PREPARING GRAPHS AND TABLES
FOR CSEC SCIENCE
Objectives: at the end of this unit,
you will be able to:
1 2 3 4 5
Use the ORR Use the ORR Use the ORR Use the ORR Use the ORR
guidelines to guidelines to guidelines to guidelines to guidelines to
construct tables make pie charts make line graphs make bar graphs make histograms
• What does ORR stand for?
Observation Recording and Reporting
• What do I look for when I grade ORR?
- Format
- Grammar and Tense (3rd person, past tense, procedures)
- Recording of Results (prose, tables, graphs, pie charts, drawings)
What are the Guidelines for Tables?
• All tables must have four distinct sides drawn with a ruler
AND in pencil
• Tables must be neatly drawn
• Tables must be drawn on typing sheet.
• All tables must have a proper title at the top of the table, in
full caps and underlined
• Columns must have proper headings and units if applicable.
ACTIVITY: PREPARE A TABLE USING THE
ABOVE INFORMATION .
TITLE: TABLE SHOWING FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG DIFFERENT ORGANISMS
Butterflies and humming birds ORGANISMS WHAT EATS THEM
feed on the nectar of flowers. Flowers (nectar) Butterflies/humming birds
Lizards live on insects. The slugs Insects (grasshoppers, butterflies, praying Lizards
feeding on cabbages are eaten mantis)
by small birds which are eaten Cabbages Slugs
by vultures, which also eat Slugs Small birds
lizards. The preying mantis is Small birds Vultures
the prey of the lizard, and the Lizards Vultures
predator of the grasshopper. grasshopper Preying mantis
Line graphs
Line graphs are used to show a relationship between
two numerical variables.
• They show how values of one variable change with
value of the other variable.
• On the X axis are the values you decide upon i.e.
independent variable.
• On the Y axis are the readings you take. i.e.
Dependent variable.
• When the points are plotted and the line is drawn
predictions can be made from the trend or pattern
shown by the line.
Use the info in the table below to draw a line graph using the guidelines for graphs
Days 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Mass(g) 45 55 65 73 80 85 87 87
Step 1; Draw Y and X axes
Step 2: Label X and Y axes (independent variable on X axis, dependent on Y)
Step 3: Divide up the Y and X axes into equal parts using majority of your graph paper
space
Mas
s (g)
Time (days)
Days 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Mass(g) 45 55 65 73 80 85 87 87
• Step 4: Look at the table
of results and determine
an appropriate scale to
use on each axes
Step 5. Plot your points on the graph
Step 6: Join the points on your graph
• Step 7: Give your graph an appropriate title. Titles should be at the bottom of the graph, in full caps and
underlined.
• Step 8: Write in the scale in the upper righthand corner of
your graph paper
• Step 9: Include a key,
if necessary.
Summary (graphs)
• Draw the axes, make graph large enough to fill the
space you have been given.
• Label the axes
• Choose appropriate scales for each axes. Write the
scale on graph
• Plot the points
• Check the points
• Join the points
• Add a title
• Add a key, if possible.
CONSTRUCT THE
GRAPH TO SHOW
HOW QUICKLY A
BEAKER OF WATER
WAS HEATED
USING A BUNSEN
BURNER PAGE 22
TEXT BOOK
Bar Charts/Histograms
A bar chart has vertical bars. The heights of the bars show
the values measured.
➢Bar charts are used when only one of the variables is
numerical
➢The bars are of equal width and are usually drawn so
they do not touch each other.
➢The bars usually bear no relation to each other so no
predictions are possible
➢On the horizontal axis are the names of the items you
measure ( independent variable)
➢On the vertical axis is the scale of measurement and the
units (dependent variable)
➢Parts of the bars can be shown by shading and a key
provided.
14
L 12 SCALE
A
B 10
E KEY
L 8
A 6
X
E 4
S
2
0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
L A B E L A X E S
Title goes here in caps and underlined
HISTOGRAMS
Histograms are a special kind of bar chart.
➢Histograms are used when both variables are
numerical and related to a similar thing
➢The bars are touching and each one covers a specific
range of values
➢The heights of the bars show the numbers in each
range (the frequencies)
➢Predictions cannot be made from the values in one
bar to those in another.
➢On the horizontal axis are the ranges of the variable
you measure (independent variable)
➢On the vertical axis are the numbers in each
range(f)
Construct a Bar graph using the data in the
table below.
Step 1: Draw and label Axes
Y
Number
of
students
X
Class
Step 2:
Divide up Y
axis using
proper
scale
STEP 3: DRAW BARS: (CHECK SIZE OF BARS
AND SPACING BETWEEN BARS)
YOU CAN
ADD
COLORS OR
SYMBOL TO
BARS
Step 4: Include a Title at the bottom and a Scale
If you colored your bars or used symbols,
then add a key.
Constructing Bar Graphs Summary
Practice: Page 21 #1,3,4
Use the info below to construct a histogram
• The figure below shows the heights of 40 students (in cm).
These are first tallied.
160 151 140 145 152 146 162 159 165 164 170 157 155
147 150 150 159 164 172 165 169 156 153 158 144 154
151 163 168 174 163 158 157 152 156 148 153 158
162 147.
➢A range is then created......... (lowest score-140, highest score-
174)
➢140-144, 145-149….
Step 1: Determine a suitable ranges to be used in frequency
table.
The number of items in each range must be the same.
HEIGHTS OF 40 STUDENTS IN CM
160 151 140 145 152 146 162 159 165 164
170 157 155 147 150 150 159 164 172 165
169 156 153 158 144 154 151 163 168 174
163 158 157 152 156 148 153 158 162 147.
HEIGHTS OF 40 STUDENTS IN CM
160 151 140 145 152 146 162 159 165 164
170 157 155 147 150 150 159 164 172 165
169 156 153 158 144 154 151 163 168 174
163 158 157 152 156 148 153 158 162 147.
Step 2: Complete the frequency Table using the
___________________________
information from the raw data .
FREQUENCY TABLE SHOWING THE HEIGHTS OF 40 STUDENTS
Height ranges (cm Tally frequency
140-144 II 2
145-149 IIII 5
150-154 IIII IIII 9
155-159 IIII IIII 10
160-164 IIII II 7
165-169 IIII 4
170-174 III 3
Total 40 40
Step 3: Draw the histogram
• Use the information from the frequency table to determine the
heights of the bars
• Use the same guidelines as if you are drawing a bar chart except
that the bars should now be touching each other.
• The X axis contains the range used in the frequency table
• The Y axis contains the frequency.
• Ensure that both axes are labelled, you include a scale, title and
key if necessary.
10
Scale:
F y axis: 1cm = 1 ind.
9
R
E 8
Q 7
U
6
E
N 5
C 4
Y
3
140-144 145-149 150-154 155-159 160-164 165-169 170-174
Height range
Title: HISTOGRAM SHOWING THE HEIGHTS OF 40 STUDENTS
PRACTICE PAGE 23
HOMEWORK:
COMPLETE PROBLEMS 3-4 ON PAGE 24.
Pie charts
Circular diagrams divided into segments or sectors(as in a pizza) .
Each sector represents a proportion of 360 degrees. In a circle
and the angle of each sector can be measured with a protractor
and be used to show relative numbers/portions. The entire
quantity of what is being measured occupies the whole circle and
the various sectors depict a specific quantity. Calculations are
based on the following relationship.
Specific quantity X 360 = degrees in sector
Total Quantity
Example 1:
• A packet of seeds containing 204 seeds were placed in a tray
to be germinated. 139 seeds germinated and 65 did not.
Step 1: calculate the angle of each category
using the formula
• A packet of seeds containing 204 seeds were placed in a tray to be
germinated. 139 seeds germinated and 65 did not.
Specific quantity X 360 = degrees in sector
Total Quantity
• The number of seeds that germinated can be represented by
139 X 360 = 245 degrees
204
The number of seeds that did not germinate can be represented by
65 X 360 = 115 degrees
204
Step 2: Draw the Circle
Step 3: Using the protractor, find the angles
that represent each sector.
Step 4: Give your pie chart a title, at the
bottom in full caps and underlined. Include a
key if necessary.
Video: how to construct pie charts
100 degrees
80 degrees
30 degrees
150 degrees
36 360 degrees
Practice: Page 25 #2-3
Take pictures Cover page
with the Table of content
graphs you
have made Line graphs
and create a Bar Graphs
digital
Histograms
portfolio with
your graphs. Pie charts.
Constructing Bar graphs
Constructing Line graphs