Chapter 17
Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria
Instructor: Rana Al-Momani
Homogeneous Versus Heterogeneous Solution Equilibria
Buffer Solutions
A buffer solution is a solution of (1) a weak acid or a weak base and (2) its salt;
both components must be present. The solution has the ability to resist changes in
pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base.
The buffering capacity, that is, the effectiveness of the buffer solution, depends on
the amounts of acid and conjugate base from which the buffer is made. The larger
the amount, the greater the buffering capacity.
Preparing a Buffer Solution with a Specific pH
to prepare a buffer solution, we choose a weak acid whose pKa is close to the desired pH. This choice
not only gives the correct pH value of the buffer system, but also ensures that we have comparable
amounts of the acid and its conjugate base present; both are prerequisites for the buffer system to
function effectively
A Closer Look at Acid-Base Titrations
The equivalence point, as we have seen, is the point at which the number of moles
of OH - ions added to a solution is equal to the number of moles of H+ ions
originally present
An indicator is usually a weak organic acid or organic base. Only a small
amount (a drop or two) should be used in a titration experiment.
The end point of a titration occurs when the indicator changes color.
Let us consider a weak monoprotic acid that we will call HIn.
we can use the following concentration ratios to predict the perceived color of the
indicator:
Solubility Equilibria
Ksp is called the solubility product constant or simply the solubility product.
In general, the solubility product of a compound is the product of the molar
concentrations of the constituent ions, each raised to the power of its stoichiometric
coefficient in the equilibrium equation
we use Q, called the ion product, to represent the product of the molar
concentrations of the ions raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients.
Thus, for an aqueous solution containing Ag+ and Cl- ions at 25C,
Molar Solubility and Solubility
There are two other quantities that express a substance’s solubility: molar solubility, which
is the number of moles of solute in 1 L of a saturated solution (moles per liter), and
solubility, which is the number of grams of solute in 1 L of a saturated solution (grams per
liter).
Predicting Precipitation Reactions
The Common Ion Effect and Solubility
As we have noted, the solubility product is an equilibrium constant;
precipitation of an ionic compound from solution occurs whenever the ion
product exceeds Ksp for that substance.
Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility
we can define a complex ion as an ion containing a central metal cation
bonded to one or more molecules or ions.
A measure of the tendency of a metal ion to form a particular complex ion is
given by the formation constant Kf (also called the stability constant), which
is the equilibrium constant for complex ion formation. The larger Kf is, the
more stable the complex ion is
Application of the Solubility ProductPrinciple to Qualitative
Analysis
qualitative analysis, the determination of the types of ions present in a
solution. We will focus on the cations
Thank you