Python Tuple

A tuple is a collection similar to a Python list. The primary difference is that we cannot modify a tuple once it is created.

Create a Python Tuple

We create a tuple by placing items inside parentheses ().

For example,

numbers = (1, 2, -5)

print(numbers)

# Output: (1, 2, -5)

Create a Tuple Using tuple() Constructor

We can also create a tuple using a tuple() constructor.

For example,

tuple_constructor = tuple(('Jack', 'Maria', 'David'))

print(tuple_constructor)

# Output: ('Jack', 'Maria', 'David')

Understanding Tuple Methods

Tuple methods are built-in functions in Python that can be used to perform operations on tuples. These methods provide a
convenient way to manipulate and analyze tuple data. Let’s explore some of the commonly used tuple methods.

Tuple Creation and Access

Before diving into tuple methods, let’s first understand how to create tuples in Python and how to access their elements.

Step 1: Creating Tuples in Python

Tuples can be created in Python using parentheses or the tuple() function. Here’s an example:

# Creating a tuple using parentheses

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c')

# Creating a tuple using the tuple() function

my_tuple = tuple([1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c'])Copy Code

Step 2: Accessing Elements in a Tuple

Elements in a tuple can be accessed using indexing or slicing.

Indexing

Indexing allows us to access individual elements in a tuple by their position. The index starts from 0 for the first element and
increments by 1 for each subsequent element. Here’s an example:

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c')

# Accessing the first element

print(my_tuple[0]) # Output: 1

# Accessing the fourth element

print(my_tuple[3]) # Output: 'a'Copy Code

Slicing allows us to access a range of elements in a tuple. It is done by specifying the start and end indices, separated by a
colon. Here’s an example:

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c')

# Accessing elements from index 1 to 3

print(my_tuple[1:4]) # Output: (2, 3, 'a')

Python provides several built-in methods to perform operations on tuples. Here are some of the most commonly used tuple
methods:

Method/Function Description

count() Returns the number of occurrences of a specified element in a tuple.

index() Returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified element in a tuple.

len() Returns the number of elements in a tuple.

sorted() Returns a new tuple with the elements sorted in ascending order.

min() Returns the smallest element in a tuple.

max() Returns the largest element in a tuple.

tuple() Converts an iterable object into a tuple.

Let’s explore each of these methods in detail with examples.

count() Method

The count() method counts the number of occurrences of a specified element in a tuple functions in python. It takes a single
argument, which is the element to be counted. Here’s an example:

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2)

# Counting the number of occurrences of 2

count = my_tuple.count(2)

print(count) # Output: 3Copy Code

index() Method
The index() method finds the index of the first occurrence of a specified element in a tuple. It takes a single argument, which is
the element to be searched. Here’s an example:

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2)

# Finding the index of the first occurrence of 2

index = my_tuple.index(2)

print(index) # Output: 1Copy Code

len() Method

The len() method is used to find the number of elements in a tuple. It takes no arguments and returns an integer value
representing the length of the tuple. Here’s an example:
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c')

# Finding the length of the tuple

length = len(my_tuple)

print(length) # Output: 6Copy Code

sorted() Method

The sorted() method sorts the elements of a tuple in ascending order. It takes no arguments and returns a new tuple with the
sorted elements. Here’s an example:

my_tuple = (3, 1, 4, 2)

# Sorting the elements of the tuple

sorted_tuple = sorted(my_tuple)

print(sorted_tuple) # Output: (1, 2, 3, 4)Copy Code

min() and max() Methods

The min() and max() methods find the smallest and largest elements in a tuple, respectively. They take no arguments and
return the smallest and largest elements, respectively. Here’s an example:

my_tuple = (3, 1, 4, 2)

# Finding the smallest element in the tuple

smallest = min(my_tuple)

print(smallest) # Output: 1

# Finding the largest element in the tuple

largest = max(my_tuple)

print(largest) # Output: 4

Python Tuple Operations

In addition to tuple methods, various operations can be performed on tuples. Let’s explore some of these operations.

Concatenating Tuples

Tuples can be concatenated using the ‘+’ operator. This operation creates a new tuple by combining the elements of two or
more tuples. Here’s an example:

tuple1 = (1, 2, 3)

tuple2 = ('a', 'b', 'c')

# Concatenating two tuples

concatenated_tuple = tuple1 + tuple2

print(concatenated_tuple) # Output: (1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c')Copy Code

Replicating Tuples

Tuples can be replicated using the ‘*’ operator. This operation creates a new tuple by repeating the elements of a tuple a
specified number of times. Here’s an example:

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
# Replicating a tuple three times

replicated_tuple = my_tuple * 3

print(replicated_tuple) # Output: (1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)Copy Code

Updating Tuples

Since tuple methods in python are immutable, you cannot update their elements directly. However, you can update tuples
indirectly by converting them into lists, modifying the list, and then converting it back into a tuple. Here’s an example:

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)

# Converting the tuple into a list

my_list = list(my_tuple)

# Updating the list

my_list[1] = 4

# Converting the list back into a tuple

updated_tuple = tuple(my_list)

print(updated_tuple) # Output: (1, 4, 3)Copy Code

Deleting Tuples

Tuples, being immutable, cannot be deleted directly. However, we can use the ‘del’ keyword to delete the entire tuple. Here’s
an example:

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)

# Deleting the tuple

del my_tuple

# Trying to access the tuple after deletion will raise an error

print(my_tuple) # Output: NameError: name 'my_tuple' is not defined

SETS
Python Sets

A set is a collection of unique data, meaning that elements within a set cannot be duplicated.

For instance, if we need to store information about student IDs, a set is suitable since student IDs cannot have duplicates.
 Python Set
Elements

Create a Set in Python

In Python, we create sets by placing all the elements inside curly braces {}, separated by commas.

A set can have any number of items and they may be of different types (integer, float, tuple, string, etc.). But a set cannot have
mutable elements like lists, sets or dictionaries as its elements.

Let's see an example,

# create a set of integer type

student_id = {112, 114, 116, 118, 115}

print('Student ID:', student_id)

# create a set of string type

vowel_letters = {'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'}

print('Vowel Letters:', vowel_letters)

# create a set of mixed data types

mixed_set = {'Hello', 101, -2, 'Bye'}

print('Set of mixed data types:', mixed_set)

Run Code

Output

Student ID: {112, 114, 115, 116, 118}

Vowel Letters: {'u', 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o'}

Set of mixed data types: {'Hello', 'Bye', 101, -2}

Create an Empty Set in Python

Creating an empty set is a bit tricky. Empty curly braces {} will make an empty dictionary in Python.

To make a set without any elements, we use the set() function without any argument. For example,

# create an empty set

empty_set = set()
# create an empty dictionary

empty_dictionary = { }

# check data type of empty_set

print('Data type of empty_set:', type(empty_set))

# check data type of dictionary_set

print('Data type of empty_dictionary:', type(empty_dictionary))

Run Code

Output

Data type of empty_set: <class 'set'>

Data type of empty_dictionary: <class 'dict'>

Here,

 empty_set - an empty set created using set()

 empty_dictionary - an empty dictionary created using {}

Finally, we have used the type() function to know which class empty_set and empty_dictionary belong to.

Built-in Functions with Set

Here are some of the popular built-in functions that allow us to perform different operations on a set.

Function Description

all() Returns True if all elements of the set are true (or if the set is empty).

any() Returns True if any element of the set is true. If the set is empty, returns False.

enumerate() Returns an enumerate object. It contains the index and value for all the items of the set as a pair.

len() Returns the length (the number of items) in the set.

max() Returns the largest item in the set.

min() Returns the smallest item in the set.

sorted() Returns a new sorted list from elements in the set(does not sort the set itself).
 sum() Returns the sum of all elements in the set.

Python Set Operations

Python Set provides different built-in methods to perform mathematical set operations like union, intersection, subtraction,
and symmetric difference.

Union of Two Sets

The union of two sets A and B includes all the elements of sets A and B.

Set Union in Python

We use the | operator or the union() method to perform the set union operation. For example,

# first set

A = {1, 3, 5}

# second set

B = {0, 2, 4}

# perform union operation using |

print('Union using |:', A | B)

# perform union operation using union()

print('Union using union():', [Link](B))

Run Code

Output

Union using |: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Union using union(): {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Note: A|B and union() is equivalent to A ⋃ B set operation.

Set Intersection

The intersection of two sets A and B include the common elements between set A and B.

Set Intersection in Python

# first set

A = {1, 3, 5}

# second set

B = {1, 2, 3}

# perform intersection operation using &

print('Intersection using &:', A & B)

# perform intersection operation using intersection()

print('Intersection using intersection():', [Link](B))

Run Code

Output

Intersection using &: {1, 3}

Intersection using intersection(): {1, 3}

Note: A&B and intersection() is equivalent to A ⋂ B set operation.

Difference between Two Sets

The difference between two sets A and B include elements of set A that are not present on set B.

Set Difference in Python

We use the - operator or the difference() method to perform the difference between two sets. For example,

# first set

A = {2, 3, 5}

# second set

B = {1, 2, 6}

# perform difference operation using &

print('Difference using &:', A - B)

# perform difference operation using difference()

Run Code

Output

Difference using &: {3, 5}

Difference using difference(): {3, 5}

Note: A - B and [Link](B) is equivalent to A - B set operation.

Set Symmetric Difference

The symmetric difference between two sets A and B includes all elements of A and B without the common elements.

Set Symmetric Difference in Python

In Python, we use the ^ operator or the symmetric_difference() method to perform symmetric differences between two sets.
For example,

# first set

A = {2, 3, 5}

# second set

B = {1, 2, 6}

# perform difference operation using &

print('using ^:', A ^ B)

# using symmetric_difference()

print('using symmetric_difference():', A.symmetric_difference(B))

Run Code

Output

using ^: {1, 3, 5, 6}

using symmetric_difference(): {1, 3, 5, 6}

Check if two sets are equal

We can use the == operator to check whether two sets are equal or not. For example,

# first set

A = {1, 3, 5}

# second set

B = {3, 5, 1}
# perform difference operation using &

if A == B:

print('Set A and Set B are equal')

else:

print('Set A and Set B are not equal')

Run Code

Output

Set A and Set B are equal

In the above example, A and B have the same elements, so the condition

if A == B

evaluates to True. Hence, the statement print('Set A and Set B are equal') inside the if is executed.

There are many set methods, some of which we have already used above. Here is a list of all the methods that are available
with the set objects:

Method Description

add() Adds an element to the set

clear() Removes all elements from the set

copy() Returns a copy of the set

difference() Returns the difference of two or more sets as a new set

difference_update() Removes all elements of another set from this set

Removes an element from the set if it is a member. (Do nothing if the element
discard()
is not in set)

intersection() Returns the intersection of two sets as a new set

intersection_update() Updates the set with the intersection of itself and another

isdisjoint() Returns True if two sets have a null intersection

issubset() Returns True if another set contains this set

Removes and returns an arbitrary set element. Raises KeyError if the set is
pop()
empty

Removes an element from the set. If the element is not a member, raises a
remove()
KeyError

symmetric_difference() Returns the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set

symmetric_difference_update() Updates a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another

union() Returns the union of sets in a new set

update() Updates the set with the union of itself and others