ME 311 Introduction L-3/T-1

ME 311
Conduction and Radiation
Credit Hours: 3.00

Course Teacher:
Tafsirul Hassan
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, CUET

Conduction and Radiation Tafsirul Hassan, ME, CUET 1

ME 311 Introduction L-3/T-1

Introduction to
Heat Transfer

Conduction and Radiation Tafsirul Hassan, ME, CUET 2

ME 311 References L-3/T-1

References:
1. Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach 5th
edition (SI Units) by Yunus A. Cengel
2. Heat and Mass Transfer 10th edition by J.P. Holman
3. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer 6th edition
by Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman and Lavine (John Wiley,
2007).

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Syllabus

Steady-State
Conduction

1D
2D
Transient
Radiation

Lecture 1
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Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

• In thermodynamics we are primarily interested in heat,
which is the form of energy that can be transferred from one
system to another as a result of temperature difference.
Thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat
transfer as a system undergoes a process from one
equilibrium state to another, and it gives no indication about
how long the process will take.
• The science that deals with the determination of the rates of
such energy transfers is heat transfer.

We are normally interested in how

long it takes for the hot coffee in a
thermos to cool to a certain
temperature, which cannot be
determined from a
thermodynamic analysis alone.
Heat flows in the direction of decreasing
temperature.
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Aspect Thermodynamics Heat Transfer

Study of amount of energy and its Study of energy transfer rate due to
Definition
transformations temperature differences
Energy quantities (e.g., internal energy,
Focus Mechanisms and rates of heat movement
work, heat)
Focuses on how heat flows during non-
Scope Considers equilibrium states and processes
equilibrium processes
Fourier's Law, Newton's Law of Cooling,
Main Laws Used First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Deals with all forms of energy (heat, work, Deals specifically with heat (thermal
Types of Energy
chemical, etc.) energy)
Explains how heat is transferred:
Mechanisms Does not explain how heat is transferred
conduction, convection, radiation
Usually time-independent (equilibrium Often time-dependent (transient or
Time Dependency
analysis) steady-state analysis)
Focuses on the system as a whole (control
System Type Focuses on the medium/path of heat flow
mass/volume)
Engines, refrigerators, thermodynamic Heat exchangers, insulation, cooling
Applications
cycles systems
Mathematical Involves differential equations and
More general and macroscopic
Treatment boundary conditions
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ME 311 Introduction L-3/T-1

What is heat transfer

• Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another as a result of
temperature difference.
• A form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules.
• Transferred from higher temperature objects to objects at a lower temperature.
• The science that deals with the determination of the rates of such energy transfer is the heat
transfer.

Application Areas of Heat Transfer

• Energy production and conversion
- steam power plant, solar energy conversion etc.
• Refrigeration and air-conditioning
• Domestic applications
- ovens, stoves, toaster
• Cooling of electronic equipment
• Manufacturing / materials processing
- welding, casting, soldering, laser machining
• Automobiles / aircraft design
• Nature (weather, climate etc.)

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Application Areas of Heat Transfer

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ME 311 Introduction L-3/T-1

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

• Heat can be transferred in three different ways: conduction, convection, and radiation.
• All modes of heat transfer require the existence of a temperature difference, and all modes
of heat transfer are from the high-temperature medium to a lower temperature one.
1. Conduction refers to the transport of energy in a
medium due to a temperature gradient.
• needs matter
• molecular phenomenon (diffusion process)
• without bulk motion of matter
• transfer through direct contact
2. Convection refers to heat transfer that occurs between
a surface and a fluid (at rest or in motion) when they are
at different temperatures.
• heat carried away by bulk motion of fluid
• needs fluid matter
3. Thermal radiation refers to the heat transfer that
occurs between two surfaces at different
temperatures. It results from the energy emitted by any
surface in the form of electromagnetic waves.
• does not need matter
• transmission of energy by electromagnetic
waves
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Barn

Water

1- Radiation
2- Conduction
3- Convection

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ME 311 Introduction L-3/T-1

1. Conduction
• Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the
adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles.
• Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases.
• In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions of the molecules during their random
motion.
• In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of molecules in a lattice and the energy
transport by free electrons.
• A cold canned drink in a warm room eventually warms up to the room temperature as a result
of heat transfer from the room to the drink through the aluminum can by conduction

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ME 311 Introduction L-3/T-1
The Fourier’s law of heat conduction (year 1822) state that the
rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is proportional to the
temperature difference across the layer and the heat transfer area,
but is inversely proportional to the thickness of the layer.

where the constant of proportionality k is the thermal conductivity

of the material, which is a measure of the ability of a material to
conduct heat. dT/dx is the temperature gradient, which is the
slope of the temperature curve on a T-x diagram (the rate of change
of T with x), at location x.

The relation above indicates that the rate of heat conduction in a

direction is proportional to the temperature gradient in that
direction. Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing
temperature, and the temperature gradient becomes negative when
temperature decreases with increasing x. The negative sign in Eq.
ensures that heat transfer in the positive x direction is a positive
quantity.
The heat transfer area A is always normal to the direction of heat
transfer.

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ME 311 Introduction L-3/T-1
2. Convection
• Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid
or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion.
• The faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat transfer. In the absence of any
bulk fluid motion, heat transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent fluid is by pure
conduction.
• The presence of bulk motion of the fluid enhances the heat transfer between the solid surface
and the fluid, but it also complicates the determination of heat transfer rates.
• Consider the cooling of a hot block by blowing cool air over its top surface. Energy is first
transferred to the air layer adjacent to the block by conduction. This energy is then
carried away from the surface by convection, that is, by the combined effects of conduction
within the air that is due to random motion of air molecules and the bulk or macroscopic
motion of the air that removes the heated air near the surface and replaces it by the cooler air.

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Forced and Free Convection

• Convection is called forced convection if the fluid is forced to flow over the surface by
external means such as a fan, pump, or the wind.
• In contrast, convection is called natural (or free) convection if the fluid motion is caused by
buoyancy forces that are induced by density differences due to the variation of temperature in
the fluid.
• For example, in the absence of a fan, heat transfer from the surface of the hot egg will be by
natural convection since any motion in the air in this case will be due to the rise of the warmer
(and thus lighter) air near the surface and the fall of the cooler (and thus heavier) air to fill its
place.

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Despite the complexity of convection, the rate of convection heat transfer is observed to be
proportional to the temperature difference, and is conveniently expressed by Newton’s law of
cooling as

where h is the convection heat transfer coefficient in

W/m2 · °C or Btu/h · ft2 · °F, As is the surface area
through which convection heat transfer takes place, Ts
is the surface temperature, and T` is the temperature of
the fluid sufficiently far from the surface. Note that at
the surface, the fluid temperature equals the surface
temperature of the solid.
The convection heat transfer coefficient h is not a
property of the fluid. It is an experimentally
determined parameter whose value depends on all the
variables influencing convection such as the surface
geometry, the nature of fluid motion, the properties
of the fluid, and the bulk fluid velocity.

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• Some people do not consider convection to be a fundamental mechanism of heat transfer
since it is essentially heat conduction in the presence of fluid motion. But we still need to give
this combined phenomenon a name, unless we are willing to keep referring to it as
“conduction with fluid motion.” Thus, it is practical to recognize convection as a separate
heat transfer mechanism despite the valid arguments to the contrary.

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3. Radiation
• Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves (or photons)
as a result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules.
• Unlike conduction and convection, the transfer of energy by radiation does not require the
presence of an intervening medium. In fact, energy transfer by radiation is fastest (at the
speed of light) and it suffers no attenuation in a vacuum. This is how the energy of the sun
reaches the earth.
• In heat transfer studies we are interested in thermal radiation, which is the form of radiation
emitted by bodies because of their temperature. It differs from other forms of electromagnetic
radiation such as x-rays, gamma rays, microwaves, radio waves, and television waves that are
not related to temperature. All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal
radiation. Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon, and all solids, liquids, and gases emit,
absorb, or transmit radiation to varying degrees.

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• However, radiation is usually considered to be a surface phenomenon for solids that are
opaque to thermal radiation such as metals, wood, and rocks since the radiation emitted by the
interior regions of such material can never reach the surface, and the radiation incident on
such bodies is usually absorbed within a few microns from the surface.
• The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface at an absolute temperature
Ts (in K or R) is given by the Stefan–Boltzmann law as

where is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant.

• The idealized surface that emits radiation at this maximum rate is called a blackbody, and the
radiation emitted by a blackbody is called blackbody radiation. The radiation emitted by all
real surfaces is less than the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature, and is
expressed as

where « is the emissivity of the surface.

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Aspect Conduction Convection Radiation
Transfer of heat through
Transfer of heat through direct Transfer of heat via fluid
Definition electromagnetic waves (no
contact in a solid (liquid or gas) motion
medium needed)
Yes — occurs only in solids Yes — occurs in fluids (liquids
Medium Required No — can occur in a vacuum
(and to some extent in liquids) and gases)
Vibration and collision of Bulk movement of fluid Emission and absorption of
Mechanism
particles particles electromagnetic radiation
Fast — travels at the speed of
Speed of Transfer Generally slow Moderate speed
light
Temperature Gradient Required Required Required (for net heat transfer)
Direction of Heat Flow From high temp to low temp From high temp to low temp From high temp to low temp
Sunlight warming the Earth,
Examples Metal rod heated at one end Boiling water, sea breeze
heat from a fire
Transfer Through Vacuum Not possible Not possible Possible
Fourier’s Law of Heat Newton’s Law of Cooling Stefan-Boltzmann Law,
Mathematical Law
Conduction (natural convection) Planck’s Law
Efficiency in Solids High (especially in metals) Low Very low
Depends on fluid properties
Depends on emissivity, surface
Dependence on Material Strong — better in metals like viscosity and thermal
color, and temperature
expansion
Sometimes visible (e.g., steam
Visual Evidence Not visible Often visible (glow, infrared)
rising)
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Thank
You

Conduction and Radiation Tafsirul Hassan, ME, CUET 21