Multimedia

Multimedia Systems:
Optical Storage Media

Ralf Steinmetz
Lars Wolf

Darmstadt University of Technology

Industrial Process and System Communications

Merckstraße 25 – 64283 Darmstadt – Germany

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 Multimedia
Applications
User Interface
Documents

Programming Abstractions

File Sched- Synchron-

System uling ization Commun-
Database
System ication
Operating System
System
Quality-of-Service

Computer Technology

Compression
Storage Network
Audio Video
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 Multimedia Contents

1. Overview
2. History
3. Fundamentals
4. Laser Vision
5. Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA)
6. Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM)
7. Further CD-ROM Based Developments
8. DVD: Digital Video Disk
9. Compact Disc Write Once (CD-WO)
10. Compact Disc Magneto Optical (CD-MO)l
11. Summary
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 Multimedia 1 Overview
Compact Disc

CD-MO CD-WO

... ...
ISO CD-ROM/XA
9660

CD-ROM

CD-DA

R/W RO WO
magneto optical
optical basis
basis

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 Multimedia 2 History
1973 Video Long Play (VLP) - published

1983
Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA) - available:
• Red Book Standard
Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM):
• Yellow Book Standard for physical format
1985
• High Sierra Proposal
• ISO 9660 Standard for logical file format

1986
Compact Disc Interactive (CD-I) - announcement:
• Green Book
1987 Digital Video Interactive (DVI) - first presentation
CD-ROM Extended Architecture (CD-ROM-XA)
1988
announcement

1990
CD Write Once (CD-WO), CD Magneto Optical (CD-MO):
• Orange Book
1996 Digital Video Disk DVD

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 Multimedia 3 Fundamentals
Pits and Lands

λ1

optical disc

e.g. CD:
λ2 λ1=1.6µm
λ2=0.6µm

Information is stored in a spiral-shaped track:

• Series of pits and lands in substrate layer
• Transition from pit to land and from land to pit: ‘1’
• Between transitions: sequence of ‘0’ s
• 16000 turns/inch (tpi)
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 Multimedia Fundamentals: Physical Structure

Cross-section through disc in direction of spiral track:

label
protective layer
1.5 reflective layer
mm 0.12
µm pit land substrate layer
(1.2mm)

3 layers:
• Transparent substrate layer
• Reflective layer
• Protective layer

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 Multimedia Fundamentals: Read Data

reflected light level land pit

Laser focused onto reflective layer:

• Lands - almost totally reflecting
• Pits - scattering

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 Multimedia Advantages of Optical Storage Media

High data density:

• 1.66 data bits / µm of track
• 16000 tpi ⇔ floppy disk: 96 tpi

Long term storage:

• Protection of data
• Surface out of focus ➩ insensitivity to dust, scratches

Low probability of head crashes:

• Distance between head and substrate surface > 1mm

Adequate error correction

Each digital disc is equivalent to the master

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 Multimedia 4 Laser Vision
Characteristics:
• Storage of video and audio
• Analogue encoding
• High quality of reproduced data
• Diameter: ~ 30 cm
• Storage capacity: ~ 2.6 GByte

History:
• Originally Video Long Play (VLP)
• 1973 first description in Philips Technical Review

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 Multimedia Laser Vision: Fundamentals

Principles:
• Mix of audio and video
• Frequency modulation
• No quantization of pit length

Cross section through a Laser Vision disc:

land pit

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 Multimedia 5 Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA)
Storage of audio data

History:
• Development of basic technology by N. V. Philips
• Cooperation of N. V. Philips and Sony Corporation
• 1983 CD-DA available

Physical characteristics:
• Diameter: 120 mm
• Constant linear velocity (CLV),
i.e. number of rotations/s depends on
position of head relative to disc center
• Track shape:
One spiral with appr. 20000 turns (LP: 850 turns)

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 Multimedia CD-DA: Characteristics

Audio data rate:

• Sampling frequency: 44100Hz
• 16 bit quantization
• Pulse code modulation (PCM)
• Audio data rate = 1411200 bit/s = 176,4 Kbyte/s

Quality:
• Signal to noise ratio (S/N):
~ 6dB/bit, 16 bit quantization ➩ S/N exactly 98 dB
• LP, tape: S/N 50-60 dB

Capacity: (without error correction data)

• Playback time: maximal 74 min
• Capacity =74 min ∗ 1411200 bit/s = 6265728000 bit ~ 747 MByte

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 Multimedia CD-DA: Pits and Lands

land pit

10000000 100000 1000100 1000 100 1000000 10000000 10000000000

0.3µm

Length of pits: multiples of 0.3µm

Coding:
• Transition from pit to land / from land to pit: ‘1’
• Between transitions: sequence of ‘0’s

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 Multimedia CD-DA: Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation

Restricted laser resolution:

• Minimal distance between transitions (pit to land, land to pit)
• At least two “0” between two “1”

Generation of clock signal:

• Maximal distance between transitions (pit to land, land to pit)
• Not more than 10 consecutive “0”

➪ Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation:
• 8 bit value is encoded using 14 bits
• 267 combinations possible
• 256 are used
(criterion: efficient implementation with small number of gates)

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 Multimedia CD-DA: Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation

Example for a code conversion table:

data bits channel bits
00000000 01001000100000
00000001 10000100000000
... ...

Concatenation of independent 14 bit values

Í potential violation of:
• Min. distance of 2 bits
• Max. distance of 10 bits

➱ Three additional merging bits

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 Multimedia CD-DA:
Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation
Example

8 bit data 111101000 11100010

14 bit
modulated data 00010010000010 10010001000010

merging bits 010 00010010000010 000 10010001000010 001

sync. pattern
(part of 24 bit)
001000000000010 010 00010010000010 000 10010001000010 001

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 Multimedia CD-DA: Error Handling

Typical Errors:
• Scratches, dust, fingerprints
• „Burst errors“
• To be detected and corrected

Two-level Reed-Solomon Code with frame interleaving:

• First level: byte level, EDC and ECC
• two groups: each with 4 correction bytes for 24 data bytes
• first group: correction of single byte errors
• second group: correction of double byte errors, detection of further errors
• Second level: Frame interleaving
• frame: 588 channel bits = 24 audio data bytes
• distribution of consecutive data bytes and corresponding ECC bytes
over adjacent frames

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 Multimedia CD-DA: CIRC

Cross Interleaved Reed Solomon Code

Error rate: 10-8 (~ 1bit/100 millions of bits)

Exact correction of 4000 data bits possible:

• 4000 data bits * 0.3 µm/channel bit
• ~ 2.5 mm
• Hence: burst errors within 2.5 mm can be corrected

Interpolation:
• Up to 12,300 data bits (~ 7 mm)
• Hence: error within 7mm can be repaired

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 Multimedia CD-DA: Frames

Frame consists of:

• Data:
• 2 groups of 12 audio data bytes each (actual data)
• Error detection and correction code:
• 2 groups of 4 parity bytes
• According to Reed-Solomon
• Control & display byte:
• Together with c&d bytes of other frames it forms subchannel stream
• E.g., subchannel byte for track start identification
• Synchronization pattern:
• Start of a frame
• 12 x “1” + 12 x “0” + 3 merging bits = 27 bits

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 Multimedia CD-DA: Data Streams

Audio bit stream ~ 1.41 x 106 bit/s:

• 44,1 kHz sampling frequency~ 1411200 bit/s
• 16-bit stereo PCM
• Uniform quantization

Data bit stream ~ 1.94 x 106 bit/s:

• Audio bit stream
+ parity bytes
+ control & display byte

Channel bit stream ~ 4.32 x 106 bit/s:

• Data bit stream
+ EFM
+ merging bits
+ synchronization pattern

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 Multimedia CD-DA: Areas

Areas:
• Lead-in area:
• List of contents
• Indication to start of each track
• Program area:
• Up to 99 tracks of different lengths
• Typically one track relates to one song
• Lead-out area

Random Access:
• Tracks
• Index points:
• IP0: start of track
• IP1: start of audio data
• Track pregap: part between IP0 and IP1

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 Multimedia CD-DA: Summary

Provides:
• Suitable means for typical errors caused by damage, dust
in audio data
• CD-DA specification is base for family of optical storage media

But:
• Not conceived for:
• video (different ECC, EDC scheme required)
• discrete data (error rate too high)
• Desired: simultaneous play back of various media

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 Multimedia 6 Compact Disc Read Only Memory
(CD-ROM)
Storage of:
• Data, audio, compressed audio and video

Yellow Book CD-ROM Standard:

• CD-ROM mode 1: for any data
• CD-ROM mode 2: for compressed audio and video data
• But can not be combined on single track

Within single track:

• Only CD-DA audio or only CD-ROM specific data

Mixed Mode Disc:

• Data tracks at the beginning
• Subsequent tracks for audio data

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 Multimedia CD-ROM: Structure

CD
330 000 blocks

block
2352 audio bytes
7203 channel bytes

frame, channel bits

588 bit, with
EFM synchroni-- 24 audio bytes
+ zation
merging bits 4,32 * 106 bit/s
data bits
control CIRC CIRC 1,94 * 106 bit/s
&
display

L L R R audio bits
1,411200 bit/s

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 Multimedia CD-ROM: Structure

Fine granularity for random access:

• Tracks, IP not sufficient
• Structure with a higher resolution: block
• Blocks with fixed number of frames

Some numbers:
• 1 block = 32 frames
• 75 blocks/s (for single-speed CD-ROM)
• 1411200 bit/s / 75 blocks/s / 8bit/byte = 2352 byte/block

Allows for:
• Random access
• Better EDC, ECC

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 Multimedia CD-ROM Mode 1

sync header user data EDC blanks ECC

12 4 2048 4 8 276

2352 byte

1 block = 2352 byte:

• Header bytes include minutes, seconds, block number, mode
• Error rate = 10 -12

Capacity:
• Max. 74 min x 60 s/min x 75 block/s = 333000 blocks
• 333000 blocks/CD ~ 650 MByte (user data)

Data rate:
• 2048 byte/block x 75 block/ s ~150 KByte/s (single-speed)

Used by most CD-ROM applications

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 Multimedia CD-ROM Mode 2

sync header user data

12 4 2336

2352 byte

Capacity:
• 333000 blocks x 2336 byte/block
= 777888000 byte ~ 741.85 MByte

Data rate:
• 2336 byte/block x 75 block/s = 171 KByte/s (single-speed)

Problem: concatenation of mode 1 and mode 2 blocks

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 Multimedia CD-ROM: Average Access Time

Time to position a block/sector:

• Synchronization time:
• Adapt internal clock to disc signal
• Range of milliseconds
• Seek time:
• Adaptation of laser to radius: max. 1s
• Rotation delay (for constant velocity time):
• Find sector within 1 rotation
• Adapt disk speed
• ~ 300 ms

➪ Maximum access time > 1s

➪ Average access time > 300ms (with data caching)
• Simultaneous reading of audio and other data
in CD-ROM mode 1 not possible

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 Multimedia CD-ROM: File System

CD-ROM:
• No logical file format
• No directory specification

High Sierra Proposal:

• Developed by group of industry representatives
• Initial file system leading to ISO 9660

ISO 9660 file standard:

• Directory tree: information about files
• Path table:
• List of all directories
• Direct access to files of any level
• File interleaving

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 Multimedia CD-ROM: File System - Path Table

primary volume descriptor

p
a
t root directory
h

t
a
b d1 d2 d3 f1 f2 f3
l
e
d4 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8

f9 f10 f11

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 Multimedia ISO 9660 File System

First track:
• 16 blocks (sectors 0 to 15): system area
• Volume descriptors in subsequent blocks:
• Primary descriptor:
• Length of file system
• Length and address of path table
• Supplementary descriptors
• Volume descriptor terminator

Logical block size:

• Between 512 byte and 2048 byte (in steps of 2i)
• Blocks of 512 byte, 1024 byte, and 2048 byte are used
• Files begin at logical block start

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 Multimedia CD-ROM Extended Architecture
(CD-ROM / XA)

History:
• N.V. Philips, Sony and Microsoft (announcement in 1988)

Goal:
• Simultaneous transfer of various media data

Characteristics:
• Based on CD-ROM mode 2, ISO 9660, CD-I
• Extension of Yellow Book standard
• Interleaving of blocks of different media within the same track
• Definition of a new type of track used for:
• compressed audio (ADPCM) and video data
• images
• text, programs
• Distinction between two block formats: „Form 1“, „Form 2“
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 Multimedia CD-ROM / XA (Mode 2) Form 1

sync header sub-header user data EDC ECC

12 4 8 2048 4 276

2352 byte

Subheader:
• Specification of CD-ROM Mode 2 XA-Format type
• 8 bytes

Improved error handling for:

• Text
• Program data

By:
• 4 byte for error detection
• 276 byte for error correction

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 Multimedia CD-ROM / XA (Mode 2) Form 2

sync header sub-header user data EDC

12 4 8 2324 4

2352 byte

• Storage of compressed data (incl. audio, video)

• Only 4 bytes for error detection
• 13% more data bytes

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 Multimedia CD-ROM / XA: Audio

level B level B level C level C

CD audio
stereo mono stereo mono
compr. ratio 1 4:1 8:1 8:1 16:1
coding PCM ADPCM ADPCM ADPCM ADPCM
techn.
sampling 44100 Hz 37800 Hz 37800 Hz 18900 Hz 18900 Hz
freq.
capacity 74 min 4h 9h 9h 19 h
48 min 36 min 36 min 12 min
data rate 176 kByte/s 43 22 22 11
Kbyte/s Kbyte/s Kbyte/s Kbyte/s

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 Multimedia CD-ROM / XA: Drawbacks

Compatibility to audio and video compression

• For some media only reference to standard
• coding / decoding not part of CD technology
• MPEG audio not compatible (MPEG does not use ADPCM)

Interleaved storage of data of different types in the same track:

• Requires special disc layout
• Requires effective interleaving with choice of suitable audio level
• Complex application development

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 Multimedia 7 Further CD-ROM Based Developments

CD-I

CD-I
Bridge
Disc
CD-I
Ready CD-ROM
CD-ROM Disc XA

Mixed
Mode
Disc

CD-DA

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 Multimedia CD-Interactive (CD-I)

History:
• Developed by Philips and Sony
• 1986 CD-I announcement
• 1988 Green Book: CD-I extension based on Red and Yellow Book
• Originally for consumer market

CD-I system:
• CD-ROM based format with interleaving of different media
• Compression algorithms
• Software (operating system)
• Hardware (decoder)

Different quality levels

Low data rates

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 Multimedia CD-I: Software and Hardware

CD-I Software with CD-RTOS operating system:

• CD-RTOS operating system is an extension of OS/9
• Real-time capabilities

CD-I Hardware (decoder):

• System board:
• 680xx processor
• Video-, audio -chips
• CD player with CD-DA components
• Mouse or joystick interface
• CD controller
• Connection to RGB monitor or TV
• Replacement of CD-DA
• Size of a video recorder

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 Multimedia CD-I: Audio

CD CD-I ‘A’ CD-I ‘B’

CD-I ‘C’
digital hi-fi mid-fi
speech
audio music music
sampling 44.1 kHz 37.8 kHz 37.8 kHz 18.9 kHz
rate
freq. range 20 kHz 17 kHz 17 kHz 8.5 kHz
encod. 16 bit 8 bit 4 bit 4 bit
PCM ADPCM ADPCM ADPCM
s/n ratio 98 dB 90 dB 60 dB 60 dB
max. 2.4 h 4.8 h 9.6 h
playing 74 min stereo stereo stereo
time stereo 4.8 h 9.6 h 19.2 h
mono mono mono
appr. mono mono mono
fidelity CD LP FM AM
equival.

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 Multimedia CD-I: Video

Coding of still images at different qualities and resolutions:

• Different amount of data
• Different data rates

YUV mode:
• Reproduction of natural images with many colors
• Encoding of changes of luminance and chominance values
• 360 x 240 pixel, 18 bit/pixel
• 262144 colors
• 360 * 240 * 18 bit/image = 194400 byte/image

Animations with few colors:

• Run-length encoding, about 10000 to 20000 Byte/image

MPEG for video encoding

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 Multimedia CD-I: Video

Color Look-Up Table (CLUT):

• 4 bit/pixel (3.7 or 8 bit/pixel)
• For simple graphics fast data read-out
• Predefined color table
• 720 x 240 pixel, 16 colors
• 720 * 240 * 4 bit = 86400 Byte/image

RGB mode:
• For very good graphics
• 5 bit/pixel for each component
• 15 bit/pixel + 1 additional bit/pixel = 16 bit/pixel
• 360 x 240 pixel/image, 65538 colors
• 360 * 240 pixel/image * 16 bit/pixel = 172800 Byte/image

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 Multimedia CD-I Ready Format

CD that can be played in CD-DA and CD-I players:

• Track pregap:
• Contains CD-I specific information
• Increased from 2-3 s to at least 182 s
• Audio players ignore the track pregap information and play only audio data
part

Three different modes of play:

• Standard audio playback:
• Track pregap information is ignored and only audio data played
• Reading, display and interpretation of the pregap data:
• Audio data part is ignored
• Displaying pregap data as audio is played:
• First step: loading CD-I information into player’s RAM memory
• Second step: start playing audio and information display

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 Multimedia CD-I Bridge Disc

CD-I
CD-I
Bridge
Disc
CD-I
Ready CD-ROM
CD-ROM Disc XA
Mixed
Mode
Disc

CD-DA

Can be played at:

• CD-ROM players
• CD-I players

All data tracks in CD-ROM Mode 2

No CD-I disc tracks in the disc table of contents

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 Multimedia Photo Compact Disc

Storage of photos of high quality

History:
• Eastman Kodak and N.V. Philips Company
• 1990 announcement of Kodak Photo CD system

Characteristics:
• Example for a CD-Bridge Disc
• Based on CD Write Once (CD-WO)
• Readable with:
• Photo CD players
• CD-I players
• CD-ROM / XA players
• Written by:
• Special Photo CD players and CD-WO players

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 Multimedia Photo Compact Disc

Production:
• Photos are taken with conventional cameras,
• Digitized with 8 bit for luminance component and 8 bit for
each chrominance component, and
• Written on CD

Per photo:
• ImagePac at five different resolutions: hierarchical coding
• About 3 to 6 MByte storage per ImagePac

Capabilities:
• New professional and private application areas
• Simultaneous display of several images
• Image editing
• Integration in documents
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 Multimedia Photo Compact Disc: ImagePac

Image resolution of a Photo CD:

compr./ number of number of
type of image
uncompr. lines columns
base/16 uncompressed 128 192
base/14 uncompressed 256 384
base uncompressed 512 768
4base compressed 1024 1536
16base compressed 2048 3072

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 Multimedia 8 DVD: Digital Video Disk
Also known as: „Digital Versatile Disk“

Goal: Create a new optical media

to store an entire high-quality digital movie
on a single side of a disk

Technical overview of DVD:

• CD-like optical storage media
• same size as CD ⇒ allows for backward compatibility of reading devices
• Capacity considerably higher than CD
• shorter pit/lands
• tighter tracks
• EFM PLUS error correction scheme: more robust than CD scheme
• Formats:
• single-sided single-layer
• single-sided double-layer: laser must switch focus to read both layers
• double-sided: disk must be flipped over to read both sides
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 Multimedia CD versus DVD

CD DVD
Disc diameter 120 mm 120 mm
Disc thickness 1.2 mm 1.2 mm
Laser wavelength 780 nm 650 and 635 mm
(infrared) (red)
Track pitch 1.6 µm 0.74 µm
Min. pit/land length 0.83 µm 0.4 µm
Data layers 1 1 or 2
Sides 1 1 or 2
Data capacity ~ 650 MB Single-Layer: 4.7 GB
Dual-Layer: 8.5 GB
Double-Sided: 9.4 GB

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 Multimedia CD versus DVD (cont.)

CD DVD
Video data rate ~ 1.5 Mbit/s 1-10 Mbit/s (variable)
Video compression MPEG-1 MPEG-2
Video capacity ~ 1 hour more than 4 hours
(dual layer)
Sound tracks 2-channel MPEG 2-channel PCM
5.1-channel AC-3
optional: up to 8 data
streams
Subtitles - up to 32 languages

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 Multimedia DVD: Variants and Devices

DVD variants:
• DVD-ROM: high-capacity data storage medium
• DVD-Video: DVD application for motion pictures
• DVD-Audio: DVD application for audio-only use
• DVD-R: DVD variant allowing one-time recording of data
• DVD-RAM: erasable and rewritable DVD variant

DVD devices:
• DVD Movie Player: consumer appliance (similar to video player)
• DVD-ROM drive: computer peripheral

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 Multimedia 9 Compact Disc Write Once (CD-WO)
Cross-section through disc in direction of spiral track:

protective layer
reflective layer
absorption layer
pit land
substrate layer

Defined in Orange Book Standard Part II

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 Multimedia CD-WO

Principles:
• Pre-grooven track
• Absorption layer between substrate and reflective layer
• Irreversible change of the reflection characteristics by:
• Heating up the absorption layer
• CD-WO can be played in CD-DA players

Sessions:
• CD player needs table of content
• Several sessions each with:
• Lead-in part
• Data part
• Lead-out part
• New sessions can be added
• Maximum of 99 sessions
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 Multimedia CD-WO

Disc layout with several sessions:

lead information lead lead information lead ...

in out in out

session 1 session 2

• CD players before 1992 can only read first session

• Regular CD-WO: only one session
• Hybrid CD-WO: several sessions

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 Multimedia 10 Compact Disc Magneto Optical
(CD-MO)

CD-MO CD-WO
rewritable premastered regular hybrid
...
ISO CD-ROM/XA
9660

CD-ROM

CD-DA

R/W RO WO
magneto optical
optical basis
basis

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 Multimedia CD-MO: Features

Write, read, erase, and rewrite data

Definition in Orange Book Standard Part I:

• High capacity (double-sided): about 650 MByte
• Data transfer rate: about 1.2 Mbit/s

Principles of magneto optical technique:

• Write:
• Heating up of blocks
• Apply about 10 x earth magnetic field
• Polarization of single elements
• Discard:
• Use constant magnetic field
• Simultaneous heating up of block
• Read:
• Polarization of light is influenced by magnetic characteristics
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 Multimedia CD-MO: Premastered and Rewriteable

Optional premastered area:

• Read-only
• Readable on any CD-player
• Using Red, Yellow and Green Book specifications

Rewriteable area:
• Use of different magneto-optical encoding techniques
➪ incompatible to other CDs
• Cannot be read by standard CD-players

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 Multimedia 11 Summary
Features of Compact Disc Technologies:
• Can be used for all kind of storage
• Wide application area
• Large capacity
• Base is CD-DA technology (except CD-MO)
• Sequential specification of the different CD technologies

Disadvantages:
• Long average access time
• Incompatibility of CD-MO

Future:
• CD with enhanced storage space and data retrieval rate
• Smaller optical disc with similar capacity

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