Content

❑ Modulus
• Modulus equation
• Graph of Modulus function
• Modulus Inequalities
❑ Domain
❑ Range
• Type I to Type III
• Range of Trigo Functions
❑ Quadratic Equation
• Graph of Quadratic Expression
• Range of Quadratic Expression
• Range of Rational Functions
• Equation Reducible to Quadratic
Modulus
Modulus

For any real number x, modulus or absolute value of 𝑥 is denoted by

𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥≥0
|𝑥| and is defined as 𝑥 = ቊ
−𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥<0
𝑦
𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑦=𝑥

𝑥
O
How to define Modulus:
Note

𝑥 = −𝑥 ≥ 0

𝑥 = 𝑥2
|𝑥𝑦| = |𝑥| |𝑦|

𝑥 𝑥
= ,𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑦 |𝑦|
|𝑥2| = |𝑥|2 = 𝑥2
 Modulus equation

Solve :-
(i) |x –1| = 5 (ii) |x2 – x + 5| = 5

(iii) x 2 = 5 (iv) |x – 1| = –1
Solve for 𝑥:

𝑥−2 −3 =6
Solve:
|x + 1| = |x – 1|
Solve for 𝑥:
|𝑥 + 7| = 2(5 − 𝑥)
Solve for 𝑥:
𝑥2 − 3 𝑥 − 4 = 0
Solve for 𝑥:
|𝑥 − 3| + |𝑥 + 3| = 2026
 The sum of all the roots of the equation (x–1)2 – 5 |x – 1| + 6 = 0, is :
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 1 (4) 5
[JEE Main 21 Jan. 2026
Sol. (Morning)]

Ans. (1)
 The number of the real solutions of the equation :
𝑥|𝑥 + 3| + |𝑥 − 1| − 2 = 0 is
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 5 (4) 4
[JEE Main 24 Jan. 2026
Sol. (Morning)]

Ans. (1)
 The number of distinct real solutions of the equation
x|x + 4| + 3|x + 2| + 10 = 0 is
(1) 3 (2) 1 (3) 0 (4) 2

Sol. [JEE Main 22 Jan. 2026

(Morning)]

Ans. (2)
The number of real roots of the equation x |x –2| + 3| x – 3|+ 1 = 0 is
(1) 4 (2) 2
(3) 1 (4) 3 [JEE Main 2025]

Ans. (3)
The number of solutions of the equation
x (x2 + 3|x| + 5| x – 1|+ 6|x –2|) = 0 is ______ . [JEE Main 2024]
 If  and  ( < ) are the roots of the equation
−2 + 3 | x − 3| + x − 6 x + 9 − 2 3 = 0,

β
x  0, then + αβ is equal to :
α

(1) 8 (2) 9 (3) 10 (4) 11

Sol. [JEE Main 23 Jan. 2026
(Morning)]

Ans. (3)
Graph of Modulus function
Draw the graph of following
(i) 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 3| + |𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 5|
Find no. of solution:
|𝑥 − 3| + |𝑥 + 3| = 5
Draw Graph of :
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 − |𝑥 − 5|
Draw Graph of :
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 − |𝑥|
Modulus Inequalities

x2 – 5x + 6
>0
|x| + 6
Solve for x:
x+3
>0
|x2 + 3x + 2|
Solve:
(i) |x – 1| > – 7 (ii) |x + 1| < – 7
 Properties of modulus function

P – 1: |f(x)| ≥ a ⇒ f(x) ≥ a or f(x) ≤ – a, where a is positive.

|x| ≥ 5
Solve for x:
|x| > 9
Solve for x:
|x – 2| ≥ 1
Solve for x:
|2x| – 7 > 0
 Properties of modulus function

P – 2: |f(x)| ≤ a ⇒ – a ≤ f(x) ≤ a, where a is positive

Solve for x :
|2x – 5| < 1
4 < |2x – 2| < 10
 Let A = {x : |x2 –10|  6} and B = {x : |x–2| > 1}. Then
(1) A  B = (–, 1]  (2, )
(2) A – B = [2, 3)
(3) A  B = [–4, –2]  [3, 4]
(4) B – A = (–, –4)  (–2, 1)  (4, ) [JEE Main 21 Jan. 2026
(Evening)]
Sol.

Ans. (4)
Let A = {x∈ ℝ:|x + 1|<2} and B = {x∈ ℝ :|x –1|≥2} . Then which one of
the following statements is NOT true ? [JEE Main 2022]
(1) A – B = (–1,1) (2) B – A = ℝ –(–3,1)
(3) A ∩ B = (–3,–1] (4) A ∪ B = ℝ – [1,3)

Ans. (2)
 Consider two sets A = {xz : |(|x – 3| – 3)|  } and
𝑥−2)(𝑥−4
B = 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {1,2}: log 𝑒 (|𝑥 − 2|) = 0 . Then the number of
𝑥−1
onto functions  : A→B is equal to :
(1) 62 (2) 79 (3) 32 (4) 81
[JEE Main 23 Jan. 2026
Sol. (Evening)]

Ans. (1)
 Properties of modulus function

P – 3: |x| > |y| ⇒ x2 > y2

x2 – y2 > 0
(x – y)(x + y) > 0
Find x if
|x – 5| > |2x – 1|
2𝑥 − 1
>2
𝑥−1
Find x if
|x + 1| + |x – 4| > 7
 Properties of modulus function

P – 5: |x + y| = |x| + |y|⇒ xy ≥ 0

Find x if |x + 1| + |x – 1| = |2x|
 x x2
If equation |x| + = is always true then find x.
x – 1 |x – 1|
 Properties of modulus function

P – 6: |x – y| = |x| + |y|⇒ xy ≤ 0

Find x if |2x| + |x – 1| = |x + 1|
|2x – 3| – |x2 – 4x + 3| = |x2 – 2x|

[Ans. x  [0, 1]  [2, 3]

Domain
and
Range
Definition of Function

A relation R from set A to set B is called a function if each element of

set A is uniquely associated with some element in set B.

Denoted by 𝑓: A → B
Domain, Co – Domain & Range of Function

Let 𝑓: A → B
Range

Let 𝑓: A → B, the set of images of all the elements of A under f is

known as the range of 𝑓.
Range ⊆ Co-domain
Vertical Line Test

If a vertical line cuts a given graph at more than one point then it
cannot be the graph of a function.
Finding Domain

Function Condition for finding domain

(I) 𝑥, 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5

(II) 𝑓(𝑥)
Finding Domain

Function Condition for finding domain

1
(III)
𝑓 𝑥

1
(IV)
𝑓 𝑥
Finding Domain

Function Condition for finding domain

(V) log 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)

(VI) 𝑥, 4 𝑥, 6 𝑥

(VII) 3 𝑥, 5 𝑥
 If the domain of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = log 10𝑥 2 −17𝑥+7 (18𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 1ቁ

is (–, a)  (b, c)  (d, ) – {e}, then 90(a + b + c + d + e) equals :

(1) 170 (2) 177 (3) 307 (4) 316
[JEE Main 24 Jan. 2026
Sol.
(Morning)]

Ans. (4)
If the domain of the function f(x) = log7(1 – log4(x2 – 9x + 18)) is
( )  (  ), then  +  +  +  is equal to [Jee Main 2025]
(1) 16 (2) 18 (3) 17 (4) 15

Ans. (2)
If the domain of the function [Jee Main 2025]
x2 –25
f(x) = log10 (x2 + 2x – 15) is (–, )  [, ), then 2 + 3 is
4–x2
equal to :
(1) 140 (2) 175 (3) 125 (4) 150

Ans. (4)
Find domain of following functions:
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = log (7−𝑥) ( 𝑥 − 5)
Find domain of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥 − 1 𝑥2 − 4
Find domain of 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 − 1
 1 1
If the domain of the function f(x) = 2
+ is (a, b),
10+3𝑥−𝑥 𝑥+|𝑥|
then (1 + a)2 + b2 is equal to : [JEE Main 2025]
(1) 26 (2) 25 (3) 29 (4) 30
Find domain of following functions:
1
(c) 𝑓 𝑥 = for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2π]
2 sin 𝑥 − 1
Find the domain of definition of the given functions

(a) 𝑦 = log10 𝑥−4+ 6−𝑥

Range

Type – 1 : Very Elementary type

𝑒 2𝑥 –𝑒 𝑥 +1
If f(x) = then find Range:
𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥 +1
 𝟏
Ans. 𝟑
,𝟏
Let the range of the function
𝜋 𝜋
f(x) = 6 + 16 cos xcos –𝑥 . cos + 𝑥 sin 3x  cos 6x, x  R be
3 3
[, ]. Then the distance of the point (, ) from the line 3x + 4y +
12 = 0 is [JEE Main 2025]
(1) 8 (2) 11 (3) 9 (4) 10

Ans. (2)
The range of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3– 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 is
(1) 2 2, 11 (2) 5, 10 (3) 5, 13 (4) 2, 7
[JEE Main 2023]

Ans. (2)
Find the range of the following function:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1
Type – 2 : Find x in terms of y

𝑒 𝑥 –𝑒 –𝑥
Find range of 𝑦 =
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 –𝑥

Ans. (−𝟏, 𝟏)
The range of the function
| sin 𝑥 | − 1
𝑓(𝑥) =
| sin 𝑥 | + 1

Ans. −𝟏, 𝟎
 Examples on range

Type – 3 : With the help of composite function

3cos𝑥 + 4sin𝑥 + 10
𝑓(𝑥) = log 2
3cos𝑥 + 4sin𝑥 + 15
Find the range of the following function:
𝑓(𝑥) = log(𝑥 8 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 1)
Find range of following functions : f(x) = log2(log1/2(x + 2)2 – 5
 Range of
Trigo Function
Application of Trigonometry in Maximising & Minimising

Type – I

By property of boundness of trig. function

Find range of 𝑦 = cos 4 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥

Ans. −𝟏, 𝟏
Find range of 𝑦 = 4tan𝑥. cos𝑥

Ans. (–4, 4)
Find range of
a 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
b 𝑦 = sin2 𝑥
c 𝑦 = sin3 𝑥
Let  and  be the distinct roots of 2x2 + (cos)x – 1 = 0,  ϵ (0, 2).
If m and M are the minimum and the maximum values of  + ,
then 16(M + m) equals : [JEE MAIN 2025]
(1) 24 (2) 25 (3) 27 (4) 17

Ans. (2)
Application of Trigonometry in Maximising & Minimising

Type – II

When argument of sine & cosine are same

𝑎
− 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ≤ 𝑎sin𝑥 + 𝑏cos𝑥 ≤ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

ϕ
𝑏
Let the range of the function
1
f(x) = , ∈ ℝ be [a, b].
2 + sin3x + cos3x

If  and  are respectively the A.M. and the G.M. of a and b, then is

equal to : [JEE MAIN 2024]
(1) 2 (2) 2 (3)  (4) 

Ans. (1)
Find range of 𝑦 = sin𝑥 + cos𝑥
 3 sin 𝑥−4 cos 𝑥+15
Find range of 𝑦 = log 2
10
 The least value of (cos2 – 6sin cos + 3sin2 + 2) is
(1) –1 (2) 4 + 10 (3) 4 − 10 (4) 1
[JEE Main 23 Jan. 2026
Sol.
(Evening)]

Ans. (3)
If 𝑏 ≤ 3sin2 𝑥 + 6cos 2 𝑥 − 4sin𝑥 cos𝑥 + 5 ≤ 𝑎, find 𝑎 & 𝑏.
 𝜋
Find range of 𝑦 = 5sin 𝑥 + + 3cos𝑥
6
 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + + 3cos 𝑥 −
6 3
Application of Trigonometry in Maximising & Minimising

Type – III

Quadratic in sin/cos
Find the range of 𝑦 = sin2 𝑥 − 20cos𝑥 + 1

Ans. −𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟏
Find maximum and minimum values of 𝑦 = cos 2 𝑥 − 4cos𝑥 + 13

Ans. 𝟏, 𝟏𝟎
Application of Trigonometry in Maximising & Minimising

Type – IV

Making use of reciprocal relationship between tan/cot, sin/cosec,

sec/cos.
Find the range of 𝑦 = 8sec 2 θ + 18cos 2 θ
𝑦 = sin2 θ + 4cosec 2 θ
Find the range of 4sec 2 θ + 9cosec 2 θ
Graphs of Quadratic
Expressions
If 𝑎 > 0, then the parabola opens upwards.

𝑎>0 𝑎>0 𝑎>0

D>0 D=0 D<0

𝛼 𝛽 𝛼=𝛽
no real root
𝑦 > 0, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.

–D –b
ymin = at x =
4a 2a
If 𝑎 < 0, then the parabola opens downwards.

𝛼 𝛽 𝛼=𝛽

𝑎<0
D>0 𝑎<0
D=0
𝑎<0
D<0

𝑦 < 0, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

–D –b
ymax = at x =
4a 2a
 Note

(i) Condition for which quadratic expression 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; is

always positive, is 𝑎 > 0 and 𝐷 < 0.

(ii) Condition for which quadratic expression 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; is

always negative, is 𝑎 < 0 and 𝐷 < 0.

(iii) 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ≥ 0; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, if 𝑎 > 0 & 𝐷 ≤ 0.

(iv) 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ≤ 0 ; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, if 𝑎 < 0 & 𝐷 ≤ 0.

 −𝐷 −𝑏
(v) If 𝑎 > 0, then minimum value of 𝑦 is at 𝑥 = .
4𝑎 2𝑎

(–𝑏/2𝑎, –𝐷/4𝑎)
 −D −b
If a < 0, then maximum value of y is at x = .
4a 2a

(–𝑏/2𝑎, –𝐷/4𝑎)

(vi) The quadratic expression, 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is a perfect square, then

𝑎 > 0, 𝐷 = 0 i.e. 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 − 1 2 but 2𝑥 − 𝑥2 − 1 is not
𝑎 perfect square.
If y = x2 - 2x - 3, then find the range of y when :
(i) x ∈ R (ii) x ∈ [0, 3]
If x2 + 2ax + 10 - 3a > 0 for all x ∈ ℝ. then
(1) – 5 < a < 2 (2) a < –5 (3) a > 5 (4) 2 < a < 5
Let S be the set of positive integral values of a for which
ax2 + 2(a + 1)x + 9a + 4
< 0, ∀x ∈ ℝ.
x2 – 8x + 32
Then, the number of elements in S is :
(1) 1 (2) 0 (3) ∞ (4) 3
[JEE Main 2024]
If P(x) = x2 – (2 – p)x + p – 2 assumes both positive and negative
value, then the complete set of values of 'p' is-
(1) (-∞,2) (2) (6,∞) (3) (2,6) (4) (-∞, 2) ∪ (6, ∞)
If ax2 + bx + c = 0 doesn't have real roots and a + c > b then
prove that 4a + c > 2b
 Range of
Rational Function
Computing the Maximum or Minimum
Values of Rational Function

𝑎1 𝑥 2 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑐1 1 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑥 2 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑐1
𝑦= , , , ∶
𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2

Sometimes, we have to find range of expression of

𝑎1 𝑥 2 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑐1
form .
𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 𝑥 + 𝑐2
Type – I

Linear 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏
𝑦= (with no common factor 𝑦 =
Linear 𝑐𝑥+𝑑
2𝑥 + 3
𝑦=
5𝑥 + 4
Type – II
Quadratic Quadratic Linear
or or (with common factor)
Linear Quadratic Quadratic
𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 2
𝑦 =
𝑥+1
 2𝑥2 – 5𝑥 + 3
𝑦=
3𝑥2 – 5𝑥 + 2
Type – III
Quadratic Quadratic Linear
or or (with no common factor)
Linear Quadratic Quadratic
5–x
If the range of the function f(x) = 2 , x ≠ 1, 2, is
x – 3x + 2
(–∞, ] ⋃ [, ∞), then 2 + 2 is equal to:
(1) 190 (2)192 (3) 188 (4) 194
[JEE Main 2025]

Ans. 4
Equation Reducible
to Quadratic
 Type 1

2
𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑏(𝑓(𝑥)) + 𝑐 = 0, where 𝑓(𝑥) is expression of 𝑥

𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠:
The product of all the rational roots of the equation
(x2 – 9x +11)2 – (x – 4) (x – 5) = 3, is equal to :
(1) 14 (2) 7
(3) 28 (4) 21 [JEE Main 2025]

Ans. (1)
 9 9 2 7
The number of solutions of the equation – +2 – + 3 =0
x x x x
is : [JEE Main 2025]
(1) 2 (2) 4
(3) 1 (4) 3

Ans. (2)
The number of real solutions of the equation
1 1
3 𝑥2 + –2 𝑥 + + 5 = 0, is [JEE Main 2023]
𝑥2 𝑥

(1) 4 (2) 0
(3) 3 (4) 2

Ans. (2)
Solve: 9𝑥+2 − 6 ∙ 3𝑥+1 + 1 = 0
 Type 2

(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑥 + 𝑑) + e = 0 when 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑑

𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠:
Solve: 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 3 = 8 (where x∈ ℝ)
 Type 3

(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑥 + 𝑑) + 𝑒𝑥 2 = 0, where 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐

𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠:
Solve: (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 6) = 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 ϵ ℝ)
 Type 4

𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 0, where 𝑎 = 𝑒 & 𝑏 = ± d

𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠:
The sum of the cubes of all the roots of the equation :
𝑥 4 – 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 10 is _________. [JEE Main 2022]
The number of real solutions of the equation :
𝑒 4𝑥 + 4𝑒 3𝑥 − 58𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0 is _________. [JEE Main 2022]
 Type 5

𝑚𝑎2𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑟𝑏 2𝑥 = 0 (𝑎 & 𝑏 > 0)

𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠:
Solve: 32𝑥+2 + 5 ∙ 6𝑥 − 4𝑥+1 = 0

Ans. (–2)
Solve: 3 ∙ 4𝑥 + 2 ∙ 9𝑥 = 5 ∙ 6𝑥
 Type 6

𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑛 ∙ 𝑏𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, where 𝑎𝑏 = 1, 𝑎 & 𝑏 > 0

and 𝑓(𝑥) is expression of 𝑥

𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠:
 𝑥 𝑥
Let S = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∶ 3+ 2 + 3− 2 = 10}. Then the number
of elements in S is : [JEE Main 2024]
(1) 4 (2) 0
(3) 2 (4) 1
Ans. (3)
 𝑥 𝑥
Solve: 3+ 2 + 3− 2 −2 3=0