally in practice there are four different systems of
distribution which are used. They are:
1. Dead End or Tree system
2. Grid Iron system
3. Circular or Ring system
4. Radial system
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1. Dead End or Tree system:
• This system is suitable for irregular developed towns or
cities.
• In this system water flows in one direction only into
submains and branches. The diameter of pipe decreases
at every tree branch.
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The dead-end system of layout is adopted in towns or
cities which have developed in a haphazard manner
without proper planning. The water supply mains are laid
at random without any planning of future roads.
Advantages of dead-end system of layout.
➢In this case the discharge and pressure at any point in
the distribution system can be worked out accurately
and hence the design calculations are simple and easy.
➢The pipe diameters are to be designed for the
population likely to be served by them only which
system cheap and economical.
➢In this system of layout comparatively less number of
cutoff valves are required.
➢The laying of pipes is simple.
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Disadvantages of dead-end system of layout:
i. No water if system fails
ii. stagnation of water.
iii. The system is less successful in maintaining
satisfactory pressures in the remote parts.
iv. In this system since water supplied to any area is
obtained from the main pipe line at one point only, the
water available for fire fighting will be limited
v. Many scour valves required.
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2. Grid iron system
• In this system of layout the mains, submains, and
branches are interconnected with each other
• main pipe line runs through the center of the area to be
served and from both sides of the main pipe line
submains take off in perpendicular directions.
• The branch lines interconnect all the submains.
• Thus in this case water can be made to circulate through
the entire distribution
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Advantages:
i. There is free circulation of water, without any
stagnation or sediment deposit.
ii. Due to interconnection water is delivered with
minimum head loss.
iii. Repair affects only in very small area.
iv. Fire fighting water available by manipulating the
cutoff valves and diverting the supplies from other
sections.
Disadvantages:
i. More cutoff valves and longer length of pipes
ii. costly in laying.
iii. Design laborious, complicated and difficult.
iv. Overall cost is high.
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3. Circular or ring system
• In this system of layout the main pipe line is laid to
form a closed ring, either circular or rectangular, around
the area to be served.
• The entire distribution area is divided into small circular
or rectangular blocks and the main pipe lines are laid on
the periphery of these blocks.
• Advantages and disadvantages same as in Grid Iron
system
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4. Radial system
• This system of layout is just the reverse of the circular
or ring system of layout, with water flowing towards the
outer periphery instead of from it.
• In this system the entire distribution area is divided into
a number of small distribution zones and in the center of
each zone a distribution reservoir is provided.
• This system of layout ensures high pressure in
distribution and it gives quick and efficient water
distribution.
• Advantages and disadvantages same as in Grid Iron
system
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DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Design Criteria
1. Discharge: Peak factor 2-4
2. Pressure: Residual head
• 5m for public tap,
• 7m in single storey,
• 12 in two and 17 for three storey
• not > 22 m
3. Minimum size of pipes:
4. distribution pipe is 10 cm
5. Velocity:
• 0.6 to 3 m/s in pumping and 0.6 to 1.5 m/s for gravity
6. Gradient: laid below the HGL (hydraulic Grade Line)
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Design
a. Structural Design: Not in our course
b. Hydraulic design: size determination
Hydraulic design:
1. Continuity equation:
2. Bernoulli’s equation:
3. Minor head loss: neglected
4. Major (frictional)head loss
(a) Manning's Formula: For open channel flow
(b) Darcy Weisbach formula:
(c) Hazen-William’s formula
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