Chapter 1: Introduction

Operating system

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IT1 Faculty
PTIT

August 15, 2023

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Contents

Programming interface of the OS

Development process

Operating system structure

Operating System Components
Kernel operating system
Some operating system structures

Some specific Operating Systems

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Target

1. Components of computer systems

2. Operating system concept
3. Services provided by the OS
4. Programming interface of the OS
5. Development process and some important concepts
6. OS structure
7. Some specific operating systems

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Programming interface of the OS

▶ In order for programs to use services, the Operating System provides

a programming interface.
▶ This interface includes system calls that the program uses to request
a service from the operating system.
▶ System calls: special commands that Application calls when it needs
to ask the Operating System to do something.
▶ System calls are made through function libraries called system libraries.
These functions will help the programmer call the corresponding sys-
tem calls of the operating system.

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Programming interface of the OS (cont.)

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Development process

Operating systems timeline

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Development process (cont.)

▶ Simple systems (40s-50s of the last century): computer processing

speed was very low, input/output was done manually and was difficult.
▶ Program loading is done using switches, pre-soldered circuits, and
punched covers. During this period, programmers interacted directly
with the hardware.
Computers in this period did not have an operating system.
▶ Batch processing:
• The program is divided into batches: including programs with similar
requirements
• The entire batch is loaded onto the magnetic tape and loaded into the
machine to be processed one after another
▶ Monitor program: every time a batch program ends, the monitoring
program automatically loads the next program into the machine and
allows it to run

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Development process (cont.)
Significantly reduces changeover time between two programs in the same
batch

▶ Supervisor is the simplest form of Operating System :

• Disadvantage: Every time there is an I/O request, the CPU must stop
processing data to wait for the I/O process to finish. Because the I/O
speed is much lower than the CPU speed, the CPU often has to wait
for a long time.

Lead to low CPU performance.

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Development process (cont.)
▶ Multi-program:
• The system holds multiple programs in memory simultaneously
• When a program must stop to perform I/O, the operating system
switches the CPU to execute another program

Reduce CPU idling time

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Development process (cont.)
▶ Multi-program:

• The waiting time of the CPU in multiprogram mode is significantly

reduced compared to the single program case
• Operating systems are much more complex than single-program oper-
ating systems

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Development process (cont.)

• Requires hardware support, especially interrupt I/O capabilities and

DMA mechanisms
▶ Limitations of Multiprogramming:
• Although multiprogramming allows efficient use of the CPU and other
system resources, this technique does not allow users to interact with
the system.
• Later generation computers allowed the computer and the user to work
directly through the screen and keyboard.
• For these systems, the time from when the user types a command
until the computer responds is relatively small.
• Multiprogramming techniques cannot guarantee such short response
times.

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Development process (cont.)

Time Sharing (Multitasking):

▶ Time sharing can be considered as innovative multiprogramming
▶ The CPU takes turns performing different tasks in short periods of
time called time quanta
▶ Switching between jobs takes place with high frequency and high CPU
speed
All users have the feeling that the computer only executes its
program
The CPU is shared among different users who interact directly with the
system

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Summary of Session 2

Chapter 1

▶ Programming interface of the OS development process

Next
▶ Operating System Components
▶ Kernel Operating System
▶ Some types of Operating System structures
▶ Some specific Operating Systems

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Operating system structure
Operating System Components

An operating system is a complex software system made up of many com-

ponents that perform different tasks or provide different services. The com-
ponents perform the following tasks:
▶ Process management
▶ Memory management
▶ Input and output management
▶ Manage files and folders
▶ Network and distributed processing support
▶ User interface
▶ Utility programs and applications
▶ Process management:

• A program in progress is called a process.

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Operating system structure (cont.)
Operating System Components

Programme Process
- Is a dynamic entity
- Is a static entity
- Processing is in progress,
- Recorded as bits,
calculation, given
bytes on disk
some resources: CPU time, memory

▶ Process management:

• Create and delete processes (including user processes and system pro-
cesses)
• Suspend and restore suspended processes
• Synchronization of processes (process scheduling, etc.)
• Creates a communication mechanism between processes
• Resolve deadlocks, for example when there are resource conflicts
• Deadlock: is a program that needs resources but it is waiting and is
not provided.

▶ Memory management:

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Operating system structure (cont.)
Operating System Components

• Management, supply and release

• Provide and release memory as required by processes
• Manage allocated memory space and free space
• Manage memory distribution between processes => ensure parallel
running between multiple programs
• Creates virtual memory and maps virtual memory addresses to real
memory

▶ Managing input and output systems:

• Management through control programs

• Simplify and increase the efficiency of information exchange between
processes and input and output devices

▶ Manage files and folders:

• Create and delete files and directories

• Read and write files

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Operating system structure (cont.)
Operating System Components

• Map files and folders to external storage

▶ Network and distributed processing support:

• Manage network devices

• Supports communication protocols
• Communication management, load balancing Through control
components, network communication.

▶ User interface:

• It is a command interpretation system

• Helps computers understand and process user instructions and com-
mands.
• For example: bash for Linux, command for windows

▶ Utility programs and applications

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Operating system structure
Kernel operating system

▶ The OS consists of many components, but the importance of each

component is different. There are indispensable components that are
the basis for the entire system to operate, and some components of
the OS provide less important functions.
only loads important and indispensable components into memory called
the kernel.
▶ The kernel is the core part, performing the most basic and important
functions of the operating system and is constantly kept in memory.
▶ Kernel is responsible for managing system resources (communication
between hardware and software components)

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Operating system structure (cont.)
Kernel operating system

▶ Modern computers are often designed with two program execution

modes.

• The kernel runs in privileged mode - kernel mode: is the mode in which
the program executes in which it has full access and control rights to
the computer hardware.
• User mode: programs executing in user mode have severely restricted
access and use of the hardware.

▶ The distinction between kernel mode and user mode is intended to

prevent Application from accidentally or intentionally performing op-
erations that affect the system.

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Operating system structure
Some operating system structures

▶ Monolithic structure

• All programs and data of the operating system share the same memory
space. Therefore, it can be considered as a single block.
• The operating system becomes a collection of procedures or subpro-
grams
• Advantage: fast, no time wasted between memory spaces
• Disadvantages: Not safe: when any component has a problem, the
entire system will not work; Not flexible and difficult to modify, adding
or removing any city will affect the entire system. When there is an
error, it is difficult to determine which city caused the error.

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Operating system structure (cont.)
Some operating system structures

▶ Layered structure

• Components are divided into layers that overlap each other

• Each layer can only communicate with the layer above and below it
• Each layer can only use services provided by the layer immediately
below
• Advantages: divided functions, easy to use, easy to fix errors
• Disadvantages: difficult to design (determining the number of layers,
dividing the functions of each layer), slower speed than monolithic
structures

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Operating system structure (cont.)
Some operating system structures

▶ Micronucleus structure (micro kernel)

• The nucleus is small in size, containing only the most important func-
tions
• The remaining functions are placed in separate modules: run in privi-
leged or user mode. When there is a request from the application, the
kernel will pass it to the corresponding module to process and receive
the results back. The kernel mainly acts as a communication interme-
diary.
• Advantages: flexible, safe

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Operating system structure (cont.)
Some operating system structures

• Disadvantage: slower speed compared to monolithic structure

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Some specific Operating Systems

▶ UNIX

• is a multitasking operating system, first developed by Ken Thompson,

Dennis Ritchie and Douglas Mcllroy at AT & T Bell.
• UNIX was researched in laboratories in 1969 and gradually improved,
developed and became popular. Unix was first reprogrammed by Ken
Thompson in the C language in 1973.
• Creates high-level languages in operating systems
• Creates a hierarchical file system
• The Unix shell has inspired many subsequent command-line inter-
preters.
• Helps the C programming language become more popular
• Contributed to the launch of the free software movement

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Some specific Operating Systems (cont.)

▶ MINIX (Từ mini-Unix)

• is a Unix-like computer operating system based on micro-kernel archi-

tecture.
• The initial version of MINIX was created by Andrew S. Tanenbaum
for educational purposes such as illustration, training, and is available
for free use.
• MINIX is now developed as open source software.

▶ LINUX

• In 1991 while studying in Helsinki - Finland, Linus Torvalds began to

have the idea of an operating system.
• Because he also noticed a limitation in Minix’s license - it only allows
the use of Minix in education only. He started writing the LINUX
operating system developed from MINIX.

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Some specific Operating Systems (cont.)

▶ MS-DOS

• It is a product of Microsoft and was equipped with IBM’s first PCs

• To be able to run on PCs with limited resources, MS-DOS was built
simpler and less functional
• Many technical solutions in MS-DOS originated from UNIS such as the
programming interface (system calls), directory hierarchy, command
interpreter
• Does not have functions such as security, network support, or multi-
process support

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Some specific Operating Systems (cont.)

▶ Windows NT (NT-new technology)

• is a member of the new generation operating family such as Windows

2000, XP, Vista,7.
• The first version was released in 1993 is an operating system that uses
many advanced techniques in the field of operating systems that have
been developed up to this point, including solutions taken from UNIX.
• is a multitasking operating system that supports networks, has security
functions, has a graphical interface in the form of a window and is used
for PCs that require high stability.

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Summary of Session 3

Chapter 1

▶ Operating System Components

▶ Operating System Kernel
▶ Some types of Operating System structures
▶ Some specific Operating Systems

Continued Chapter 2

▶ File concept
▶ File structure
▶ File access method
▶ Operations with files and directories

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Questions and exercises

1. Question 1: What are the main functions of an Operating System?

2. Question 2: Based on the definition of operating system, can a Web
browser be a component of an operating system?
3. Question 3: Does any computer system have an operating system?
Why? Here, a computer system is broadly understood as any system
with a processor and memory.
4. Question 4:One of the requirements for computing systems is the
requirement for safety, that is, ensuring that processes do not violate
resources without permission. Can a system achieve security require-
ments without distinguishing between user mode and privileged mode
(kernel mode)? Please explain your answer by giving an example.

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