Introduction to
Microcontroller
Manoj L Jadhav, MIT 1
What is Microcontroller?
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit
designed to govern a specific operation in
an embedded system.
A typical microcontroller includes a processor,
memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a
single chip.
2
Explain the various applications of
microcontroller?
Microcontroller is used as single chip independent
controllers in machine.
Generally in low cost products, such as toys, electric
drills, microwave ovens, VCRs microcontrollers are used.
Microcontrollers are used as machine tools, chemical
processors, medical instrumentation
It also controls mechanism of electronic systems, music
system, home security systems.
It is used in such applications which require simple timing
and bit set/reset functions.
What are advantages of microcontroller same over
the microprocessor based system?
The following are advantages of microcontroller same over
the microprocessor based system:
The cost of microcontroller is less than a microprocessor
based system.
A microcontroller has more I/O components than a
microprocessor based system.
Microcontrollers can be used in wide variety of intelligent
products such as in PC keyboards. But the microprocessor
based system cannot be used in such intelligent products.
Many low cost products such as electronic toys, electric drills,
microwave ovens, VCRs are based on microcontrollers.
This is not the case with microprocessor based system.
Compare with 8051(microcontroller) and
8085 microprocessor?
Microcontroller 8051 Microprocessor 8085
It is an 8-bit microcontroller It is an 8-bit microprocessor
It provides 34 – 8-bit registers. i.e It provides seven 8-bit registers – A,
A, B, and 32 general-purpose registers B, H…..
It has four ports P0-P3 for I/O 8-bit of data bus but ports are not
available.
Flag register is 8-bit and contains Nine Flag register is 8-bit and contains
flags. Five flags.
Peripheral chips are not required Peripheral chips are required
Manoj L Jadhav, MIT 5
Draws an architectural block diagram of 8051 and explain it?
The 8051 is a second generation 8-bit microcontroller.
The first 8-bit microcontroller was 8048.
The 8051 provides a significantly more powerful architecture, a more powerful
instruction set and full featured serial port.
The following architectural block diagram for 8051 shows that two connections
internal connection and external connections.
External view OR external connection : External connection is very simple.
This needed 32-pins by four 8-bit bi-directional I/O ports.
Internal view OR internal connection: Internal view of 8051 is very complex. It
consists of ALU, accumulator, stack pointer, I/O port, a block registers & general
purpose register. All of these devices are connected to 8-bit internal data bus. In
this view there are two memory modules such as RAM & ROM.
RAM and ROM : The 8051 has internal 4K ROM and 128 bytes RAM. Which is
used for storing the data temporary.
RAM address Register : It holds the address bits of RAM.
Accumulator: After Arithmetic & logical operation the processed result is stored
into accumulator.
TMP 1, TMP 2 and B-register : TMP 1 & TMP 2 are used as general purpose
temporary registers during ALU operation it holds the operands intermediately. The
register B is used as general purpose register which stores data.
ALU :It performs an arithmetic and logical operation by accepting i/p.
PSW : PSW (Program/Processor Status Word) that means it shows the status
(i.e set or reset) operation performed in ALU. It contains different flags or flip-flop.
Stack pointer : This 8-bit pointer register points to stack addresses which resides
topper most part of RAM address. The operation of stack is in LIFO manner.
DPTR :This is a 16-bit data pointer register. The 16-bit is made of DPTR is high order
byte i.e. DPH (8-bit) and low order i.e. DPL (8-bit).
PCON :It is a power control register. It is used to operates microprocessor in a special
modes which conserve power until you wake up microprocessor.
SCON :It is a serial port control register. This is a 8-bit register. It is used to tell serial
port is how to operates.
TMOD :This counter timer mode register is used to sets the mode of counter timers
TCON :It is counter-timer control register. The flags in this register either shows the
status or they are used to enables or disables counter-timer functions.
Port 0 port and Port 0 driver, Port 1 port and Port 1 driver, Port 2 port and Port 2
driver, Port 3 port and Port 3 driver : The 8051 contains four 8-bit bi-directional I/O
ports such as port 0, port 1, port 2 and port 3.
SBUF: It is a special function register. used to transfers & receives data at the same
time (full-duplex serial port)
IE :It is an interrupt enable register. They are used to enable the interrupt.
IP :It This interrupt priority register is used for controlling priority of the interrupt.
ALE : This address latch enable signal is used as latch of lines during multiplexed
address/data bus..
PSEN :This control signal is used to read the external program memory
Features of First Generation 8051 microcontroller
8-bit CPU: It operates as an 8-bit processor, meaning that most of its internal
registers and operations are 8 bits wide.
Memory: 4 KB ROM: On-chip program memory (Read-Only Memory).
128 bytes of RAM: Internal memory for data storage.
32 General-Purpose Registers: It has 32 general-purpose registers arranged in 4
banks of 8 registers each (R0-R7).
I/O Ports: Four 8-bit parallel I/O ports (P0 to P3) for interfacing with external devices.
Timers: Two 16-bit timers/counters (Timer 0 and Timer 1) for timing operations and
event counting.
Serial Communication: A built-in UART (Universal Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter) for serial communication.
Interrupts: 5 interrupt sources, including two external and three internal interrupts
(Timer, Serial, etc.).
Oscillator and Clock: It has an on-chip oscillator with a clock frequency of up to 12
MHz, typically used for timing and synchronization.
Boolean Processor: It supports bit-level Boolean operations, ideal for control
applications.
Power-saving Modes:
• Idle mode: CPU is off, but RAM, timers, and serial ports are active.
• Power-down mode: Everything is turned off, including the clock, 9 to save power.
What are main features provided by second
generation microcontroller OR 8051
microcontroller?
The main features of 8051 microcontroller is as listed below:
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit ALU.
The 8051 microcontroller has 4KB i.e. 4KX8-bit ROM or EPROM.
The 8051 microcontroller has 128 bytes i.e. 128X8 bit RAM.
The 8051 microcontroller has dual 16-bit timer event counter.
The 8051 microcontroller has 32 I/O lines for four 8-bit I/O port.
The 8051 microcontroller has can addresses 64KB of program
memory.
The 8051 microcontroller has powerful instruction set which
contains 111 instructions.
The 8051 microcontroller has contains two external interrupts.
The 8051 microcontroller has clock speed upto 12 MHz.
The 8051 microcontroller has contains a full-featured serial port.
10
What are features provide by first generation
microcontroller OR 8048 microcontroller?
The main features of 8048 microcontroller as listed below:
8048 microcontroller has clock having frequency 2MHz to 4MHz.
8048 microcontroller has 27 I/O lines.
8048 microcontroller has 1KB ROM or EPROM.
8048 microcontroller has 64KB RAM.
8048 microcontroller has one 8-bit timer-event counter.
Address capacity of 8048 microcontroller is 4KB.
Manoj L Jadhav, MIT 11
Explain 8051 memory mapping for 8051
microcontroller with the help of neat diagram?
The 8051 microcontroller has contains two types of
separate memory spaces as below.
This memory space is also shown in the memory mapping
diagram: a) Program Memory Space
b) Data Memory Space
Program Memory Space :-The program memory space is read-only
memory space i.e. ROM space, This memory space is used for storing
program data.
It is possible to reads program instructions from this space, but the
processor cannot writes data into this memory space.
The 4KB program memory can be expanded by an additional 60KB
making it 64KB program memory.
Data Memory Space :-The data memory space is a read/write memory
space i.e. RAM space, The processor can reads data from this memory
space and can writes data to this memory space.
The 128 bytes of internal RAM provides general read/write data storage.
Some part of this is often referred to as registers.
The 8051 has 22 special function registers which are not part of 128
bytes of RAM. The data memory can also be expanded to 64KB
The 8051 can also be operated with common memory. In this case,
8051 only has 64KB of total external memory. In this configuration 8051
can inputs block of data through its serial communication port which
loads that data in memory and then executes that data as a program.
This mechanism is known as downloading program.