Engineering Drawing

Introduction
Course Structure
Hand drawing
• Introduction
• Geometry Construction terms
• Free hand
• Orthographic Projections
• Dimensioning
• Isometric Projections
• Missing View
AutoCAD
• AutoCAD
 Assessment
Classwork + HomeWork 10

Quizzes + Attendance 10

Mid-Semester Exam 20

AutoCAD 10

Final Exam 50
Create a Drawing : Freehand sketch
The lines are drawn using only pencil and erasers on a
blank or grid paper.

Example

Pictorial sketch Orthographic sketch

 Create a Drawing : Using instruments
Drawing instruments are used to
draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately.
Drawings are usually made to scale.

Example
 Drawing Sheet-White Grid line notebook
Drawing Board Color
(Available)

Drawing Tools
 T-Square Triangles Compas
(30°- 60°) and (45°) s

Drawing Tools
 Protracto Tape
French Curves r

Drawing Tools
Drawing Tools

Pencils: HB for thick lines

Clean Paper Eraser and Sharpener
and 2H & 4H for thin lines
 Create a Drawing : Using a computer
Computer aided drafting (CAD) software is used.

Example

2D drawing Solid modeling

Computer drawing: The drawings are usually made by
commercial software such as AutoCAD.
 Freehand
Drawing
Freehand drawing is one of the primary
modes of communication in the initial
stages of the design process. also is a means
to creative thinking. It has been shown that
your mind works more creatively when
your hand is sketching as you are engaged
in thinking about a problem.
• Sketching tool
• Paper
• Pencils
• Eraser

• Sketching technique e.g.

• Straight line sketch
• Circle & arc
• Component (proportional sketch)
• Pictorial sketch

Sketching
• Quality in Freehand Engineering Drawing
 Elements of a Drawing
A clear and precise engineering drawing requires both
graphics and word languages.

Graphics language
Describe a shape (mainly).

Word language
Describe an exact size,
location and specification
of the object.
• Sketching straight line

Follow the procedure and sketch the following

 Keep uniform pressure while sketching.

 While sketching straight lines between two points keep your eyes on the point
to which the line is to go rather than the point of pencil.
 Avoid of drawing whole length of line in one single stroke.
 Prevent using eraser often.
Horizontal lines are drawn from left to right. Vertical lines are drawn from top to bottom.

Horizontal line Vertical line

Follow the procedure and sketch the following

 Keep uniform pressure while sketching.

 While sketching straight lines between two points keep your eyes on the point
to which the line is to go rather than the point of pencil.
 Avoid of drawing whole length of line in one single stroke.
 Prevent using eraser often.
Lines
Lines
Lines
Lines
Lines
CHAPTER 2
Basic Geometric Terms
Geometry

• The study of the size and shape of things

• The relationship of straight and curved lines in drawing
shapes
• It is essential to recognize geometry that exists within
objects for the purpose of creating solid models or
multiview drawings
Geometric Constructions
Points and Lines
A point represents a location in space.
A line is the shortest distance between two points.
Geometric Terms
• Bisect
• Divide into two equal parts
• Tangent
• A line and arc, or two arcs
that touch each other at
one point only
Geometric Terms
• Parallel
• Two or more lines that
are always the same
distance apart

• Perpendicular
• Two lines that are at a
90° angle
 Angles
• Acute Angle
• Measures less than 90°

• Obtuse Angle
• Measures more than 90°

• Right Angle
• Measures exactly 90°

Vertex • Vertex
• Point at which two lines of an angle
intersect
Geometric Constructions
Angles
An angle is formed by two intersecting lines.
Circle
• Radius
• Distance from the center of a circle to its edge
• Diameter
• Distance across a circle through its center
• Circumference
• Distance around the edge of a circle
• Chord
• Line across a circle that does not pass at the
circle’s center
 Circle
• Has 360°
• Quadrant
• One fourth (quarter) of a circle
• Measures 90°
• Concentric
• Two or more circles of different sizes that share
the same center point
Circles and Arcs
A circle is a closed curve, all points of which are the same distance from a point called the center.

Geometric Constructions
Triangles
• Equilateral
• All three sides are of equal length and all three
angles are equal

• Isosceles
• Two sides are of equal length

• Scalene
• Sides of three different lengths and angles with
three different values
 Triangles
• Right Triangle
• One of the angles equals 90°
• Hypotenuse
• The side of a right triangle that is opposite the 90°
angle

HYPOTENUSE
 Geometric Constructions
Triangles
A triangle is a plane
figure bounded by
three straight sides.

The sum of the

interior angles is
always 180º.
Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight sides.
If the opposite sides are parallel, the quadrilateral is also a
parallelogram.

Geometric Constructions
 Quadrilaterals
• Square
• Four equal sides and all angles equal 90°

• Rectangle
• Two sides equal lengths and all angles equal
90°

• Trapezoid
• Only two sides are equal length
Quadrilaterals
• Rhombus
• All sides are equal length and opposite angles are
equal

• Rhomboid
• Opposite sides are equal length and opposite
angles are equal
Regular Polygons
• Pentagon
• Five sided polygon

• Hexagon
• Six sided polygon

• Octagon
• Eight sided polygon
 Regular Polygons
• Distance across flats
FLATS

• Measurement across the parallel sides

of a polygon

• Distance across corners

• Measurement across adjacent corners CORNERS

of a polygon
Polygons
A Polygon is any plane figure bounded by straight sides.
If the polygon has equal angles and equal sides it can be inscribed in or circumscribed around a circle
and is called a regular polygon.

Geometric Constructions
Geometric Terms
• Circumscribe
• Process of creating a polygon that fully
encloses a circle and is tangent to all of
the polygons sides

• Inscribe
• Process of creating a polygon that is
fully enclosed by a circle at its corners
Solids

• Prism

• Right Rectangular

• Right Triangular
Solids
• Cylinder

• Cone

• Sphere
Solids
Solids bounded by plane
surfaces are called
polyhedra.
The surfaces are called
faces.
If the faces are equal
regular polygons the
solids are called regular
polyhedra.

Geometric Constructions
Geometric Symbols
Angle Parallel

Triangle Perpendicular

R Radius Square

Diameter L Centerline
C
Geometrical Construction
1-Bisecting a line
Given: Line AB
 From two points A and B draw two arcs with radius R (greater than one half of the line
AB) which intersects at D and E.
 Connect DE that is the bisector of the line AB.

2- Drawing a line parallel to another line

Given: A straight line, Distance AB
 From any two points on the given line draw two arcs with radius R=AB.
 Draw a tangent line to two arcs.
2- Drawing a line perpendicular to another line
• Given: A straight line, point B
• To drop a perpendicular line from point P to AB, set the compass at P and
strike an arc intersecting AB at C and D.
• With C and D as centers and any radius larger than one-half of CD, strike
arcs intersecting at E.
• A line from P through E is perpendicular to AB.
3-Bisecting an angle
Given: Angle ABC
• Draw an arc with a radius R1 from the center B to intersect two sides of
the angle at E and F.
• From two points E and F draw two arcs with
radius R2 to intersect at D.
• DB is the bisector of the angle ABC.

4-Drawing a triangle by giving three sides

Given: Sides of triangle CA, BC, AB
• Draw one side, like AB.
• From two points A and B draw two arcs with radius AC and BC
respectively that intersect at C.
• Connect the points A, B and C.
• 6- Drawing a Right-Angle in a Semi-Circle
• Select any point C on the circumference of the given semicircle.
• Draw lines from the diameter to termination points A and B to C.
• Then the angle ACB is 90°. Similarly the angles at E and D are right-
angles.
6- Drawing a regular pentagon inside a circle D

Given: A circle with diameter KL and center O

 Bisect the line OL (point N). E C
M
 From N draw arc DM with radius R1=DN K O N L
 From D draw arc ME with radius R1=DM.
 Divide the circle to five equal parts by distance DE.
 Connect the points A, B, C, D, E, A. A B

7- Drawing a regular hexagon inside a circle

Given: A circle with radius R
 From two points A and D draw two arcs with
radius R that intersect the circle at C, E, B, F.
 Connect A, B, C, D, E, F, A.
C.W
1- Bisect the line AB=110 mm.
2- Draw a line parallel to line KL by a distance=25mm.
3- Draw a line parallel to another line with length= 80 mm
4- Bisect an acute angle.
5- Draw a triangle by giving three sides equal 30, 40 and 50 mm.
6- Draw a Right-Angle in a Semi-Circle of diameter 70 mm.
7- Draw a pentagon inside a circle with diameter = 70 mm.
8- Draw a hexagon inside a circle with radius R= 40 mm.
H.W
1- Bisect the line AB=100 mm.
2- Draw a line parallel to another line by a distance=30mm.
3- Draw a line parallel to another line with length= 80 mm
4- Bisect an acute angle.
5- Draw a triangle by giving three sides equal 25, 35 and 40 mm.
6- Draw a Right-Angle in a Semi-Circle of diameter 70 mm.
7- Draw a pentagon inside a circle with diameter = 80 mm.
8- Draw a hexagon inside a circle with radius R= 40 mm.
 Circle
Method 1 : Starting with a square
1. Lightly sketching the square and marking the mid-points.

2. Draw light diagonals and mark the estimated radius.

3. Draw the circle through the eight points.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

 Circle
Method 2 : Starting with center line
1. Lightly draw a center line.

2. Add light radial lines and mark the estimated radius.

3. Sketch the full circle.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
 Arc
Method 1 : Starting with a square

Method 2 : Starting with a center line

 Techniques : Sketching a large circle
1. Place one pencil’s tip at the center as a pivot, and set another
pencil’s tip at the radius-distance from the center.

2. Hold the hand in this position and rotate the paper.

• Sketching circle

Sketching
 Sketching concept
1. Sketch a true size and shape of a selected face on a square grid paper.

2. Extrude that surface to a required depth in a prefer inclined direction,

e.g. 45o.
Note For a complex shape object, the above processes must be repeated until
all features are sketched.

Example
• The most important rule in freehand sketching is to keep the
sketch in proportion.
• First, the relative proportions of the height to width must be
carefully established; then as you proceed to the medium size
areas and small details.

Proportion
 Engineering Drawing
Chapter 3 : Orthographic Projections
 Concept
A projection theory is based on 2 variables:
1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection )

Line of sight (LOS)

is an imaginary ray of light
between an observer’s eye
and an object.

Plane of projection
is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by
the LOS is projected.
 Line of sight
Lines of sight can be parallel or converge.

Parallel projection Converge projection

Play Play
 Summary : projection methods
Projections
Parallel Converge

Orthogonal Oblique

Multiview Axonometric

Perspective
Multiview drawing Pictorial drawing drawing
(This chapter) (Later chapter)
 View comparison
Type Advantage Disadvantage
Multiview drawing Accurately presents Require training
object’s details, i.e. to visualization.
size and shape.

Pictorial drawing Easy to visualize. Shape and angle distortion

Circular hole
becomes ellipse

Right angle becomes

obtuse angle.

Perspective drawing Object looks more Difficult to create

like what our eyes Size and shape
perceive. distortion
Distorted
width
Orthographic Views

Orthographic views
show what an object’s
projection looks like
when seen from the top,
the front, or the side
 Projection systems
First Angle and Third Angle. They differ only in the position of the plan, front and side views.
Below is an example of First Angle projection.
1. `First angle system
- European countries
First
- ISO standard quadrant

2. Third angle system

- Canada, USA,
Japan, Thailand
Transparent
Opaque
planes
planes

Third
76
quadrant
 Orthographic views
1st angle system 3rd angle system
(Opaque planes) (transparent planes/glass box)

78
 Orthographic views
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Folding
line

Folding
line
Folding
line

Folding 79
line
 Views arrangement
1st angle system 3rd angle system
Top View

Right Side View Front View Front View Right Side View

Top View

80
 Projection symbols
1st angle system 3rd angle system

d 1.7d
81
2.2d
 Definition
Multiview drawing is a set of related images that are created
by viewing the object from a different direction.

Adjacent view(s)

Depth
is needed to
Height fulfill the object
description.

Depth
Height

Width

Width Depth
• Shows the faces of an object
• Faces are parallel to the viewing plane
• Frontal
• Profile
• Horizontal
Projection of an object having
curved surface and plane
Curved surface can either tangent or intersect with an
adjacent plane or curve surface.
In the case of intersection, an edge exists and becomes a line
in a multiview drawing
In the case of tangential, there is no edge and line in a multiview
drawing
T
I T I

T
Object features

Edge is a line that represent the boundary between two faces

of an object.
Surface limit is a line that represents the last visible part of
the curve surface.

Surface is an area that are bounded by edges or surface limit.

Surface can be plane or curve.
No edges!

Prism Cylinder Sphere

Note
These features will appear as lines in a multiview drawing.
Geometric Constructions
Points and Lines
A point represents a location in space.
A line is the shortest distance between two points.
Geometric Constructions
Angles
An angle is formed by two intersecting lines.
 Geometric Constructions
Triangles
A triangle is a plane
figure bounded by
three straight sides.

The sum of the

interior angles is
always 180º.
Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight sides.
If the opposite sides are parallel, the quadrilateral is also a
parallelogram.

Geometric Constructions
Polygons
A Polygon is any plane figure bounded by straight sides.
If the polygon has equal angles and equal sides it can be inscribed in or circumscribed around a circle
and is called a regular polygon.

Geometric Constructions
Circles and Arcs
A circle is a closed curve, all points of which are the same distance from a point called the center.

Geometric Constructions
Solids
Solids bounded by plane
surfaces are called
polyhedra.
The surfaces are called
faces.
If the faces are equal
regular polygons the
solids are called regular
polyhedra.

Geometric Constructions