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The document outlines key biological concepts including double fertilization in angiosperms, parthenocarpy for seedless fruits, and the menstrual cycle in females. It also covers genetic principles such as the law of segregation, incomplete dominance, and linkage, along with processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Additionally, it discusses techniques like PCR and gel electrophoresis, ecological concepts like food chains and biodiversity, and the role of vaccines in immunity.

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hpharsh1304
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18 views2 pages

Definition

The document outlines key biological concepts including double fertilization in angiosperms, parthenocarpy for seedless fruits, and the menstrual cycle in females. It also covers genetic principles such as the law of segregation, incomplete dominance, and linkage, along with processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Additionally, it discusses techniques like PCR and gel electrophoresis, ecological concepts like food chains and biodiversity, and the role of vaccines in immunity.

Uploaded by

hpharsh1304
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1.

Double Fertilization

Double fertilization is a characteristic feature of angiosperms in which one male gamete fuses with
egg to form zygote (syngamy) and the other fuses with two polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm
(triple fusion).

2. Parthenocarpy

Parthenocarpy is the development of fruit without fertilization, resulting in seedless fruits.

3. Menstrual Cycle

Menstrual cycle is the cyclic hormonal and structural changes in female reproductive system
occurring every 28 days.

4. Law of Segregation

Law of segregation states that the two alleles of a gene separate during gamete formation and each
gamete receives only one allele.

5. Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance in which neither allele is completely dominant,


resulting in intermediate phenotype in F₁ generation.

6. Linkage

Linkage is the tendency of genes located on the same chromosome to be inherited together.

7. Test Cross

Test cross is the cross between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive
individual.

8. DNA Replication

DNA replication is a semi-conservative process by which one DNA molecule produces two identical
DNA molecules before cell division.

9. Transcription

Transcription is the process of synthesis of RNA from DNA template.

10. Translation

Translation is the process of synthesis of protein from mRNA with the help of ribosomes.

11. Genetic Code

Genetic code is the sequence of three nitrogenous bases (codon) on mRNA that specifies a particular
amino acid.

12. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

PCR is an in vitro technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence using DNA polymerase enzyme.

13. Recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA is DNA formed by combining genetic material from two different organisms.
14. Gel Electroph oresis

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size using electric
field.

15. Food Chain

Food chain is a linear sequence of organisms through which energy flows from producer to
consumers.

16. Ecological Pyramid

Ecological pyramid is a graphical representation showing the number, biomass or energy at different
trophic levels.

17. Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the variety and variability of living organisms present on Earth.

18. Immunity

Immunity is the ability of the body to resist and fight against disease-causing organisms.

19. Vaccine

Vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity against a specific disease

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