CHAPTER – 3

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS

Before Dalton concept of atom was mere philosophical. Dalton explained about atom on the
basis of Laws of Chemical Combinations.
There are three laws of chemical combination.

1. Law of Conservation of Mass

2. Law of Constant Proportions
3. Law of Multiple Proportions

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

Antoine L. Lavoisier, a French scientist, established the theory of Law of Conservation of

Mass. The law of conservation of mass states, “Mass can neither be created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction”.

All matters in the universe exist in three states. There are two ways of classification of matter.
1. According to physical state as solid, liquid or gas.
2. According to its composition as element, compound or mixture.

According to this law mass of an isolated system will remain constant over time. This means
when mass is enclosed in a system and none is allowed in or out, its quantity will never
change. That is mass will be conserved, and hence this is called Law of Conservation of Mass.
This means total mass of products is always equal to the total mass of reactants. As there is no
loss of mass of substances, i.e. mass is conserved, that’s why Lavoisier called this the law of
conservation of mass.

REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS:

In a chemical reaction the substances that combine or react are known as reactants and the new
substance/substances formed are called product or products.
A chemical reaction can be represented in general as follows:

Example: When calcium oxide is dissolved in water calcium hydroxide is formed. The reaction
involve in this can be written as:
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In this reaction calcium oxide and water are reactants while calcium hydroxide is product.
In this reaction 74 g of calcium hydroxide is obtained when 56 g of calcium oxide reacts with
18 g of water, which is proved by experiment.

Here the total mass of reactants, i.e. calcium oxide and water is equal to 74 g. And the mass of
product, i.e. calcium hydroxide is also equal to 74g. This proves that the total mass of reactants
is always equal to the total mass of product, which proves the Law of Conservation of Mass.

LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS

Law of Constant Proportion states that a chemical compound always contains exactly the
same proportion of elements by mass.
This law is also known as Law of definite proportions. Joseph Louis Proust gave this law
hence, this law is also known as Proust’s Law.

Explanation of the law:-

Compounds are formed by the combination of two or more elements. In a compound the ratio
of the atoms or element by mass remains always same irrespective of the source of compound.
This means a certain compound always formed by the combination of atoms in same ratio by
mass. If the ratio of mass of constituent atoms will be altered the new compound is formed.

Examples:-

Water is formed by the combination of hydrogen and oxygen. The ratio of masses of hydrogen
and oxygen is always in 1:8 in water irrespective of source of water. Whether you collect the
water from a well, river, pond or from anywhere the ratio of their constituent atoms by mass
will always same.

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Nitrogen dioxide is a compound, which is formed by the combination of nitrogen and oxygen.
The ratio of nitrogen and oxygen by mass in nitrogen dioxide is in 7:16.
Nitrous oxide is a compound which is also formed by the combination of nitrogen and oxygen.
The ratio of nitrogen and oxygen in nitrous oxide is in 28:16.
Nitric oxide is a compound, which is also formed by the combination of nitrogen and oxygen.
The ratio of nitrogen and oxygen in nitric oxide is in 7:8.
From the above three examples it is clear that if the ratio of the atoms by mass is altered then
the new compound is formed, such as in the case of nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitric
oxide. These three compounds are formed by the combination of same atoms but because of
combination of the constituent atoms in different ratios by mass new compound is formed.

DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

John Dalton, a British Chemists and scientists gave the Atomic Theory in 1808. This theory is
popularly known as Dalton’s Atomic Theory in the honour of John Dalton. He gave the theory
on the basis of Laws of Chemical Combination and explains them properly. In his theory he
explains about atom.

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Main postulates of Dalton's atomic theory

1. Elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms.

2. Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties;
3. Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties.
4. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
5. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical
compounds.
6. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 32

Q1. In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid. The
products were 2.2 g of carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium ethanoate. Show
that these observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.
sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid → sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water
Answer:
In the given reaction, sodium carbonate reacts with ethanoic acid to produce sodium ethanoate,
carbon dioxide, and water.
sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid → sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water
Mass of sodium carbonate = 5.3 g (Given)
Mass of ethanoic acid = 6 g (Given)
Mass of sodium ethanoate = 8.2 g (Given)
Mass of carbon dioxide = 2.2 g (Given)
Mass of water = 0.9 g (Given)
Now, total mass before the reaction = (5.3 + 6) g = 11.3 g
And, total mass after the reaction = (8.2 + 2.2 + 0.9) g = 11.3 g
Therefore, Total mass before the reaction = Total mass after the reaction
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Hence, the given observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.

Q2. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1:8 by mass to form water. What mass
of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas?
Answer:
It is given that the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen by mass to form water is 1:8.
Then, the mass of oxygen gas required to react completely with 1 g of hydrogen gas is 8 g.
Therefore, the mass of oxygen gas required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas is
8 × 3 g = 24 g.

Q3. Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory is the result of the law of conservation of
mass?
Answer:
The postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory which is a result of the law of conservation of mass is:
Atoms are indivisible particles, which can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction.

Q4. Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory can explain the law of definite
proportions?
Answer:
The postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory which is a result of the law of conservation of mass is:
Atoms are indivisible particles, which can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction.

ATOMS
On the basis of Dalton’s Atomic On the basis of Dalton’s Atomic Theory atom can be defined
as the smallest particles of matter are called atoms.
Characteristics of atoms:

 Atom is the smallest particle of matter.

 All elements are made of tiny particles called atom.
 Atoms are very small in size and cannot be seen through naked eyes.
 Atom does not exist in free-state in nature. But atom takes part in a chemical reaction.
 The properties of a matter depend upon the characteristics of atoms.
 Atoms are the building block of an element similar to a brick which combine together
to make a building.
 The size of atoms is indicated by its radius.
 In ancient time atoms was considered indivisible.

SYMBOLS OF ATOMS OF ELEMENTS

Dalton was the first scientist to use the symbols for elements in a very specific sense. When he
used a symbol for an element he also meant a definite quantity of that element, that is, one
atom of that element. Berzilius suggested that the symbols of elements be made from one or
two letters of the name of the element.

Many of the symbols are the first one or two letters of the element’s name in English. The first
letter of a symbol is always written as a capital letter (uppercase) and the second letter as a
small letter (lowercase).

For convenience elements are represented by unique symbols. For example: Hydrogen is
represented by ‘H’. Oxygen is represented ‘O’. Nitrogen is represented by ‘N’. Iron is
represented by ‘Fe’. ments are represented by unique symbols. For example: Hydrogen is
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represented by ‘H’. Oxygen is represented ‘O’. Nitrogen is represented by ‘N’. Iron is
represented by ‘Fe’.

His worked proved as boon to science. For his marvelous work Berzilius, together with John
Dalton, Antoine Lavoisier, and Robert Boyle is considered as the Father of Modern Chemistry.

Symbol of many elements are taken from their English name, while symbol of many elements
are taken from their Greek or Latin names.

Symbol of some element which are derived from their Latin name

Several elements are named after the place where they discovered, such as ‘Copper’ which was
taken from Cyprus. Some elements are named after their colour, such as ‘Gold’ which means
yellow.

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ATOMIC MASS
Mass of atom is called atomic mass. Since, atoms are very small consequently actual mass of
an atom is very small. For example the actual mass of one atom of hydrogen is equal to 1.673 x
10-24 g. This is equal to 0.000000000000000000000001673 gram. To deal with such small
nuber is very difficult. Thus for convenience relative atomic mass is used.
Carbon-12 is considered as unit to calculate atomic mass. Carbon-12 is an isotope of carbon.
The relative mass of all atoms are found with respect to C-12.
One atomic mass = 1/12 of the mass of one atom of C-12.

Thus atomic mass is the relative atomic mass of an atom with respect to 1/12 th of the mass of
carbon-12 atom. ‘amu’ is the abbreviation of Atomic mass unit, but now it is denoted just by
‘u’.

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The atomic mass of hydrogen atom = 1u.
This means one hydrogen atom is 1 times heavier than 1/12th of the carbon atom.

The atomic mass of oxygen is 16u, this means one atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than
1/12thof carbon atom.

Absolute mass or Actual atomic mass:

It is found that, the actual atomic mass of a carbon-12 atom is equal to 1.9926 X 10-23g.

Thus by multiplying the relative atomic mass with 1.6605 × 10-24g we can get the absolute or
actual mass of an atom.

Example -1 - Find the absolute mass oxygen.

Solution:
The atomic mass of oxygen is 16u
We know 1u = 1.6605 x 10–24 g
Therefore, Absolute mass of oxygen = 1.6605 x 10–24 x 16 g
= 26.568 x 10–24 = 2.6568 x 10–25 g

Example – 2 – Find the absolute mass of Sodium.

Solution:
The atomic mass of Sodium is 23u
We know 1u = 1.6605 x 10–24 g
Therefore, Absolute mass of Sodium = 1.6605 x 10–24 x 23 g
= 38.191 x 10–24 = 3.8191 x 10–25 g

Example – 3 – Calculate the absolute mass of hydrogen atom.

Solution:
The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1u
We know 1u = 1.6605 x 10–24 g
Therefore, Absolute mass of hydrogen = 1.6605 x 10–24 x 1 g = 1.6605 x 10–24 g

Example – 4 - Calculate the absolute or actual mass of Nitrogen atom.

Solution:
The atomic mass of Nitrogen is 14u
We know 1u = 1.6605 x 10–24 g
Therefore, Absolute mass of hydrogen = 1.6605 x 10–24 x 14 g
= 23.247 x 10–24 g = 2.3247 x 10–25 g

EXISTENCE OF ATOMS

Atoms of most of the elements exist in the form of molecule or ion, since they are most
reactive. For example, hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, etc. However, atoms of some elements,
which are non-reactive, exist in free-state in nature. For example helium, neon, argon, etc.
Usually atoms are exist in following two forms -
• In the form of molecules
• In the form of ions

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INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 35

Q1. Define the atomic mass unit.

Answer:
 1 
Mass unit equal to exactly one-twelfth  th  the mass of one atom of carbon-12 is called one
 12 
atomic mass unit. It is written as ‘u’.

Q2. Why is it not possible to see an atom with naked eyes?

Answer:
The size of an atom is so small that it is not possible to see it with naked eyes. Also, the atom
of an element does not exist independently.

MOLECULE
Molecule is the smallest particle of a compound.
Atoms exist in free states in the form of molecule.

 A molecule may be formed by the combination of two or more similar atoms of an

element, such asoxygen molecule is formed by the combination of two oxygen atoms,
molecule of hydrogen which is formed by the combination of two hydrogen atoms.
 Molecules may be formed by the combination of atoms of two or more different
elements. For example molecule of water. It is formed by the combination of two atoms
of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Molecule of Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide. It
is formed by the combination of one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom.
 A molecule takes part in chemical reaction.

Most of the atoms exist in the form of molecule. Molecules are formed by the combination of
two or more elements.
Example: Molecule of hydrogen (H2, Molecule of oxygen (O2), Molecule of nitrogen (N2), etc.
• Molecules of elements
• Molecules of Compounds

MOLECULES OF ELEMENTS

When two of more atoms of same element combine to form a molecule these are called
molecules of element.
Example:
Hydrogen molecule (H2). Hydrogen molecule (H2). Molecule of hydrogen is formed by the
combination of two hydrogen atoms.
Oxygen molecule (O2). Molecule of oxygen is formed by the combination of two oxygen
atoms.
Sulphur molecule (S8). Molecule of sulphur is formed by the combination of eight sulphur
atoms.
Phosphorous molecule (P4). Molecule of phosphorous is formed by the combination of four
phosphorous atoms.

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Molecules of some non-reactive elements are formed by single atom. For example – helium,
neon, argon, etc. molecules: Molecules of metals formed as big cluster of atoms. They are
represented by their symbols simply. For example: Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), etc.
These molecules are known as giant molecules.
Carbon is a non-metal, but it also exists as giant molecule and represented by its symbol ‘C’.

ATOMICITY

Monoatomic:
When molecule is formed by single atom only, it is called monoatomic molecule. Generally
noble gas forms monoatomic molecules. For example: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar),
Kr (Krypton), Xenon (Xe), Randon (Rn).

Diatomic
When molecule is formed by the cDiatomic: When molecule is formed by the combination of
two atoms of it is called diatomic molecule. For example: Hydrogen (H2), Oxygen (O2)
Nitrogen (N2), Chlorine (Cl2), etc.

Triatomic
When moleucule is formed by the combination of three atoms it is called triatomic molecule.
For example: molecule of ozone (O3

Tetra-atomic
When molecule is formed by the combination of four atoms it is called tetra-atomic molecule.
For example: Phosphorous molecule (P4)

Polyatomic
When molecule is formed by the combination of more than two atoms, it is called polyatomic
molecule. For example: Sulphur molecule (S8)

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MOLECULES OF COMPOUNDS

When molecule is formed by the combination of two or more atoms of different elements, it is
called the molecule of compound.
Example:Molecule of water (H2O). Molecule of water is formed by the combination of two
hydrogen and one oxygen atoms.

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IONS
Atoms of several elements exists in the form of ion. Atoms or molecule with negative or
positive charge over them are called ions.

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Cations:
Ions having positive charge over them are called cations.
For example: sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), etc
Anions:
Ions having negative charge over them are called anions.
For example: Chloride ion (Cl–), Fluoride ion (F–), etc
Monoatomic ions:
Ions formed by one atom are called monoatomic ions.
For example: sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), Chloride ion (Cl–), Fluoride ion (F–), etc.
Polyatomic ions:
Ions formed by two or more atoms are called polyatomic ions. These are group of atoms of
different elements which behave as single units, and are known as polyatomic ions.
For example: Ammonium ion (NH4+), Hydroxide ion (OH–), etc

WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA

Chemical formula of the compound is the symbolic representation of its composition. To write
chemical formula of a compound, symbols and valencies of constituent elements must be
known. The valency of atom of an element can be thought of as hands or arms of that atom.

Points to remember
The symbols or formulas of the component radicals of the compound are written side
by side.
Positive radicals are written left and negative radicals on the right.

The valencies of the radicals are written below the respective symbols.
The criss-cross method is applied to exchange the numerical value of valency of each
radical. It is written as subscript of the other radical.

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 The radical is enclosed in a bracket and the subscript is placed outside the lower right
corner.
The common factor is removed.
If the subscript of the radical is one, it is omitted.
The rules that you have to follow while writing a chemical formula are as follows:
the valencies or charges on the ion must balance.
when a compound consists of a metal and a non-metal, the name or symbol of the metal is
written first. For example: calcium oxide (CaO), sodium chloride (NaCl), iron sulphide
(FeS), copper oxide (CuO) etc., where oxygen, chlorine, sulphur are non-metals and are
written on the right, whereas calcium, sodium, iron and copper are metals, and are written
on the left.
in compounds formed with polyatomic ions, the ion is enclosed in a bracket before writing
the number to indicate the ratio.

The simplest compounds, which are made up of two different elements are called binary
compounds. While writing the chemical formulae for compounds, we write the constituent
elements and their valencies as shown below. Then we must crossover the valencies of the
combining atoms.

The formulae of ionic compounds are simply the whole number ratio of the positive to negative
ions in the structure. For magnesium chloride, we write the symbol of cation (Mg2+) first
followed by the symbol of anion (Cl–). Then their charges are criss-crossed to get the formula.

EXAMPLES
Formula of Sodium oxide Formula of Sodium hydroxide

Formula of Sodium Chloride Formula of Calcium chloride

Formula of Potassium hydroxide Formula of Zinc hydroxide

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 Formula of Zinc chloride Formula of Aluminium hydroxide

Formula of Calcium oxide Formula of Aluminium oxide

Formula of Silver oxide Formula of Silver chloride

Formula of Ammonium Choride Formula of Ammonium carbonate

Formula of Silver Carbonate Formula of Silver Sulphate

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 Formula of Calcium hydroxide Formula of Ammonium sulphate

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 39

Q1. Write down the formulae of

(i) sodium oxide
(ii) aluminium chloride
(iii) sodium suphide
(iv) magnesium hydroxide
Answer:
(i) Sodium oxide → Na2O
(ii) Aluminium chloride → AlCl3
(iii) Sodium sulphide → Na2S
(iv) Magnesium hydroxide → Mg(OH)2

Q2. Write down the names of compounds represented by the following formulae:
(i) Al2(SO4)3
(ii) CaCl2
(iii) K2SO4
(iv) KNO3
(v) CaCO3.
Answer:
(i) Al2(SO4)3 →Aluminium Sulphate
(ii) CaCl2 → Calcium Chloride
(iii) K2SO4 → Potassium sulphate
(iv) KNO3 → Potassium nitrate
(v) CaCO3. → Calcium carbonate

Q3. What is meant by the term chemical formula?

Answer:
The chemical formula of a compound means the symbolic representation of the composition of
a compound. From the chemical formula of a compound, we can know the number and kinds
of atoms of different elements that constitute the compound.
For example, from the chemical formula CO2 of carbon dioxide, we come to know that one
carbon atom and two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded together to form one molecule of
the compound, carbon dioxide.

Q4. How many atoms are present in a

(i) H2S molecule and
(ii) PO43– ion?
Answer:
(i) In an H2S molecule, three atoms are present; two of hydrogen and one of sulphur.
(ii) In a PO43− ion, five atoms are present; one of phosphorus and four of oxygen.
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MOLECULAR MASS

Atomic mass: The atomic mass of an element is the mass of one atom of that element in
atomic mass units or (u).

Atomic mass unit (amu): 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 is called atomic mass
unit. It is a unit of mass used to express atomic masses and molecular masses.

Molar mass: The molar mass of an element is equal to the numerical value of the atomic
mass. However, in case of molar mass, the units change from ‘u’ to ‘g’. The molar mass of an
atom is also known as gram atomic mass.
For example, the atomic mass of carbon =12 atomic mass units. So, the gram atomic mass of
carbon = 12 grams.

Molecular mass of the molecule: The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a
molecule of a substance is called the molecular mass of the molecule.

Molecular mass - calculation: Generally we use relative atomic masses of atoms for
calculating the molecular mass of 1 mole of any molecular or ionic substances.
Example: Molecular mass of H2SO4
Atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1
Atomic mass of sulphur = 32
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16
Molecular mass of H2SO4 = 2(Atomic mass of Hydrogen) + 1 (Atomic mass of sulphur) + 4
(Atomic mass of oxygen) = 2×1 + 32 + 4× 16 = 98 u.

Calculation of molecular mass of hydrogen chloride:

Atomic mass of hydrogen + Atomic mass of chlorine = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 u.

FORMULA UNIT MASS

The formula unit mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula
unit of a compound. The term ‘formula unit’ is used for those substances which are made up of
ions.

Formula unit mass of NaCl: 1 x Atomic mass of Na + 1 x Atomic mass of Cl

1 x 23 +1 x 35.5 = 58.5 atomic mass units.

Formula unit mass of ZnO:

= 1 x Atomic mass of Zn + 1 x Atomic mass O
= 1 x 65 + 1 x 16 = 81 u.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 40

Q1. Calculate the molecular masses of H2, O2, Cl2, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, NH3, CH3OH.
Answer:
Molecular mass of O2 = 2 × Atomic mass of O = 2 × 16 = 32 u
Molecular mass of Cl2 = 2 × Atomic mass of Cl = 2 × 35.5 = 71 u
Molecular mass of CO2 = Atomic mass of C + 2 × Atomic mass of O = 12 + 2 × 16 = 44 u
Molecular mass of CH4 = Atomic mass of C + 4 × Atomic mass of H = 12 + 4 × 1 = 16 u
Molecular mass of C2H6 = 2 × Atomic mass of C + 6 × Atomic mass of H = 2 × 12 + 6 × 1
= 30 u
Molecular mass of C2H4 = 2 × Atomic mass of C + 4 × Atomic mass of H = 2 × 12 + 4 × 1
= 28 u
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Molecular mass of NH3 = Atomic mass of N + 3 × Atomic mass of H = 14 + 3 × 1 = 17 u
Molecular mass of CH3OH = Atomic mass of C + 4 × Atomic mass of H + Atomic mass of O
= 12 + 4 × 1 + 16 = 32 u

Q2. Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na2O, K2CO3, given atomic masses of Zn
= 65 u, Na = 23 u, K = 39 u, C = 12 u, and O = 16 u.
Answer:
Formula unit mass of ZnO = Atomic mass of Zn + Atomic mass of O = 65 + 16 = 81 u
Formula unit mass of Na2O = 2 × Atomic mass of Na + Atomic mass of O
= 2 × 23 + 16 = 62 u
Formula unit mass of K2CO3 = 2 × Atomic mass of K + Atomic mass of C + 3 × Atomic mass
of O = 2 × 39 + 12 + 3 × 16 = 138 u

MOLE CONCEPT

Mole: Mole is the measurement in chemistry. It is used to express the amount of a chemical
substance.
One mole is defined as the amount of substance of a system which contains as many entities
like, atoms, molecules and ions as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon - 12".

Avogadro number: The number of the particles present in one mole of any substance is equal
to 6.022x1023. This is called avogadro’s number or avogadro’s constant.

Number of particles in 1 mole:

1 mole of hydrogen atoms represents 6.022 × 1023 hydrogen atoms.
1 mole of hydrogen molecules represents 6.022 × 1023 hydrogen molecules.
1 mole of water molecules represents 6.022 × 1023 water molecules.

Conversion of moles to mass and vice-versa

The key concept used in these kind of problems is that a mole of any substance contains gram
formula mass or molecular mass of that substance i.e. molecular mass of Hydrogen is 2 a.m.u.

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so mass of 1 mole of hydrogen which is also known as molar mass will be 2 gram. Similarly if
we have 2 moles of hydrogen, it will weigh 2*2 grams which is equal to 4 grams.

MOLE CONCEPT CALCULATION

This is the most basic and the most used calculation that a student comes across while solving a
mole concept problem. Most of the times, moles or number of atoms or molecules are given in
the question and the mass is needed to be calculated. In that case proceed as shown in the
above example. In rest of the cases, mass will be given and moles or number will be needed to
be calculated. In those questions also, proceed by:

STEP 1:- Establishing relationship between molar mass and the number (NA) or moles of that
particular entity (atom, molecule or ion).

STEP 2:- Use unitary method to calculate what is asked in the question.

NOTE: – When we say oxygen gas weighs 32 gram then we mean to say that 1 mole of
oxygen molecule (O2) weighs 32 grams and not 1 mole of oxygen atom which is O. This is
because in natural form, oxygen exists as O2 molecule.

PROBLEMS (BASED ON MOLE CONCEPT)

1. When the mass of the substance is given:

given mass
Number of moles =
atomic mass

Example 1. Calculate the number of moles in 81g of aluminium

given mass 81
Number of moles = = = 3 moles of aluminium
atomic mass 27

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Example 2. Calculate the mass of 0.5 mole of iron
Solution: mass = atomic mass x number of moles
= 55.9 x 0.5 = 27.95 g

2. Calculation of number of particles when the mass of the substance is given:

Avogadro number  given mass
Number of particles =
gram molecular mass

Example 1. Calculate the number of molecules in 11g of CO2

Solution: gram molecular mass of CO2 = 44g
6.023 10 23  11
Number of particles =  1.51  1023 molecules
44

3. Calculation of mass when number of particles of a substance is given:

gram molecular mass  number of particles
Mass of a substance =
6.023 1023

Example 1. Calculate the mass of 18.069 x 1023 molecules of SO2

Sol: Gram molecular mass SO2 = 64g
64 18.069  1023
Mass of SO2 =  192 g
6.023 10 23

Example 2. Calculate the mass of glucose in 2 x 1024 molecules

Gram molecular mass of glucose = 180g
180  2 1023
Mass of glucose =  597.7 g
6.023  1023

4. Calculation of number of moles when you are given number of molecules:

Number of molecules
Number of moles of atom =
Avogadro Number

Example 1. Calculate number of moles in 12.046 x 1022 atoms of copper

Number of molecules 12.046  1022
Number of moles of atom = =  0.2 moles
Avogadro Number 6.023  1023

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 42

Q1. If one mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 gram, what is the mass (in gram) of 1 atom of
carbon?
Answer:
One mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 g (Given)
i.e., mass of 1 mole of carbon atoms = 12 g
Then, mass of 6.022 1023 number of carbon atoms = 12 g
12
Therefore, mass of 1 atom of carbon  23
g  1.9926 1023 g
6.022 10

Q2. Which has more number of atoms, 100 grams of sodium or 100 grams of iron (given,
atomic mass of Na = 23 u, Fe = 56 u)?

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Answer:
Atomic mass of Na = 23 u (Given)
Then, gram atomic mass of Na = 23 g
Now, 23 g of Na contains = 6.022 1023 number of atoms
6.022 1023
Thus, 100 g of Na contains  100  2.6182 10 24 number of atoms
23
Again, atomic mass of Fe = 56 u(Given)
Then, gram atomic mass of Fe = 56 g
Now, 56 g of Fe contains 6.022 1023 number of atoms
6.022 1023
Thus, 100 g of Fe contains  100  1.0753 1024 number of atoms
56
Therefore, 100 grams of sodium contain more number of atoms than 100 grams of iron.

EXERCISE QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 43, 44

Q1. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to contain
0.096 g of boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition of the
compound by weight.
Answer:
Mass of boron = 0.096 g (Given)
Mass of oxygen = 0.144 g (Given)
Mass of sample = 0.24 g (Given)
0.096
Thus, percentage of boron by weight in the compound   100 = 40%
0.24
0.144
And, percentage of oxygen by weight in the compound   100 = 60%
0.24

Q 2. When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon dioxide is

produced. What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00 g of carbon is burnt in
50.00 g of oxygen? Which law of chemical combination will govern your answer?
Answer:
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide
3 g of carbon reacts with 8 g of oxygen to produce 11 g of carbon dioxide.
If 3 g of carbon is burnt in 50 g of oxygen, then 3 g of carbon will react with 8 g of oxygen.
The remaining 42 g of oxygen will be left un-reactive.
In this case also, only 11 g of carbon dioxide will be formed.
The above answer is governed by the law of constant proportions.

Q 3. What are polyatomic ions? Give examples.

Answer:
A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms carrying a charge (positive or negative). For example,
ammonium ion (NH4+), hydroxide ion (OH−), carbonate ion (CO32−), sulphate ion(SO42– )

Q 4. Write the chemical formulae of the following.

(a) Magnesium chloride
(b) Calcium oxide
(c) Copper nitrate
(d) Aluminium chloride
(e) Calcium carbonate.
Answer:
(a) Magnesium chloride → MgCl2

) Page - 84 -
(b) Calcium oxide → CaO
(c) Copper nitrate → Cu(NO3)2
(d) Aluminium chloride → AlCl3
(e) Calcium carbonate → CaCO3

Q 5. Give the names of the elements present in the following compounds.

(a) Quick lime
(b) Hydrogen bromide
(c) Baking powder
(d) Potassium sulphate.
Answer:
(a) Quick lime
Chemical formula : CaO
Elements present: Calcium, Oxygen
(b) Hydrogen bromide
Chemical formula : HBr
Elements present: Hydrogen, Bromine

(c) Baking powder

Chemical formula : NaHCO3
Elements present: Sodium, Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen

(d) Potassium sulphate.

Chemical formula : K2SO4
Elements present: Potassium, Sulphur, Oxygen

Q 6. Calculate the molar mass of the following substances.

(a) Ethyne, C2H2
(b) Sulphur molecule, S8
(c) Phosphorus molecule, P4 (Atomic mass of phosphorus = 31)
(d) Hydrochloric acid, HCl
(e) Nitric acid, HNO3
Answer:
(a) Molar mass of ethyne, C2H2 = 2 × 12 + 2 × 1 = 26 g
(b) Molar mass of sulphur molecule, S8 = 8 × 32 = 256 g
(c) Molar mass of phosphorus molecule, P4 = 4 × 31 = 124 g
(d) Molar mass of hydrochloric acid, HCl = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 g
(e) Molar mass of nitric acid, HNO3 = 1 + 14 + 3 × 16 = 63 g

Q 7. What is the mass of ______

(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms?
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass of aluminium = 27)?
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)?
Answer:
(a) The mass of 1 mole of nitrogen atoms is 14 g.
(b) The mass of 4 moles of aluminium atoms is (4 × 27) g = 108 g
(c) The mass of 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) is
10 × [2 × 23 + 32 + 3 × 16] g = 10 × 126 g = 1260 g
Q 8. Convert into mole.
(a) 12 g of oxygen gas
(b) 20 g of water
(c) 22 g of carbon dioxide.
) Page - 85 -
Answer:
(a) 32 g of oxygen gas = 1 mole
12
Then, 12 g of oxygen gas  mole = 0.375 mole
32
(b) 18 g of water = 1 mole
20
Then, 20 g of water  mole = 1.11 moles (approx)
18
(c) 44 g of carbon dioxide = 1 mole
22
Then, 22 g of carbon dioxide  mole = 0.5 mole
44

Q 9. What is the mass of:

(a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms?
(b) 0.5 mole of water molecules?
Answer:
(a) Mass of one mole of oxygen atoms = 16 g
Then, mass of 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms = 0.2 × 16g = 3.2 g
(b) Mass of one mole of water molecule = 18 g
Then, mass of 0.5 mole of water molecules = 0.5 × 18 g = 9 g

Q 10. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S8) present in 16 g of solid sulphur.
Answer:
1 mole of solid sulphur (S8) = 8 × 32 g = 256 g
i.e., 256 g of solid sulphur contains = 6.022 × 1023 molecules
6.022 1023
Then, 16 g of solid sulphur contains  16 molecules
256
= 3.76 × 1022 molecules (approx)

Q 11. Calculate the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide.
(Hint: The mass of an ion is the same as that of an atom of the same element. Atomic
mass of Al = 27 u)
Answer:
1 mole of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) = 2 × 27 + 3 × 16 = 102 g
i.e., 102 g of Al2O3 = 6.022 × 1023 molecules of Al2O3
6.022 1023
Then, 0.051 g of Al2O3 contains   0.051 molecules
102
= 3.011 × 1020 molecules of Al2O3
The number of aluminium ions (Al3+) present in one molecule of aluminium oxide is 2.
Therefore, the number of aluminium ions (Al3+) present in 3.011 × 1020 molecules (0.051 g ) of
aluminium oxide (Al2O3) = 2 × 3.011 × 1020 = 6.022 × 1020

) Page - 86 -
 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS SET – 1
CHAPTER – 3
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Calculate the mass of one mole of these substances.
1. AlCl3 14. Ba(SCN)2 27. LiH 40. Ba(BrO3)2 53. AlBr3 66. HCl
2. TeF4 15. K2S 28. CO 41. Hg2Cl2 54. P2O5 67. K2SO4
3. PbS 16. NH4Cl 29. SnI4 42. Cr2(SO3)3 55. NH4NO3 68. NaCl
4. Cu2O 17. KH2PO4 30. KOH 43. Al(MnO4)3 56. Ba(OH)2 69. LiI
5. AgI 18. C2H5NBr 31. K2O 44. CoSO4 57. PbSO4 70. Hg2O
6. N2O 19. Ba(ClO3)2 32. H2SO4 45. Ca(NO3)3 58. Ba3(PO4)2 71. HF
7. MoCl5 20. Fe(OH)3 33. Hg3N2 46. NaH2PO4 59. NaC2H3O2 72. FeCl3
8. Hg2Br2 21. (NH4)2S 34. SiF4 47. (NH4)3PO4 60. Ba(OH)2 73. NaHSO4
9. Ta2O5 22. CoCl2 35. NH4OH 48. KAl(SO4)2 61. NaHCO3 74. Ag2O
10. HgF2 23. KMnO4 36. N2O5 49. Hg2SO4 62. Al(OH)3 75. Pb(ClO2)2
11. KCl 24. CaSO4 37. SnCrO4 50. Al2(SO4)3 63. NH4MnO4 76. CoF3
12. KF 25. H2CO3 38. Al2O3 51. FePO4 64. Fe2O3 77. Al(C2H3O2)3
13. ZnO 26. CO2 39. CuCO3 52. Ca(C2H3O2)2 65. CaCO3
78. Na2Al2(SO4)4
79. (HOOCCH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2COOH)2
80. (NH4)2CH(CH2)5COOH

Answers (each answer has the units g/mol)

1. 133.34 14. 255.26 27. 7.95 40. 393.1314 53. 266.69 66. 36.461
2. 203.59 15. 110.26 28. 28.01 41. 472.09 54. 141.944 67. 174.25
3. 239.3 16. 53.49 29. 626.31 42. 344.1666 55. 80.04 68. 58.443
4. 143.09 17. 136.08 30. 56.106 43. 383.788 56. 171.34 69. 133.846
5. 234.77 18. 122.97 31. 94.20 44. 154.99 57. 303.26 70. 417.179
6. 44.01 19. 304.23 32. 98.07 45. 226.09 58. 601.93 71. 20.006
7. 273.20 20. 106.87 33. 629.78 46. 119.977 59. 82.03 72. 162.206
8. 560.98 21. 68.14 34. 104.08 47. 149.087 60. 171.34 73. 120.055
9. 441.89 22. 129.84 35. 35.046 48. 258.195 61. 84.007 74. 231.74
10. 238.59 23. 158.03 36. 108.01 49. 497.24 62. 78.00 75. 342.10
11. 74.55 24. 136.14 37. 234.68 50. 342.136 63. 136.97 76. 115.928
12. 58.10 25. 62.02 38. 101.96 51. 150.82 64. 159.69 77. 204.12
13. 81.38 26. 44.01 39. 123.555 52. 158.169 65. 100.09
78. 484.173
79. 292.246
80. 164.248

) Page - 87 -
1. Who established the two important laws of chemical combinations?
2. What are the laws of chemical combinations?
3. What is the law of conservation of mass?
4. Give an example to show Law of conservation of mass applies to physical change also.
5. Explain with example that law of conservation of mass is valid for chemical reactions.
6. The 2.8 g of nitrogen gas was allowed to react with 0.6 g of hydrogen gas to produce 3.4 g
of ammonia. Show that these observations are in agreement with the law of Conservation
of mass.
7. If 12 g of carbon is burnt in the presence of 32 g of oxygen, how much carbon dioxide will
be formed?
8. Who proposed Law of Definite Proportions (or Law of Constant Composition)?
9. State Law of constant proportions. Explain with an example.
10. Show that water illustrates the law of constant proportions.
11. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1:8 by mass to form water. What mass of
oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas?
12. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to contain 0.096
g of boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition of the compound
by weight.
13. When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon dioxide is produced.
What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00 g of carbon is burnt in 50.00 g of
oxygen? Which law of chemical combination will govern your answer?
14. Magnesium and oxygen combine in the ratio of 3 : 2 by mass to form magnesium oxide.
How much oxygen is required to react completely with 12 g of magnesium?
15. What are the postulates of Dalton's atomic theory?
16. Which of the following statements is NOT true about an atom?
(a) Atoms are the building blocks from which molecules and ions are formed.
(b) Atoms cannot exist independently.
(c) Atoms are neutral in nature
(d) Atoms combine together to form matter that we can see, feel or touch.
17. What is an atom?
18. Why is it not possible to see an atom with naked eyes?
19. Who proposed the chemical notation based on first two letters of the name of the element?
20. Name the international organization who approves names of elements.
21. What is the chemical symbol for iron?
22. Name five elements have single letter chemical symbol.
23. Name the element having following Latin names
(i) Stibium
) Page - 88 -
 (ii) Cuprum
(iii) Argentum
(iv) Natrium
(v) Stannum
(vi) Wolfram
(vii) plumbum
(viii) Kalium
24. Write the chemical symbols of the following:
(i) Gold
(ii) Iron
(iii) Chlorine
(iv) Mercury
25. How will you define chemical symbol?
26. What is the significance of a chemical symbol?
27. Can atoms of an element exist independently? Give examples of elements which exist in
atomic form. Give examples of elements that do not exist in atomic form.
28. Why do atoms of the most of the elements not exist independently?
29. Which element has the smallest atom in size?
30. What is the atomic mass unit?
31. Magnesium is two times heavier than C-12 atom, what shall be the mass of Mg atom in
terms of atomic mass units? (Given mass of C-12 atom = 12u)
32. What is relative atomic mass of an element? How it is related to atomic mass unit?
33. Define molecule. What are its important properties?
34. Based on type of substance, how molecules are classified?
35. What is atomicity?
36. Based on atomicity, how molecules are categorized?
37. Give three examples of monoatomic molecules.
38. Give four examples of diatomic molecules.
39. (i) What is the chemical formula of Water molecule? (ii) What is its atomicity? (iii)
Calculate the ratio of masses of atoms of elements present in water molecule. (iv) Calculate
the ratio by number of atoms of elements present in water molecule.
40. What is an ion?
41. What are polyatomic ions? Give examples?
42. Give examples of triatomic molecules.
43. What is valency of an element?
44. What is meant by the term chemical formula?
45. Write down the formulae of
(i) sodium oxide
) Page - 89 -
 (ii) aluminium chloride
(iii) sodium suphide
(iv) magnesium hydroxide
46. Write down the names of compounds represented by the following formulae:
(i) Al2(SO4)3
(ii) CaCl2
(iii) K2SO4
(iv) KNO3
(v) CaCO3
47. Write the chemical formulae of the following. Also identify the ions present.
(a) Magnesium chloride
(b) Calcium oxide
(c) Copper nitrate
(d) Aluminium chloride
(e) Calcium carbonate.
48. Give the names of the elements present in the following compounds.
(a) Quick lime
(b) Hydrogen bromide
(c) Baking powder
(d) Potassium sulphate.
49. How many atoms are present in a (i) H2S molecule and (ii) PO43- ion?
50. (a) Write a chemical formula of a compound using zinc ion and phosphate ion. (b)
Calculate the ratio by mass of atoms present in a molecule of carbon dioxide.
(Given C =12, O =16)
51. What is the molecular mass of a substance?
52. What is Formula Unit Mass? How it is different from molecular mass?
53. Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na2O, K2CO3, given atomic masses of Zn = 65
u, Na = 23 u, K = 39 u, C = 12 u, and O = 16 u.
54. What are ionic compounds?
55. How do we know the presence of atoms if they do not exist independently for most of the
elements?
56. An element 'Z' forms the following compound when it reacts with hydrogen, chlorine,
oxygen and phosphorus.
ZH3, ZCl3, Z2O3 and ZP
(a) What is the valency of element Z?
(b) Element 'Z' is metal or non-metal?
57. Name one element each which forms diatomic and tetra atomic molecule.
58. Name one element which forms diatomic and triatomic molecule.
) Page - 90 -
59. What is gram-atomic mass of an element?
60. What is gram-molecular mass of a substance?
61. Define mole. What is its significance?
62. What is molar mass?
63. Who introduced the term 'mole' in chemistry?
64. When 'mole' was chosen internationally standard way to express larger number of chemical
units?
65. How many moles are there in 4.6 gms of Sodium(Na)?
66. If one mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 gram, what is the mass (in gram) of 1 atom of
carbon?
67. Which has more number of atoms, 100 grams of sodium or 100 grams of iron (given,
atomic mass of Na = 23 u, Fe = 56 u)?
68. What is the mass of
(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms?
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass of aluminium = 27)?
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)?
69. Convert into moles:
(a) 12 g of oxygen gas
(b) 20 g of water
(c) 22 g of carbon dioxide
70. What is the mass of: (a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms? (b) 0.5 mole of water molecules?
71. Find out number of atoms in 15 moles of He.
72. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S8) present in 16 g of solid sulphur.
73. Calculate the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide.
(Hint: The mass of an ion is the same as that of an atom of the same element. Atomic mass
of Al = 27 u)
74. Calculate the mass percentage of Carbon(C) , Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O) in one
molecule of glucouse (C6H12O6).
(Atomic mass of C = 12u, H = 1u and O = 16u)
75. Calculate the number of molecules of phosphorus (P4) present in 31 gram of phosphorus.

) Page - 91 -
 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS SET – 2
CHAPTER – 3
ATOMS AND MOLECULES

MOLECULAR MASS AND MOLE CALCULATION PROBLEMS

1. Calculate the number of moles in i) 4.6g sodium ii) 5.1g of Ammonia iii) 90g of water iv)
2g of NaOH
2. Calculate the number of molecules in 360g of glucose.
3. Find the mass of 2.5 mole of oxygen atoms
4. Calculate the mass of 12.046 x 1023 molecules in CaO.
5. Calculate the number of moles in 24.092 x 1022 molecules of water.
6. Calculate the number of moles in a) 12.046 x 1023 atoms of copper b) 27.95g of iron c)
1.51 x 1023 molecules of CO2
7. If 3.0115 x 1023 particles are present in CO2. Find the number of moles.
8. Find the number of moles present in 24.088 x 1023 particles of carbon dioxide
9. Calculate the number of atoms in 48g of Mg
10. Calculate the number of molecules in 3.6 g of water
11. Calculate the number of atoms in 0.5 moles of carbon
12. Calculate the number of moles in 12g of oxygen gas
13. Calculate the number of moles present in 14g of carbon monoxide .
14. Find the mass of 5 moles of aluminium atoms?
15. Calculate the molar mass of sulphur.
16. Calculate the mass of 0.2 mole of water molecules.
17. Which has greater number of atoms, 100g of sodium or 100g of iron?
18. How many atoms of oxygen are present in 300 grams of CaCO3?
19. The mass of one atom of an element 'A' is 2.65 x 10-23 g. Calculate its atomic mass and
name the element.
20. Calculate the number moles of magnesium in 0.478g of magnesium ?
21. In which of the following cases the number of hydrogen atoms is more ? Two moles of HCl
or one mole of NH3.
22. Calculation of number of hydrogen atoms present in 1 mole of NH3
23. Find the number of oxygen atoms in 88g of CO2?
24. Calculate the number of water molecules contained in a drop of water weighing 0.06g ?
25. Find the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051g of aluminium oxide(Al2O3). (Atomic
masses: Al= 27u;O= 16u)
26. Calculate the mass of 1.000 mole of CaCl2
27. Calculate grams in 3.0000 moles of CO2
28. Calculate number of moles in 32.0 g of CH4
) Page - 92 -
29. Determine mass in grams of 40.0 moles of Na2CO3
30. Calculate moles in 168.0 g of HgS
31. Calculate moles in 510.0 g of Al2S3
32. How many moles are in 27.00 g of H2O
33. Determine the mass in grams of Avogadro number of C12H22O11
34. Find mass in grams of 9.03 moles of H2S
35. Determine grams in 1.204 mole of NH3

Consider the molecule CuNH4Cl3 as you answer 11 - 19.

36. Name the elements present.
37. How many atoms form the molecule?
38. How many of each atom in the molecule?
39. How many hydrogen atoms in one mole of molecules?
40. How many chlorine atoms in six moles of molecules?
41. What is the molar mass of this molecule?
42. Name this molecule.
43. What is the mass in grams of one molecule?
44. How many moles would be in 6.84 g of this substance?
45. You need 0.0100 mole of lead (II) chromate. How much should you weigh on the scale?
46. Given 6.40 g of HBr. How many moles is this?
47. Write the correct formula for calcium acetate and then answer 23 - 25 based on it.
48. What is the mass of exactly one mole of calcium acetate?
49. How many moles are contained in 1.58 g of the substance in #23?
50. How much does 0.400 mole of #23 weigh?
51. Write the formula for oxygen gas.
52. How many atoms (and moles) are represented by the formula in #26?
53. What is the mass of Avogadro Number of oxygen molecules?
54. Calculate the molar mass of HNO3. [N = 14, O = 16, H = 1]
55. Calculate the formula mass of CaCl2. [Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5]
56. A certain non-metal X forms two oxides I and II. The mass percentage of oxygen in oxide I
(X4O6) is 43.7, which is same as that of X in oxide II. Find the formula of the second oxide.
57. Calculate the mass of 0.2 moles of water (O=16, H=1).
58. What is the volume of 7.1 g of chlorine (Cl=35.5) at S.T.P.
59. The reaction between aluminium carbide and water takes place according to the following
equation: Al4C3  12 H 2O  3CH 4  4 Al (OH )3 . Calculate the volume of CH4 released
from 14.4 g of Al4C3 by excess water at S.T.P. (C = 12, Al = 27)

) Page - 93 -
60. A compound of sodium, sulphur and oxygen has the following percentage composition.
Na=29.11%, S=40.51%, O=30.38%. Find its empirical formula (O=16, Na=23, S=32).
61. Solid ammonium dichromate with relative molecular mass of 252 g decomposes according
to the equation: ( NH 4 )Cr2O7 
 N 2  Cr2O3  4 H 2O . (i) What volume of nitrogen at
S.T.P will be evolved when 63 g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 is decomposed? (ii) If 63 g of
(NH4)2Cr2O7 is heated above 1000C, what will be the loss of mass? (H=1, N=14, O=16,
Cr=52).
62. How many litres of ammonia are present in 3.4 kg of it? (N = 14, H = 1)
63. About 640 mL of carbon monoxide is mixed with 800 mL of oxygen and ignited in an
enclosed vessel. Calculate the total volume of gases after the burning is completed. All
volumes are measured at S.T.P.
64. Calculate the number of moles of ammonium sulphate present in 15.84 kg of it. (H=1,
N=14, O=16, S=32)

) Page - 94 -
 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS SET – 3
CHAPTER – 3
ATOMS AND MOLECULES

1. Avogadro’s number represents the number of atoms in

(a) 12g of C12 (b) 320g of sulphur
(c) 32g of oxygen (d) 12.7g of iodine

2. The number of moles of carbon dioxide which contain 8 g of oxygen is

(a) 0.5 mol (b) 0.20 mol
(c) 0.40 mol (d) 0.25 mol

3. The total no of ions present in 111 g of CaCl2 is

(a) One mole (b) Two mole
(c) Three mole (d) Four moles

4. Which of the following weighs the most ?

(a) one g-atom of nitrogen (b) One mole of water
(c) One mole of sodium (d) One molecule of H2SO4

5. 5.0 litre of 0.4 M H2SO4 Contains-

(a) 2.0 Mole Of H2SO4 (b) 0.4 mole H2SO4
(c) 5.0 mole H2SO4 (d) 2.0 moles H2O

6. Which of the following correctly represents 360 g of water?

(i) 2 moles of H20
(ii) 20 moles of water
(iii) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of water
(iv) 1.2044×1025 molecules of water
(a) (i) (b) (i) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)

7. Which of the following statements is not true about an atom?

(a) Atoms are not able to exist independently
(b) Atoms are the basic units from which molecules and ions are formed
(c) Atoms are always neutral in nature
(d) Atoms aggregate in large numbers to form the matter that we can see, feel or touch

8. The chemical symbol for nitrogen gas is

(a) Ni (b) N2 (c) N+ (d) N

9. The chemical symbol for sodium is

(a) So (b) Sd (c) NA (d) Na

10. Which of the following would weigh the highest?

(a) 0.2 mole of sucrose (C12 H22 O11)
(b) 2 moles of CO2
(c) 2 moles of CaCO3
(d) 10 moles of H2O

) Page - 95 -
11. Which of the following has maximum number of atoms?
(a) 18g of H2O
(b) 18g of O2
(c) 18g of CO2
(d) 18g of CH4

12. Which of the following contains maximum number of molecules?

(a) 1g CO2
(b) 1g N2
(c) 1g H2
(d) 1g CH4

13. Mass of one atom of oxygen is

16 32 1
( a) 23
g (b ) g ( c) g (d )8u
6.023 10 6.023 1023 6.023 10 23

14. 3.42 g of sucrose are dissolved in 18g of water in a beaker. The number of oxygen atoms in
the solution are
(a) 6.68 × 1023
(b) 6.09 × 1022
(c) 6.022 × 1023
(d) 6.022 × 1021

15. A change in the physical state can be brought about

(a) only when energy is given to the system
(b) only when energy is taken out from the system
(c) when energy is either given to, or taken out from the system
(d) without any energy change

16. Which of the following represents a correct chemical formula? Name it.
(a) CaCl (b) BiPO4 (c) NaSO4 (d) NaS

17. Write the molecular formulae for the following compounds

(a) Copper (II) bromide
(b) Aluminium (III) nitrate
(c) Calcium (II) phosphate
(d) Iron (III) sulphide
(e) Mercury (II) chloride
(f) Magnesium (II) acetate

18. Write the molecular formulae of all the compounds that can be formed by the combination
of following ions
Cu2+, Na+, Fe3+, C1–, SO42 , PO43

19. Write the cations and anions present (if any) in the following compounds
(a) CH3COONa
(b) NaCl
(c) H2
(d) NH4NO3

20. Give the formulae of the compounds formed from the following sets of elements
(a) Calcium and fluorine
) Page - 96 -
 (b) Hydrogen and sulphur
(c) Nitrogen and hydrogen
(d) Carbon and chlorine
(e) Sodium and oxygen
(f) Carbon and oxygen

21. Which of the following symbols of elements are incorrect? Give their correct symbols
(a) Cobalt CO
(b) Carbon c
(c) Aluminium AL
(d) Helium He
(e) Sodium So

22. Give the chemical formulae for the following compounds and compute the ratio by mass of
the combining elements in each one of them.
(a) Ammonia
(b) Carbon monoxide
(c) Hydrogen chloride
(d) Aluminium fluoride
(e) Magnesium sulphide

23. State the number of atoms present in each of the following chemical species
(a) CO32–
(b) PO43–
(c) P2O5
(d) CO

24. Find the ratio by mass of the combining elements in the compound – C2H5OH.
25. Give the formula of the compound formed by the elements calcium and fluorine.
26. What is the acid radical present in sodium peroxide?
27. Carbon and silicon have the same valency. What is the formula of sodium silicate?
28. What is the ratio by number of atoms in mercurous chloride?
29. Name the element whose Latin name is Stibium.
30. What is the valency of a sulphide ion?
31. How many atoms of oxygen are present in 50g of CaCO3?
32. How many molecules are present in 1 ml of water?
33. What is the unit of measurement of atomic radius?
34. Name the international organization who approves names of elements.
35. How do we know the presence of atoms if they do not exist independently for most of the
elements?
36. Give an example to show Law of conservation of mass applies to physical change also.
37. Explain with example that law of conservation of mass is valid for chemical reactions.
38. Is there any exception to law of conservation of mass?

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39. In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid. The products
were 2.2 g of carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium ethanoate. Show that these
observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.
sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid → sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water
40. If 12 g of carbon is burnt in the presence of 32 g of oxygen, how much carbon dioxide will
be formed?
41. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to contain 0.096
g of boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition of the compound
by weight.
42. When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon dioxide is produced.
What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00 g of carbon is burnt in 50.00 g of
oxygen? Which law of chemical combination will govern your answer?
43. Magnesium and oxygen combine in the ratio of 3 : 2 by mass to form magnesium oxide.
How much oxygen is required to react completely with 12 g of magnesium?
44. Why are Dalton's symbol not used in chemistry?

45. What is the fraction of the mass of water due to neutrons?

46. Does the solubility of a substance change with temperature? Explain with the help of an
example.

47. Classify each of the following on the basis of their atomicity.

(a) F2 (b) NO2 (c) N2O (d) C2H6 (e) P4 (f) H2O2
(g) P4O10 (h) O3 (i) HCl (j) CH4 (k) He (l) Ag

48. You are provided with a fine white coloured powder which is either sugar or salt. How
would you identify it without tasting?

49. Calculate the number of moles of magnesium present in a magnesium ribbon weighing 12
g. Molar atomic mass of magnesium is 24g mol–1.

50. Verify by calculating that

(a) 5 moles of CO2 and 5 moles of H2O do not have the same mass.
(b) 240 g of calcium and 240 g magnesium elements have a mole ratio of 3:5.

51. Find the ratio by mass of the combining elements in the following compounds.
(a) CaCO3 (d) C2H5OH
(b) MgCl2 (e) NH3
(c) H2SO4 (f) Ca(OH)2

52. Calcium chloride when dissolved in water dissociates into its ions according to the
following equation.
CaCl2 (aq) →Ca2+ (aq) + 2Cl– (aq)
Calculate the number of ions obtained from CaCl2 when 222 g of it is dissolved in water.
53. The difference in the mass of 100 moles each of sodium atoms and sodium ions is
5.48002g. Compute the mass of an electron.
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54. Complete the following crossword puzzle (below Figure) by using the name of the
chemical elements. Use the data given in below Table
Table 3.2
Across Down
2. The element used by Rutherford 1. A white lustrous metal used for
during his α–scattering experiment making ornaments and which tends to
3. An element which forms rust on get tarnished black in the presence of
exposure to moist air moist air
5. A very reactive non–metal stored 4. Both brass and bronze are alloys of
under water the element
7. Zinc metal when treated with dilute 6. The metal which exists in the liquid
hydrochloric acid produces a gas of this state at room temperature
element which when tested with 8. An element with symbol Pb
burning splinter produces a pop sound.

55. Fill in the missing data in the below Table

Species
H2 O CO2 Na atom MgCl2
Property
No of moles 2 0.5
No. of particles 3.011 x 1023
Mass 36g 115g

56. The visible universe is estimated to contain 1022 stars. How many moles of stars are present
in the visible universe?

57. What is the SI prefix for each of the following multiples and submultiples of a unit?
(a) 103 (b) 10–1 (c) 10–2 (d) 10–6 (e) 10–9 (f) 10–12
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58. (a) In this crossword puzzle (Fig 3.2), names of 11 elements are hidden. Symbols of these
are given below. Complete the puzzle.
1. Cl 7. He
2. H 8. F
3. Ar 9. Kr
4. O 10. Rn
5. Xe 11. Ne
6. N

Inert gases

(b) Identify the total number of inert gases, their names and symbols from this cross word
puzzle.

59. Express each of the following in kilograms

(a) 5.84×10-3 mg
(b) 58.34 g
(c) 0.584g
(d) 5.873×10-21g

60. Compute the difference in masses of 103 moles each of magnesium atoms and magnesium
ions. (Mass of an electron = 9.1×10–31 kg)

61. Which has more number of atoms? 100g of N2 or 100 g of NH3

62. Compute the number of ions present in 5.85 g of sodium chloride.

63. A gold sample contains 90% of gold and the rest copper. How many atoms of gold are
present in one gram of this sample of gold?

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64. Cinnabar (HgS) is a prominent ore of mercury. How many grams of mercury are present in
225 g of pure HgS? Molar mass of Hg and S are 200.6 g mol–1 and 32 g mol–1 respectively.

65. The mass of one steel screw is 4.11g. Find the mass of one mole of these steel screws.
Compare this value with the mass of the Earth (5.98 × 1024kg). Which one of the two is
heavier and by how many times?

66. A sample of vitamic C is known to contain 2.58 ×1024 oxygen atoms. How many moles of
oxygen atoms are present in the sample?

67. Raunak took 5 moles of carbon atoms in a container and Krish also took 5 moles of sodium
atoms in another container of same weight. (a) Whose container is heavier? (b) Whose
container has more number of atoms?

68. What are ionic and molecular compounds? Give examples.

69. Compute the difference in masses of one mole each of aluminium atoms and one mole of
its ions. (Mass of an electron is 9.1×10–28 g). Which one is heavier?

70. A silver ornament of mass ‘m’ gram is polished with gold equivalent to 1% of the mass of
silver. Compute the ratio of the number of atoms of gold and silver in the ornament.

71. A sample of ethane (C2H6) gas has the same mass as 1.5 ×1020 molecules of methane
(CH4). How many C2H6 molecules does the sample of gas contain?

72. Fill in the blanks

(a) In a chemical reaction, the sum of the masses of the reactants and products remains
unchanged. This is called ————.
(b) A group of atoms carrying a fixed charge on them is called ————.
(c) The formula unit mass of Ca3 (PO4)2 is ————.
(d) Formula of sodium carbonate is ____________and that of ammonium sulphate is ------
------------------.

73. Write the formulae for the following and calculate the molecular mass for each one of
them.
(a) Caustic potash
(b) Baking powder
(c) Lime stone
(d) Caustic soda
(e) Ethanol
(f) Common salt

74. In photosynthesis, 6 molecules of carbon dioxide combine with an equal number of water
molecules through a complex series of reactions to give a molecule of glucose having a
molecular formula C6 H12 O6. How many grams of water would be required to produce 18
g of glucose? Compute the volume of water so consumed assuming the density of water to
be 1 g cm–3.

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