Module-3: Machine Controls and Design in

Work Place

Machine controls: Improvement of human

work place through controls, Displays and
Controls, Shapes and sizes of various controls
and displays, multiple display and control
situations, Design of major controls in
automobiles and machine tools, Principles of
hand tool design.
Work place and seating design: Design of
office furniture, Redesign of instruments, Work
process: Duration of rest periods, Design of
visual displays, Design for shift work.
 3.1 Machine controls Introduction

The majority of accidents and incidents are not caused by

‘careless workers’ but by failures in control, which are the
responsibility of management.

"Machine controls" refers to the design and implementation of

physical controls and displays on machinery, with a primary
focus on optimizing human interaction by Considering factors
like ergonomics, shape, size, and placement to improve
workplace efficiency, safety, and operator comfort,
encompassing aspects like multiple display setups, design of
controls in vehicles and machine tools, and even the principles
behind effective hand tool design.

Machine controls play a vital role in improving the workplace,

making tasks safer, more efficient, and more comfortable for
workers.
Designing machine tool controls with ergonomics in
mind prioritizes user comfort, efficiency, and safety by
considering factors like placement, ease of use, and
consistency of motion, ultimately leading to a more user-
friendly and productive machine.

3.2: Improvement of human work place through

controls

Improving a workplace through controls, displays, and controls

involves implementing ergonomic principles, optimizing
human-machine interaction, and ensuring a safe and efficient
environment, ultimately enhancing productivity and employee
well-being
 Key aspects of machine controls:

Improvement of human workplace through controls: This core

principle involves designing controls that are easily accessible,
intuitive to use, and minimize physical strain on the operator,
taking into account factors like reach, grip strength, and hand
posture.

Here are some key ways machine controls enhance human

workplaces:

Automation: Automating repetitive tasks reduces human error,

increases productivity, and allows workers to focus on more
complex and creative aspects of their job.

Safety: Advanced control systems can monitor machinery and

environments to prevent accidents.

For example, sensors can detect hazardous conditions and shut

down equipment before an incident occurs.

3.3 Importance of display and controls in ergonomics

3.3 a) Displays and controls are critical components in machine

control systems, as they provide the interface through which
operators interact with machinery and processes. Ergonomics,
the study of people in their working environment, focuses on
designing controls and displays to be comfortable, efficient,
and safe for users, considering physical, cognitive, and
organizational factors
In what follows, three of the most important concerns of
ergonomic design will be examined:
First, that of controls, devices to transfer energy or signals
from the operator to a piece of machinery; second, indicators or
displays, which provide visual information to the operator
about the status of the machinery; and third, the combination
of controls and displays in a panel or console.

Displays and controls are critical components in ergonomic

design, especially in environments where human-machine
interaction is frequent and crucial, such as in vehicles,
industrial machinery, medical devices, and consumer
electronics. Ergonomic principles ensure that these
components are designed to enhance usability, reduce errors,
and improve overall user satisfaction
 Controls
Controls allow operators to influence the machine's behavior
and operations. Important aspects include:

Buttons and Switches: Traditional input methods that provide

tactile feedback for simple operations.

Joysticks and Levers: Used for precise control in applications

like robotics or heavy machinery.

Touch screens: Modern control panels often incorporate touch

screens for flexible, menu-driven interactions.

Voice Commands: Emerging technology that allows hands-free

operation for enhanced safety and convenience.

Remote Controls: Wireless control options enable operators to

manage machinery from a distance, improving safety in
hazardous environments.

3.3d) Types of Controls

1. Manual Controls: Buttons, knobs, levers, switches.
2. Touch Controls: Touch screens, touchpad’s.
3. Voice Controls: Voice recognition systems.
4. Gesture Controls: Motion sensors and gesture recognition.

3.3e) Selection among different sorts of controls must

be made according to the following needs or
conditions:

Operation by hand or foot

Amounts of energies and forces transmitted
Applying “continuous” inputs, such as steering an automobile
Performing “discrete actions,” for example,
(a) Activating or shutting down equipment,
(b) Selecting one of several distinct adjustments, such as
switching from one TV or radio channel to another, or
(c) Carrying out data entry, as with a keyboard.

3.3) Control Technology Trends

Touch less Controls: Gesture and voice recognition
technologies are becoming more prevalent, allowing for hands-
free operation and improved safety.

AI-Driven Controls: Artificial intelligence is enhancing control

systems by enabling predictive maintenance and personalized
user experiences.

Remote Monitoring and Control: Wireless technologies are

allowing operators to manage machinery from a distance,
improving safety and efficiency.

Haptic Feedback: This technology provides tactile feedback to

users, enhancing the interaction with control systems.
These trends are shaping the future of display and control
technology, making them more efficient, user-friendly, and
immersive.
 3.3) Ergonomic Principles for Controls
1. Accessibility and Reach
Positioning: Controls should be within easy reach and in a
natural position for the user to operate without excessive
stretching or movement.
Arrangement: Frequently used controls should be placed in
the most accessible positions.
Less frequently used controls can be positioned further away.

2. Size and Shape

Dimensions: Controls should be appropriately sized for the
expected range of users, considering hand size and grip
strength.
Shape and Texture: Use shapes and textures that provide a
comfortable and secure grip. Different shapes and textures can
help users distinguish between controls by feel.

3. Force and Feedback

Effort: The force required to operate a control should be
minimal but sufficient to prevent accidental activation.
Tactile and Auditory Feedback: Provide feedback (e.g., a
click sound or vibration) to confirm that the control has been
successfully activated.

4 Labeling and Symbols

Clear Labels: Controls should be clearly labeled with text or
symbols that indicate their function. Labels should be easy to
read and understand.
Standard Symbols: Use standard symbols and icons to ensure
that users can quickly understand the control’s purpose.

5. Safety and Error Prevention

Guarding and Locking: Critical controls should be designed
to prevent accidental activation, using guards or requiring
deliberate actions.
Error Minimization: Arrange controls to minimize the risk of
accidental or inadvertent activation. Use different shapes or
colors to distinguish between critical and non-critical controls.

6. Consistency and Standardization

Uniformity: Maintain consistency in control design across
different machines or systems to reduce learning time and
errors.
Adherence to Standards: Follow industry standards and best
practices for control design to ensure safety and usability.

Integration of Displays and Controls

Proximity: Controls related to a particular display should be

located near that display to create a logical and efficient
workflow.
Visual and Functional Grouping: Group related displays and
controls together both visually and functionally to enhance
usability.

User Testing: Conduct user testing to gather feedback on the

placement, size, and functionality of displays and controls. Use
this feedback to make iterative improvements.

Conclusion
By applying ergonomic principles to the design of displays and
controls, designers can create systems that are intuitive, safe,
and comfortable to use. This reduces the risk of operator error,
enhances productivity, and improves overall user satisfaction.
3.3 When designing controls such as hand push buttons, foot
push buttons, toggle switches, and hand wheels, several key
design elements must be considered to ensure usability, safety,
and efficiency. Here’s a breakdown of the important design
elements for each type:

i) Hand Push Button

1. Size and Shape:
Should be large enough to be easily pressed with a finger or
palm. Shape can be round or rectangular, with a concave
surface for better finger fit.

2. Force:
Requires an appropriate activation force, typically around 2-5
N, to avoid accidental activation but still easy to press.

3. Positioning:
Should be placed within easy reach and at a height comfortable
for the user.

4. Color and Labeling:

Use color coding for different functions (e.g., red for stop,
green for start).Clearly labeled with text or symbols indicating
its function.

5. Feedback:
Provide tactile or auditory feedback when pressed to confirm
activation.

6. Durability:
 Built to withstand repeated use and environmental factors such
as dust and moisture.

ii) Foot Push Button

1. Size and Shape:
Larger than hand push buttons to accommodate the user's foot.
Should have a non-slip surface to prevent slipping.

2. Force:
Requires more force than hand buttons, typically around 10-15
N, to avoid accidental activation.

3. Positioning:
Placed on the floor where the user can comfortably reach it
with their foot without losing balance.

4. Durability:
Must be robust to withstand heavy use and potential impacts.

5. Feedback:
Provide tactile or auditory feedback to confirm activation.

iii) Toggle Switch

1. Size and Shape:
Should be appropriately sized for finger operation.
Can be lever or rocker style with a distinct shape for on and
off positions.

2. Force and Travel:

Require a moderate amount of force and distinct travel
distance for activation to prevent accidental toggling.
3. Positioning:
Positioned within easy reach and in a logical arrangement for
multiple switches.

4. Labeling:
Clearly labeled for the function of each position (e.g., on/off,
up/down).

5. Feedback:
Provide clear tactile or visual feedback indicating the switch
position.

iv) Hand Wheel

1. Size and Shape:
Large enough to allow easy gripping and turning with both
hands if necessary.
Often circular with a textured surface for better grip.

2. Force and Rotation:

Should require a reasonable amount of force and allow smooth,
controlled rotation.
Typically includes a mechanism to prevent over-rotation or
slipping.

3. Positioning:
Positioned at a comfortable height and angle for the user to
operate without excessive strain.

4. Labeling and Markings:

Clearly marked with indicators for settings or positions (e.g.,
incremental markings for precision control).
5. Feedback:
Provide tactile feedback through resistance changes or detents
to indicate set positions or limits.

6. Durability:
Built to withstand repeated use and environmental factors,
ensuring long-term reliability.

By considering these design elements, controls can be made

more user-friendly, efficient, and safe for the intended
applications.
 3.3): Display Design Principles – Visual Displays

Displays: Types of Displays

1. Visual Displays: Screens, dials, gauges, lights.
2. Auditory Displays: Alarms, signals, spoken messages.
3. Tactile Displays: Vibration alerts, haptic feedback.

Displays present information to the operator, allowing them to

monitor and make informed decisions about the machine's
operation.

Key features include:

Visual Feedback: Real-time data visualization (e.g.,

temperature, pressure, speed) helps operators quickly assess
the machine's status.

Alerts and Alarms: Indicators for abnormal conditions or errors

ensure timely responses to potential issues.

User Interface (UI): Touch screen interfaces and graphical

displays simplify interaction, making controls more intuitive.

Customization: Ability to tailor display settings for different

users or tasks enhances efficiency and safety.

Displays provide information about the status of equipment.

Displays may apply to the operator’s visual sense (lights,
scales, counters, cathode-ray tubes, flat panel electronics, etc.),
to the auditory sense (bells, horns, recorded voice messages,
electronically generated sounds, etc.) or to the sense of touch
(shaped controls, Braille, etc.).
Labels, written instructions, warnings or symbols (“icons”)
may be considered special kinds of displays.

ii. The four “cardinal rules” for displays are:

1. Display only that information which is essential for adequate
job performance.
2. Display information only as accurately as is required for the
operator’s decisions and actions.
3. Present information in the most direct, simple,
understandable and usable form.
4. Present information in such a way that failure or malfunction
of the display itself will be immediately obvious.

A visual display is most appropriate if the environment is

noisy, the operator stays in place, the message is long and
complex, and especially if it deals with the spatial location of
an object.

An auditory display is appropriate if the workplace must be

kept dark, the operator moves around, and the message is short
and simple, requires immediate attention, and deals with events
and time.

3.3 b) Ergonomic Principles for Displays

1. Visibility and Readability
Size and Contrast: Text and symbols should be large enough
to read easily, with high contrast against the background.
Lighting and Glare: Displays should be well-lit but without
glare. Adjustable brightness helps in different lighting
conditions.
Viewing Angle: Information should be legible from a range of
angles, ideally within the natural line of sight to minimize head
and eye movement.
2. Information Organization
Hierarchy and Grouping: Organize information
hierarchically, with the most critical information prominently
displayed. Group related information together.
Clarity and Simplicity: Use simple and clear language and
symbols. Avoid clutter by displaying only essential
information.

3. Feedback and Updates

Real-Time Information: Ensure that the display provides
real-time updates to reflect the current state accurately.
Feedback Mechanisms: Immediate and clear feedback when
the system state changes or when the user inputs commands.

4. Location and Placement

Line of Sight: Place displays within the natural line of sight of
the user to reduce the need for head and eye movement.
Reach and Access: Ensure displays are accessible and within
comfortable reach for interaction.

5. Standardization Consistency: Use consistent symbols,

colors, and layouts across different displays to reduce
confusion and learning time.
Conformance to Standards: Adhere to industry standards
and guidelines to ensure usability and safety.
 3.3 k) Visual Displays
Visual displays are devices for presentation of visual
information to observers. Displays that use electronic signals
as input information are sometimes called electronic displays
or monitors{LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screens found in
TVs and computer monitors, as well as LED (Light Emitting
Diode) displays used in signs, billboards, and some TVs.}

Analysis and design of the workers task determine whether a

display is required, what type of display this should be and
where to localize a display and how to arrange many displays
for information presentation in the field of view of the worker.

There are three basic types of visual displays:

(1)The check display indicates whether or not a given
condition exists (for example a green light indicates normal
function).
(2)The qualitative display indicates the status of a changing
variable or its approximate value, or its trend of change (for
example, a pointer moves within a “normal” range).

(3) The quantitative display shows exact information that must

be ascertained (for example, to find a location on a map, to
read text or to draw on a computer monitor), or it may indicate
an exact numerical value that must be read by the operator (for
example, a time or a temperature).
 3.3 l).Design guidelines for visual displays are:

 Arrange displays so that the operator can locate and

identify them easily without unnecessary
searching.(This usually means that the displays
should be in or near the medial plane of the operator,
and below or at eye height.)

 Group displays functionally or sequentially so that

the operator can use them easily.

 Make sure that all displays are properly illuminated

or illuminant coded and labeled according to their
function.
 Use lights, often colored, to indicate the status of a
system (such as ON or OFF) or to alert the operator
that the system, or a subsystem, is inoperative and
that special action must be taken.

What are the latest trends in display and control

technology?

The world of display and control technology is evolving

rapidly, with several exciting trends emerging. Here are some
of the latest trends:

Display Technology Trends

Flexible Displays: These thin, lightweight displays can be bent

or folded, making them ideal for smart phones, wearables, and
other portable devices2.
Immersive Displays: Technologies like virtual reality (VR) and
augmented reality (AR) are creating more engaging and lifelike
experiences.

Micro LEDs: Offering high brightness and energy efficiency,

Micro LEDs are being used in various sectors, including
consumer electronics and automotive industries.
Quantum Dots: These displays provide superior color accuracy
and energy efficiency, making them popular in high-end TVs
and monitors.

OLED Innovations: OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)

continues to evolve with foldable and rollable screens, offering
superior contrast ratios and faster response times.

Digital Signage: Advancements in LCD, LED, and projection

technologies are making digital signage more versatile and
impactful
 3.4 Design of multiple display and control situations

3.4 a) Designing multiple display and control situations using

ergonomic principles involves creating systems where
operators can efficiently and comfortably manage multiple
interfaces and controls simultaneously. This is common in
control rooms, aircraft cockpits, medical equipment, and
complex industrial machinery.
Here are key principles and considerations for designing these
setups:

1. Display Layout and Arrangement

Primary Displays: These should be within the operator's

immediate field of view and at eye level.
They present the most critical information that requires
constant monitoring.
Secondary Displays: Positioned around the primary displays,
this present less critical information and can be glanced at as
needed.

Grouping and Sequencing

Functional Grouping: Group related displays together to
minimize the need for the operator to move their eyes or head
frequently.
Logical Sequencing: Arrange displays in a logical sequence
that follows the workflow or the order of tasks to be performed.
Viewing Angles and Distances
Optimal Viewing Angle: Displays should be within a 15-
degree angle below the horizontal line of sight and within a 30-
degree angle from the centerline to reduce neck strain.
Distance: The distance between the operator and the display
should be such that text and graphics are easily readable
without straining the eyes.

2. Control Layout and Design

Accessibility and Reach

Reach Zones: Controls should be within easy reach of the

operator’s primary seated or standing position. Frequently used
controls should be within the primary reach zone (typically
within a 15-20 inch range).
Adjustability: Where possible, provide adjustable controls or
workstations to accommodate operators of different sizes and
postures.

Control Grouping and Identification

Logical Grouping: Group controls by function and frequency

of use. For example, emergency controls should be grouped
together and easily accessible.

Distinctive Design: Use different shapes, sizes, and textures to

help operators distinguish between controls by touch alone,
reducing the need for visual confirmation.

3. Human-Machine Interface (HMI) Design

Consistent and Intuitive Interface

Consistency: Ensure consistency in the design of interfaces,

including the use of colors, symbols, and layouts.
Intuitive Design: Use familiar icons and straightforward
navigation paths to make interfaces easy to understand and use.
Feedback Mechanisms

Immediate Feedback: Provide immediate visual, auditory, or

tactile feedback to confirm that a control has been activated or
a command has been received.

Error Messages: Clear and concise error messages should be

displayed to guide the operator in correcting issues.

4. Environmental Considerations
Lighting and Glare
Ambient Lighting: Ensure adequate ambient lighting to
reduce eye strain without causing glare on the displays.
Anti-Glare Screens: Use anti-glare coatings on screens and
position them to minimize reflections from lights or windows.

Noise and Distractions

Sound Levels: Control rooms should be designed to minimize
background noise to ensure that auditory alerts are clearly
heard.
Distraction Minimization: Arrange workspaces to minimize
distractions and interruptions, ensuring operators can maintain
focus.

5. Ergonomic Seating and Workstations

Adjustable Seating
Chair Adjustments: Provide chairs with adjustable height,
backrest, and armrests to accommodate different body sizes
and reduce fatigue.
Footrests: Include footrests for additional comfort and support,
especially for operators of shorter stature

Workstation Design
Adjustable Workstations: Where possible, provide height-
adjustable workstations to accommodate both seated and
standing work.

Monitor Stands: Use adjustable monitor stands to ensure that

screens are at the appropriate height and angle.

3.4 b) Examples of Ergonomic Multiple Display and

Control Setups
Control Rooms

Power Plants: Control rooms in power plants often have

multiple screens displaying different aspects of the plant’s
operations. Ergonomic design ensures that critical alarms and
controls are easily accessible.

Network Operation Centers: These centers monitor network

performance and security. Displays are arranged to show real-
time data, with controls for quick response to issues.

Aircraft Cockpits
Primary Flight Displays: Positioned directly in front of the
pilots, these show critical flight information.

Multi-function Displays: Surrounding the primary displays,

these provide navigation, engine status, and other important
data.
Control Panels: Strategically placed to ensure that all essential
controls are within easy reach of the pilots.

Medical Equipment
Operating Rooms: Displays and controls for various medical
devices (e.g., monitors, surgical robots) are arranged to ensure
that surgeons and staff can easily access and monitor patient
data.
Nurses’ Stations: Multiple displays showing patient
information and vitals, with controls for adjusting medical
equipment and alarms.

Conclusion
By incorporating ergonomic principles into the design of
multiple display and control situations, systems can be made
more user-friendly, efficient, and safe. This leads to improved
performance, reduced risk of errors, and enhanced operator
well-being
 3.5 Design of major controls in automobiles using
ergonomics

Designing major controls in automobiles using ergonomic

principles ensures that vehicles are safe, comfortable, and easy
to use. The goal is to reduce driver fatigue, minimize the risk
of errors, and enhance overall driving experience. Here’s a
comprehensive overview of how ergonomics is applied in the
design of major automobile controls:

1. Steering Wheel

Position and Adjustability: The steering wheel should be

easily reachable without the driver having to stretch. It should
be adjustable in height and depth to accommodate different
body sizes and driving postures.

Grip and Size: The diameter and thickness should provide a

comfortable grip for hands of various sizes. Textured surfaces
can improve grip and reduce slippage.

Controls Integration: Common controls (e.g., audio, cruise

control) integrated into the steering wheel should be easily
accessible without requiring the driver to move their hands
significantly.

2. Pedals

Position and Spacing: Pedals should be placed to allow for

natural foot movement, with adequate spacing to prevent
accidental pressing of the wrong pedal.
Force and Feedback: The force required to press the pedals
should be consistent and appropriate for different drivers. Clear
feedback when the pedal is engaged is essential.

Surface Texture: Non-slip surfaces on pedals help maintain

foot stability, especially in wet conditions.

3. Gear Shifter

Location and Reach: The gear shifter should be within easy

reach of the driver’s hand, whether it is a manual or automatic
transmission.

Shape and Grip: The shifter should have a shape that is

comfortable to hold and operate, with a surface that provides
good tactile feedback.

Operation: Shifting should be smooth and intuitive, with clear

indications of gear positions.

4. Dashboard and Instrument Panel

Visibility: All displays and gauges should be easily readable

without causing distraction. Important information should be
prioritized and placed within the driver’s line of sight.

Lighting: Back-lit and anti-glare screens improve visibility in

different lighting conditions. Adjustable brightness helps in
night driving.

Symmetry and Layout: A symmetrical layout helps drivers

quickly locate controls. Grouping related functions together
enhances usability.
5. Infotainment System
Touch screen Placement: The touch screen should be within
easy reach and at a height that minimizes the need to look
away from the road.

User Interface: The interface should be intuitive, with large

buttons and clear labels. Voice control and steering wheel-
mounted controls can reduce the need to interact with the touch
screen while driving.

Response Time: The system should be responsive to inputs to

avoid frustration and distraction.

6. Climate Control

Control Type: Physical knobs and buttons are often preferred

over touch screens for climate control due to their tactile
feedback and ease of use.

Placement: Controls should be easily reachable and operable

without taking eyes off the road for long.

Simplicity: Controls should be simple and intuitive, with clear

indications of settings.

7. Seats and Seat Adjustments

Adjustability: Seats should offer a wide range of adjustments
(height, tilt, lumbar support) to accommodate different body
sizes and preferences.

Support and Comfort: Adequate padding and ergonomic

shaping provide support and comfort for long drives.
Controls Accessibility: Seat adjustment controls should be
easy to reach and operate without requiring awkward
movements.

8. Mirrors
Adjustability: Mirrors should be easily adjustable from the
driver’s seat to provide a clear view of the surroundings.

Control Placement: Mirror adjustment controls should be

within easy reach and simple to operate.

Field of View: Mirrors should be designed to minimize blind

spots.

9. Emergency Controls
Accessibility: Emergency controls (e.g., hazard lights, horn)
should be easily accessible and operable without looking.

Simplicity: These controls should be large, well-marked, and

easy to use in stressful situations.

10. Steering Column and Controls

Stalks and Levers: Controls for indicators, wipers, and lights

should be on stalks and levers attached to the steering column,
within easy reach of the driver’s hands.
Tactile Feedback: These controls should provide tactile
feedback to confirm operation without the need to look.
11. Ergonomic Principles Applied
Anthropometry: Use anthropometric data to design controls
that accommodate a wide range of body sizes and shapes.

Bio-mechanics: Consider the natural movements and postures

of the human body to minimize strain and enhance comfort.

Cognitive Ergonomics: Design controls and interfaces that are

intuitive and reduce cognitive load, making it easier for the
driver to focus on the road. By integrating these ergonomic
principles into the design of automobile controls,
manufacturers can create vehicles that enhance driver safety,
comfort, and overall satisfaction.
 3.6 Design of major controls in machine tools

3.6.1 Designing major controls in machine tools using

ergonomic principles is essential to ensure operator safety,
comfort, and efficiency. By incorporating ergonomic
considerations, machine tools can be made easier to use,
reducing the risk of errors and injuries. Here's how ergonomics
can be applied in the design of major controls for machine
tools:

1. Control Panel Layout

Accessibility: Controls should be within easy reach of the
operator's normal working position.
Frequently used controls should be positioned where they can
be easily accessed without excessive movement.

Height and Angle: Control panels should be at a height and

angle that minimize the need for the operator to bend or stretch.
Adjustable panels can accommodate operators of different
heights.

Logical Grouping: Controls should be logically grouped

according to their functions to reduce cognitive load. For
example, all controls related to speed adjustment should be
grouped together.

2. Push Buttons and Switches

Size and Shape: Push buttons should be large enough to be

easily pressed, even when wearing gloves. Different shapes
and textures can help operators distinguish between buttons by
touch.
Color Coding: Use color coding to differentiate between
functions. For example, red for emergency stop, green for start,
and yellow for caution.

Feedback: Provide tactile or audible feedback when a button is

pressed to confirm activation.

3. Handles and Levers

Ergonomic Design: Handles and levers should be designed to

fit comfortably in the hand, reducing strain during operation.
They should have a non-slip surface to ensure a secure grip.

Positioning: Handles and levers should be positioned to allow

for natural wrist and arm movements, minimizing awkward
postures.

Force Requirements: The force required to operate handles

and levers should be within a comfortable range for most
operators, avoiding excessive effort.

4. Knobs and Dials

Size and Texture: Knobs and dials should be large enough to

be easily turned and have a textured surface for better grip.

Positioning: These controls should be placed within easy reach

and at a height that does not require the operator to bend or
stretch excessively.
Clear Markings: Include clear, easy-to-read markings around
knobs and dials to indicate settings and positions.

5. Emergency Stop Controls Visibility and Accessibility:

Emergency stop controls must be prominently positioned and
easily accessible from the operator’s working position. They
should be clearly marked and easily distinguishable from other
controls.

Operation: These controls should be large and require

minimal force to activate, allowing for quick response in
emergency situations.

6. Foot Pedals

Placement: Foot pedals should be positioned where they can

be easily reached and operated without requiring the operator
to change their stance significantly.

Comfort: Pedals should have a comfortable angle and surface

texture to prevent foot fatigue during extended use.

Stability: Ensure that pedals remain stable and do not shift

during operation.

7. Display Screens and Indicators

Visibility: Display screens should be placed at eye level and
angled to reduce glare, ensuring that information can be easily
read.
Clarity: Use high-contrast, easy-to-read fonts and graphics to
display information. Important alerts should be clearly
distinguishable from routine information.

Feedback: Provide immediate feedback on the display for any

control inputs, helping operators understand the effects of their
actions.

8. Work piece and Tool Positioning Controls

Ease of Use: Controls for positioning the work piece and tools
should be intuitive and require minimal effort to operate.
Consider using joystick or similar devices for fine control.

Precision: Ensure that these controls allow for precise

adjustments, with clear indicators of position and movement.

9. Safety and Comfort

Operator Position: Design the operator’s workstation to allow
for a neutral body posture, minimizing strain on the back, neck,
and limbs.
Environment: Ensure that the work area is well-lit, well-
ventilated, and free from excessive noise and vibration. Provide
anti-fatigue mats if the operator is required to stand for long
periods.

10. Training and Instructions

Clear Instructions: Provide clear, concise operating

instructions and labels for all controls. Use diagrams and color
coding where possible.
Training: Ensure that operators receive proper training on the
use of controls and the ergonomic principles involved,
promoting safe and efficient operation.

3.6.2 Integrating Ergonomics into Machine Tool Control

Design By incorporating these ergonomic principles into the
design of machine tool controls, manufacturers can create tools
that enhance operator performance, reduce the risk of injury,
and improve overall productivity. The key is to focus on the
needs and capabilities of the operator, ensuring that controls
are intuitive, accessible, and comfortable to use.

Key ergonomic considerations for machine tool control

design:

1. Placement and Accessibility:

Clear Visibility: Controls should be easily readable and visible,

ensuring operators can quickly and accurately interpret
information.

Optimal Reach: Controls should be within comfortable reach,

minimizing the need for awkward movements or stretching.
Consistent Motion: When turning a knob or moving a lever,
the corresponding action on the machine (e.g., increasing speed
or adjusting height) should be intuitive and consistent.
Grouping: Controls for related functions should be grouped
together to reduce confusion and improve efficiency.
Safety: Emergency stop buttons should be prominently
displayed and easily accessible.

2. Control Types and Design:

Switches: Use clear and distinct switch types (push, toggle, etc.)
with appropriate labeling.
Knobs and Dials: Ensure knobs and dials have a comfortable
grip and provide sufficient resistance for precise adjustments.
Displays: Use clear and legible displays with appropriate fonts
and colors.
Feedback: Provide clear visual and/or auditory feedback to
confirm actions and changes.
3. Anthropometric Considerations:
User Diversity: Consider the range of user sizes and abilities
when designing controls.
Adjustability: Allow for adjustments to accommodate different
users and tasks.
Posture: Design controls to minimize the need for awkward or
uncomfortable postures.

4. Cognitive Ergonomics:
Intuitive Design: Design controls in a way that aligns with user
expectations and prior knowledge.
Error Prevention: Implement measures to prevent errors, such
as using physical constraints or visual cues.
Training: Provide adequate training to ensure operators are
familiar with the controls and their function

5. Examples of Ergonomic Machine Tool Controls:

Adjustable Workstations:
 Allow operators to adjust the height and position of
the machine and controls to suit their needs.
 Compact Design: Design controls to be compact and
easily accessible, even in tight spaces.
 Clear Labeling: Use clear and consistent labeling for
all controls and displays.
 Color Coding: Use color coding to differentiate
between different functions and controls.
 Haptic Feedback: Provide haptic feedback (e.g.,
vibration) to confirm actions and changes.
3.7 Principles of hand tool design using ergonomics

3.7.1) Designing hand tools using ergonomic principles are

essential to ensure that they are safe, efficient, and comfortable
to use. Ergonomically designed tools help reduce the risk of
repetitive strain injuries, improve user performance, and
enhance overall satisfaction. Here are the key ergonomic
principles for designing hand tools:

1. Fit to Hand Size and Shape

Handles: Design handles to fit the natural grip of the hand.
This includes considering the average hand size of the target
user population.
Contours: Use contoured handles that follow the natural
curves of the hand to reduce pressure points and improve grip
comfort.

2. Grip and Surface Texture

Non-Slip Surfaces: Use materials that provide a secure, non-
slip grip, even in wet or oily conditions.
Texture and Cushioning: Incorporate textured or cushioned
surfaces to enhance grip and reduce vibration transmission to
the hand.

3. Handle Length and Diameter

Diameter: The handle diameter should be appropriate for the
task. Generally, a diameter of about 1.25 to 2 inches is suitable
for power grips, while precision grips may require smaller
diameters.
Length: Handles should be long enough to allow for a full grip
with minimal overlap of the fingers.
4. Minimize Force Requirements
Leverage and Mechanical Advantage: Design tools to
provide mechanical advantage, reducing the force needed to
perform tasks. For example, longer handles on pliers increase
leverage.
Sharpness and Efficiency: Ensure cutting tools are sharp and
efficient to minimize the force needed for cutting tasks.

5. Avoid Awkward Postures

Neutral Wrist Position: Design tools so they can be used with
the wrist in a neutral (straight) position, minimizing strain on
the wrist and forearm.
Angled Handles: In some cases, angled handles can help
maintain a neutral wrist position. For example, a bent-handle
design can be beneficial for screwdrivers or pliers.

6. Weight and Balance

Lightweight Materials: Use lightweight materials where
possible to reduce fatigue, especially for tools that are used for
extended periods.
Balance: Ensure the tool is balanced so that it does not tip or
feel awkward during use.

7. Reduce Repetitive Motion and Vibration

Automation and Power Assistance: Where feasible, use
power tools or automation to reduce repetitive manual actions.
Vibration Dampening: Incorporate materials or designs that
dampen vibration, reducing the impact on the hand and arm.

8. Customization and Adjustability

Adjustable Features: Provide adjustable handles or grips to
accommodate different hand sizes and preferences.
Interchangeable Parts: Design tools with interchangeable
parts (e.g., different handle sizes) to suit various users and
tasks.

9. Ease of Use and Efficiency

Intuitive Design: Ensure the tool is easy to understand and use
without extensive training. Clear labeling and intuitive
operation enhance usability.
Reduced Steps: Design tools to perform tasks with minimal
steps or movements, improving efficiency and reducing the
potential for errors.

10. Safety Features

Guards and Shields: Incorporate guards, shields, or other

safety features to protect the user from sharp edges, hot
surfaces, or other hazards.
Locking Mechanisms: Tools that lock into place when not in
use can prevent accidental operation and injuries.

3.7.2) Examples of Ergonomic Hand Tool Designs 1.

Ergonomic Screwdrivers: Screwdrivers with cushioned, non-
slip handles that are contoured to fit the hand, and angled
handles to maintain a neutral wrist position.

2. Pliers and Cutters: Tools with longer handles for

increased leverage, cushioned grips, and a spring mechanism to
reduce hand strain during repetitive use.

3. Utility Knives: Knives with retractable blades for safety

cushioned and textured grips, and a shape that supports a
natural hand position.
User Testing and Feedback

Prototype Testing: Create prototypes and conduct user testing

to gather feedback on comfort, ease of use, and any potential
issues.
Iterative Design: Use feedback to make iterative
improvements, ensuring that the final design meets ergonomic
standards and user needs.

By following these ergonomic principles in hand tool design,

manufacturers can create tools that enhance user performance,
reduce the risk of injury, and improve overall comfort and
satisfaction.
 3.8 Workplace design

3.8. 1 Workplace design deals with the shape, the dimensions

and the layout (i.e. the placement and orientation) of the
different material elements that surround one or more working
persons.

Examples of such elements are the seat, the working surfaces,

the desk, the equipment, the tools, the controls and displays
used during the work, but also the passages, the windows, the
heating/cooling equipment, etc.
The ergonomic workplace design aims at improving work
performance (both in quantity and quality), through:
minimizing the physical strain and workload of the working
person, facilitating task execution, i.e. ensuring effortless
information exchange with the environment, minimization of
the physical constraints, etc., ensuring occupational health and
safety,−achieving ease of use of the various workplace element

Designing a workplace meeting ergonomics principles is a

difficult problem, as one should consider an important number
of interacting and variable elements, and try to meet an
important number of requirements, some of which may be
contradictory.
Figure 1: There is interdependence between working person,
task requirements, workplace elements, environment and body
movements and postures
 3.8.2Design of office furniture using ergonomics

Designing office furniture using ergonomic principles

involves creating pieces that promote comfort, productivity,
and overall well-being for users. Here are some key ergonomic
considerations and examples of office furniture designs:

1. Office Chairs
Adjustability: Chairs should be adjustable in height, armrests,
backrest angle, and lumbar support to accommodate different
body sizes and postures.
Support: Provide adequate lumbar support to maintain the
natural curve of the spine and reduce lower back strain.
Seat Depth: Ensure the seat depth allows for proper thigh
support while avoiding pressure behind the knees.

2. Desks

Height Adjustable: Desks should be adjustable to

accommodate both sitting and standing positions, promoting
movement and reducing sedentary behavior.
Surface Area: Provide sufficient surface area for computer
equipment, documents, and other work tools without
overcrowding.
Cable Management: Incorporate solutions for managing
cables to reduce clutter and trip hazards.

3. Keyboard and Mouse Tray

Adjustability: Trays should be adjustable in height and tilt to
maintain neutral wrist positions and prevent strain.
Placement: Ensure trays are positioned at the appropriate
height and distance from the user to promote comfortable
typing and mousing.

4. Monitor Stands and Arms

Height Adjustable: Monitor stands or arms should be

adjustable to allow for proper alignment with the user's eye
level to reduce neck strain.
Flexibility: Provide flexibility for adjusting the distance and
angle of monitors to accommodate different tasks and
preferences.
5. Footrests and Ergonomic Accessories
Footrests: Provide footrests for users who cannot comfortably
place their feet flat on the floor, promoting circulation and
reducing leg fatigue.
Other Accessories: Consider ergonomic accessories such as
document holders, task lighting, and wrist rests to enhance
comfort and productivity.

6. Meeting and Collaborative Furniture

Comfort: Chairs and tables for meetings and collaboration
should prioritize comfort and support during extended periods
of sitting and discussion.
Flexibility: Design furniture that can be easily rearranged to
accommodate different meeting formats and group sizes.
Ergonomic Design Principles in Office Furniture
/
User-Centered: Focus on the needs and comfort of users,
considering anthropometric data and user feedback in the
design process.
Adjustability: Incorporate adjustable features to accommodate
diverse body types and preferences.
Safety and Durability: Ensure furniture meets safety
standards and is durable enough to withstand regular use.
Aesthetics: Balance ergonomic functionality with aesthetic
appeal to create a pleasant and inviting work environment.
By integrating these ergonomic principles into the design of
office furniture, organizations can promote employee health,
productivity, and satisfaction. Visual examples can help
illustrate these concepts and guide the selection and
arrangement of ergonomic office furniture for optimal
workplace comfort and efficiency.
 3.9 Redesign of instruments

Redesigning instruments in workplace machine controls

involves optimizing their usability, safety, and efficiency. Here
are some key considerations:

1. Ergonomics: Instruments should be designed to minimize

physical strain and enhance user comfort. This includes proper
placement, intuitive controls, and clear labeling.
2. Visual Comfort: Reducing glare and ensuring adequate
lighting around instruments can improve accuracy and reduce
eye strain.
3. Temperature and Humidity: Instruments should be designed
to function optimally in varying workplace conditions,
ensuring reliability and durability.
4. Safety Features: Incorporating fail-safes, alarms, and easy-
to-access emergency controls can enhance workplace safety.
5. Integration with Modern Systems: Instruments should be
compatible with advanced control systems for seamless
operation and data collection.

Examples
One example of workplace instrument redesign is the
transformation of control panels in manufacturing
environments. Traditional control panels often had small, hard-
to-read displays and poorly placed buttons, leading to
inefficiencies and errors.
In a redesign project, ergonomic principles were applied to
improve usability:
. Larger, high-contrast displays were introduced to enhance
visibility, even in low-light conditions.
. Touch screen interfaces replaced physical buttons, allowing
for more intuitive navigation.
· Adjustable panels were implemented to accommodate
workers of different heights and preferences.
. Color-coded controls were added to reduce confusion and
improve response times.

This redesign not only improved productivity but also reduced

operator fatigue and errors.

2. Medical Equipment Redesign:

. Traditional medical monitors often had small screens and
complex interfaces.
Redesigns introduced larger touch screens with simplified
menus, making them more user-friendly for healthcare
professionals.
. Wireless connectivity was added to allow seamless data
sharing between devices and electronic health records.

3. Inspection Tools in Manufacturing:

. Quality control tools were redesigned with special-purpose
lighting to enhance visibility during inspections.
. Ergonomic handles were added to reduce strain during
prolonged use.

4. Office Workstations:

. Adjustable desks and chairs were introduced to accommodate

different body types and preferences.
. Integrated lighting systems were added to reduce glare and
improve visual comfort.
5. Control Systems in Power Plants:
. Control panels were redesigned with color-coded indicators
for quick identification of system statuses.
. Voice-activated controls were implemented to reduce manual
input and improve efficiency.
 3.10 Duration of rest periods according to ergonomics

Rest periods are an essential aspect of ergonomic design,

particularly in work environments where tasks are repetitive,
physically demanding, or require prolonged periods of
concentration. Properly scheduled rest periods help reduce the
risk of musculoskeletal disorders, mental fatigue, and overall
stress, leading to improved productivity and worker well-being.
Here are key considerations and guidelines for the duration and
frequency of rest periods according to ergonomic principles:

3.10.1General Guidelines for Rest Periods

1. Micro-Breaks
 Frequency: Every 20-30 minutes.
 Duration: 1-2 minutes.
 Purpose: Micro-breaks allow workers to stretch,
change posture, and reduce eye strain.
These breaks can include simple stretching exercises or short
walks around the workstation.

2. Short Breaks
Frequency: Every 1-2 hours.
Duration: 5-10 minutes.
Purpose: Short breaks provide an opportunity for workers to
rest their muscles, reduce mental fatigue, and relieve repetitive
strain. These breaks are crucial for tasks that involve
continuous concentration or repetitive motions.

3. Lunch/Extended Breaks
 Frequency: Once during the work shift, typically in
the middle.
 Duration: 30-60 minutes.
  Purpose: Lunch or extended breaks allow workers
to rest, eat, and recharge. This longer break helps
reduce overall fatigue and improves afternoon
productivity.

Specific Recommendations for Different Work

Environments
1. Office Work
Screen Breaks: Every 20-30 minutes, take a 1-2 minute break
to look away from the screen and rest the eyes.
Posture Breaks: Every hour, take a 5-10 minute break to
stand up, stretch, and move around.
2. Manual Labor Rest-Work Ratio: For physically
demanding tasks, a ratio of 5-10 minutes of rest for every 50-
55 minutes of work is recommended.
Task Rotation: Implement task rotation to vary the physical
demands on different muscle groups, reducing the risk of
overuse injuries

3. Repetitive Work
Micro-Breaks: Every 20-30 minutes, take a 1-2 minute break
to stretch and change posture.
Short Breaks: Every 1-2 hours, take a 5-10 minute break to
rest and relax.

4. Healthcare
Micro-Breaks: Frequent short breaks are essential for tasks
that require prolonged standing or intense concentration, such
as surgery or patient care.
Extended Breaks: Ensure healthcare workers have regular
extended breaks to manage physical and emotional stress.
5. Industrial Work
Micro-Breaks: For tasks involving heavy machinery or
assembly line work, take a 1-2 minute break every 20-30
minutes to reduce strain.
Short Breaks: Every 1-2 hours, take a 5-10 minute break for
muscle recovery and mental relaxation.

3.10.2 Factors Influencing Rest Period Duration

1. Task Demands
Physical Demands: Tasks that are physically demanding
require more frequent and longer breaks to allow for muscle
recovery.
Mental Demands: Tasks that require high levels of
concentration or mental effort benefit from frequent short
breaks to reduce cognitive fatigue.

2. Work Environment
Temperature: In hot or cold environments, more frequent
breaks may be necessary to prevent heat stress or hypothermia.
Noise Levels: High noise levels can increase stress,
necessitating more frequent breaks to reduce auditory fatigue.

3. Individual Factors
Health and Fitness: Individual health and fitness levels can
influence the need for rest periods. Workers with health
conditions may require more frequent breaks.
Age: Older workers may need more frequent or longer breaks
to manage fatigue and prevent injury.
Implementing Rest Periods
1. Scheduled Breaks: Integrate scheduled breaks into the work
routine to ensure that workers take necessary rest periods
without relying on self-regulation.
2. Flexible Breaks: Allow flexibility in break times to
accommodate individual needs and varying task demands.
3. Ergonomic Training: Provide training on the importance of
rest periods and how to take effective breaks. Educate workers
on recognizing signs of fatigue and strain.
4. Workstation Design: Design workstations to facilitate easy
movement and stretching during breaks. Provide comfortable
break areas where workers can relax. Organizational
characteristics of work in the assembly line

Conclusion
Ergonomically designed rest periods are essential for
maintaining worker health, safety, and productivity.
By incorporating these guidelines into the work schedule,
employers can reduce the risk of injuries, enhance job
satisfaction, and improve overall performance. Regular
evaluation and adjustment of rest periods based on feedback
and changing work conditions are crucial for continuous
improvement
 3.11 Design of visual displays using ergonomics

Designing visual displays using ergonomic principles is crucial

for ensuring that information is presented in a way that is easy
to perceive, understand, and interact with. Whether in control
rooms, manufacturing environments, healthcare settings, or
everyday consumer electronics, well-designed visual displays
enhance usability, reduce errors, and minimize cognitive load
on users.

Here are key considerations and principles for designing visual

displays ergonomically:
1. Information Hierarchy and Organization
Visual Hierarchy: Arrange information based on its
importance and frequency of use. Use size, color, and position
to distinguish between critical, secondary, and background
information.

Grouping: Group related information together to reduce

cognitive load. For example, place controls and indicators for
specific functions close to each other.

2. Legibility and Readability

Font and Text Size: Use clear, legible fonts with appropriate
sizes. Text should be large enough to read comfortably from
the typical viewing distance.

Contrast: Ensure sufficient contrast between text and

background to improve readability. Avoid using color
combinations that can cause eye strain, such as bright text on a
dark background or vice versa.
Spacing: Maintain adequate spacing between text, icons, and
graphics to prevent visual clutter and improve comprehension.

3. Color Coding and Use of Icons

Color Consistency: Use consistent colors for similar functions

throughout the interface. For example, use red for alarms or
alerts and green for normal operation.

Color Meaning: Ensure colors have clear meanings that are

universally understood or explained within the interface.

Icons and Symbols: Use intuitive icons and symbols that are
easy to recognize and understand.
Test icons with users to ensure they convey their intended
meaning effectively.

4. Display Layout and Arrangement

Focal Point: Place critical information at the center of the

display or where it naturally draws the eye's attention.
Viewing Angle: Position displays within the user's natural line
of sight to minimize head and eye movement. Adjustable
mounts may be necessary for different viewing positions.

Consistency: Maintain consistency in the layout of

information across screens and interfaces within the same
system to facilitate familiarity and reduce learning time.

5. Interactive Elements and Feedback

Touch screens and Buttons: Ensure touch screens and
buttons are appropriately sized and spaced for ease of use.
Provide tactile feedback where possible to confirm user inputs.
Response Time: Design interfaces to respond promptly to user
inputs, providing immediate feedback to actions taken.

6. Adaptability and Customization

User Preferences: Allow users to customize display settings

such as brightness, contrast, and font size to accommodate
individual preferences and needs.
Adaptive Interfaces: Consider adaptive interfaces that adjust
based on user context or environmental conditions (e.g.,
day/night mode).
 3.11.2 The Gestalt laws of visual perception

The Gestalt laws of visual perception are principles that

describe how humans naturally organize visual elements into
groups or unified wholes when certain principles are applied.
These laws are widely used in industrial design to create
products that are intuitive, aesthetically pleasing, and
functionally effective.

Here are the key Gestalt laws and their applications in

industrial design:
1. Law of Proximity
Principle: Elements that are close to each other are perceived
as a group.

Application in Industrial Design:

Control Panels: Grouping related buttons and controls

together helps users understand their functions are related.

User Interfaces: In interfaces, buttons or icons with similar

functions are placed near each other for easier navigation.

2. Law of Similarity
Principle: Elements that are similar in shape, color, size, or
other attributes are perceived as part of the same group.

Application in Industrial Design:

Icons and Labels: Using similar colors or shapes for icons that
perform similar functions helps users quickly identify their
purpose.
Product Families: Designing a range of products with similar
aesthetic elements (e.g., a line of kitchen appliances) helps
users identify them as part of the same brand or series.

3. Law of Continuity
Principle: Elements arranged in a line or a smooth curve is
perceived as more related than elements not on the line or
curve.

Application in Industrial Design:

Form Design: Curved edges and smooth transitions between

different parts of a product create a sense of flow and
continuity, making the product more aesthetically pleasing.

Interface Design: Using lines or curves to guide the user's eye

from one element to another can create a more intuitive user
experience.

4. Law of Closure
Principle: The mind tends to fill in gaps in a visual image to
create a complete, whole object.

Application in Industrial Design:

Logos and Icons: Simplified logos that suggest a shape
without explicitly drawing it can be more memorable and
effective.

Control Panels: Partial borders or frames around groups of

controls can help users understand they form a complete unit.
5. Law of Figure/Ground
Principle: Elements are perceived as either figure (the main
object of focus) or ground (the background).

Application in Industrial Design:

Interface Design: Clear differentiation between active

elements (e.g., buttons, icons) and the background helps users
focus on important controls.

Product Design: Using contrasting colors or materials to

distinguish different functional areas of a product can enhance
usability.

6. Law of Symmetry
Principle: The mind perceives symmetrical elements as part of
the same group.

Application in Industrial Design:

Aesthetic Balance: Symmetrical designs are often perceived
as more balanced and harmonious, which can be pleasing to the
eye.

Control Layouts: Symmetrical arrangement of controls can

make a product easier to use by creating predictable patterns.

7. Law of Common Fate

Principle: Elements moving in the same direction are
perceived as a group.
Application in Industrial Design:
Animated Interfaces: Elements that move together (e.g.,
menu items sliding in unison) are perceived as related,
enhancing the user experience
 3.12 What is shift work?

Shift work can, in general, be defined as working, either

permanently or periodically, in periods outside normal working
hours. Shift work can be defined depending on the number of
hours you work, what time of day you work and frequency of
change between different types of shifts. It may also vary
between companies and countries what kind of definitions they
use.
Shift work can also be classified as follows:

A. Permanent shift
Permanent shifts mean that the employee only works a type of
shift, for example only night shifts or only afternoon shifts.
Some also call these types of shifts “regular” shifts.

B. Rotating shifts
This expression means that one and the same worker varies
between different types of shifts, i.e. can work afternoon shifts
one day, night shift another day and so on. Some call these
“irregular” shifts. However, sometimes there is a system in the
change of shifts. Some nurses in hospitals can work a rotating
system of day shift, afternoon shift, night shift, day off, day
shift, and so on.

C. Continuous shift
This expression means that shift work takes place from
Monday to Sunday. This definition means that shift work also
includes the weekend, meaning that the work does not stop at
the workplace. Many use the term continuous about such work.
Others use the term “continuous” about shifts that are the same
type throughout the week, for example if you work the night
shift every night for a week, then changes to day shifts for a
week, then changes to afternoon shifts for a week and so on.

D. Discontinuous shift
This expression means that the employee work shifts from
Monday through Friday, or Monday through Saturday. The
whole weekend is not included.

E. Swing shift
Swing shift is an expression that means that switching between
the types of shift takes place during a working period. This can
be the work system for instance at offshore installations, at
construction work sites or in mines where the workers stay for
several weeks. They can work night shifts for a period of days
and then change (swing) to day shift for a period before they
go home, or vice versa.
 Module 3

1. Design of major controls in automobiles using ergonomics

2. Specify the important design elements of the following type

of control i) hand push button ii) foot push button iii) toggle
switch iv) hand wheel

3. Design of major controls in machine tools using ergonomics

4. Importance of display and controls in ergonomics

5. Principles of hand tool design using ergonomics

6. Design of multiple display and control situations using

ergonomics

7. Duration of rest periods according to ergonomics

8. Design of visual displays using ergonomics

9. Design of office furniture using ergonomics

10. Illustrate gestalt law of visual perception and their

application in industrial design

11. Briefly explain Design for shift work