4022 Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic
Machinery
Module 1
Fluid
Properties of Fluids
1. Mass Density or Specific Mass or Density (ρ)
Properties of Fluids
2. Specific Weight or Weight Density (w)
Properties of Fluids
3. Specific Volume (v)
Properties of Fluids
4. Specific Gravity (S) or Relative density
Density of air =1.225 kg/m3
Properties of Fluids
5. Viscosity or Dynamic viscosity (µ)
Its SI unit is the Pascal-second (𝑃𝑎⋅𝑠) or
Newton-second per square meter (𝑁⋅𝑠/𝑚2)
Properties of Fluids
5 (a) Kinematic viscosity ( )
It is the ratio between dynamic viscosity and density of the
fluid.
Properties of Fluids
6. Compressibility
Properties of Fluids
7. Surface Tension
Surface tension is the tendency of liquid
surfaces to shrink into the minimum area
possible, behaving like a stretched elastic
membrane
It is expressed in force per unit length.
S.I unit is N / m.
8. Capillarity Properties of Fluids
Fluid Pressure
The pressure at a point of a fluid is the normal compressive
force per unit area at a point
Fluid Pressure
Intensity of pressure
Intensity of pressure at any point in a liquid is proportional
to its depth from the free surface of the liquid
PASCAL’S LAW
It states that, in a fluid at rest in a closed container, a pressure change in one
part is transmitted without loss to every portion of the fluid and to the walls
of the container.
Eg: hydraulic jack; hydraulic lift; etc.
PASCAL’S LAW
Measurement of Pressure
Atmospheric pressure: Atmospheric pressure, also known as
barometric pressure, is the pressure excreted by the envelop of air on
the Earth surface.
Standard atmospheric pressure (at sea level) = 1.01325 bar
Or
10.33 m of water
Or
760 mm of Hg)
Measurement of Pressure
Gauge pressure: This pressure is always above that of atmospheric
pressure. It is the pressure which is measured with the help of a
pressure measuring instrument.
Absolute pressure: It is pressure equal to algebraic sum of
atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure.
Measurement of Pressure
Vacuum pressure: It is the pressure below the atmospheric pressure. It is
measured by a Vacuum gauge with atmospheric pressure as datum. It is
also called negative pressure
Measurement of Pressure
Previous Questions
The SI unit for dynamic viscosity (absolute viscosity) is the Pascal-second (Pa·s),
while the CGS unit is the Poise (P), with 1 Pa·s = 10 Poise; (1 poise = 100 centipoise)
for kinematic viscosity, the SI unit is m²/s, and the CGS unit is the Stokes (St), with
1 St = 0.0001 m²/s.
Previous Questions
Previous Questions
Previous Questions
Previous Questions
Measurement of fluid pressure
The pressure of a fluid is measured by the following gauges:
a) Piezometer
1. Manometers: (i) Simple manometer b) U-tube Manometer.
c) Single column manometer
(ii) Differential manometers
2. Mechanical Gauges: Bourden tube pressure gauge
[Link]
Manometers are defined as the devices used for measuring the
pressure at a point in a fluid by balancing the column of fluid by the
same or another column of the fluid.
They are classified as,
(a) Simple manometer (b) Differential manometers
(i) Simple manometer
A simple manometer consists of a glass tube having one of its end is
connected to a point where pressure is to be measured and other
end remains open to atmosphere.
a) Piezometer
b) U-tube Manometer.
c) Single column manometer.
Piezometer
▪ It is the simplest form of manometer used for
measuring moderate gauge pressure.
▪ One end of the piezometer is connected to the
point where pressure is to be measured and
other end is open to the atmosphere.
▪ The rise ‘h’ of liquid column in the tube gives
the pressure head at that point.
Limitations of Piezometer
U – Tube Manometer (Positive Gauge Pressure)
U – Tube Manometer (Positive Gauge Pressure)
U – Tube Manometer (Negative Gauge Pressure)
PA
Differential Manometer
Differential Manometer
Differential Manometer
Bourden tube pressure gauge
Working of bourden tube pressure gauge
▪ Pressure enters the hollow, curved Bourdon tube through the fixed end
▪ The internal pressure causes the tube to straighten due to elastic
deformation
▪ The free end of the tube moves outward as pressure increases
▪ This small movement is transmitted and amplified through a linkage
mechanism
▪ The linkage drives a pointer that moves over a calibrated dial to indicate
pressure