Statistics & Probability
Methods of
Collecting Data
Statistics & Probability
Learning Targets
1. Define the methods of collecting data
2. Discuss the methods of collecting data
3. Apply the methods of collecting data in
real life.
Recall
Data are raw pieces of
evidences collected, organized
and analyzed by statistician
with the hope of establishing
information or facts.
Data Collection
−Data collection refers to
the process of gathering
data.
Classification of Data According to
Sources
Primary Data- first hand data,
thus happens to be original.
Secondary Data- data that are
already available.
Statistics & Probability
Qualitative
vs
Quantitative data
Qualitative Data
−information that can’t be
expressed as a number and
can’t be measured. It consists of
words, pictures, observations,
and symbols, not numbers
Qualitative Data
Examples
socioeconomic status
colors
favorite holiday
Quantitative Data
−can be expressed as a
number or can be quantified. It
is easily amenable to statistical
manipulation and mathematical
calculations.
Quantitative Data
Examples
shoe size
number of hours women
spend on shopping
Price of an item
Data Collection Methods
Primary Data Collection
Secondary Data Collection
Examples:
Examples:
Surveys
Company Annual Reports
Interviews Sales Records
Opinion Polls Internet Information
Observations
Direct Method
Actual Measurement
This method is used to measure
length, weight, or time, among
others.
Data is collected using a measuring
tool such as ruler or timer.
Direct Method
Observation
−is a technique that involves
systematically selecting, watching,
listening, reading, touching, and
recording behavior and
characteristics of living beings,
objects, or phenomena.
Direct Method
Observation
−The researchers, adopting this
method, attempt to understand
behavior and societies by getting
to know the persons involved and
their values, rituals, symbols,
beliefs, and emotions.
Observation Method
The researcher sees the situation directly.
Observation Method
Advantages:
✔ Collects data on actual/ real time
✔ describing behavior occurring in the
present rather than the past
✔ Simple to collect data
✔ Allows for a detailed description
✔ Greater accuracy and data quality
✔ Doesn’t depend on people’s willingness to
report
Observation Method
Disadvantages:
✔ Difficulties interpreting the meaning
underlying observations
✔ A high potential for observer’s subjective bias
✔ Potentially unreliable
✔ Cannot study attitudes
✔ Can take a lot of time
✔ Lack of control to extraneous data
Direct Method
Interview
−It is done through direct
conversations with the interviewee.
This can be conducted in person or
by phone.
Interview Method
Advantages:
✔ Unclear questions can be clarified
✔ Accurate screening
✔ The interviewer can capture raw
emotions
✔ Interviewers can ask follow-up
questions
Interview Method
Disadvantages:
✔ Time consuming
✔ sometimes expensive
✔ The quality of the collected data depends
on the ability of the interviewer
Direct Method
Focus Groups
−includes dialogue
with a group of
deliberately selected participants
who discuss a particular topic.
Direct Method
Focus Groups
−Participants’
answers influence
each other during the discussion.
The focus group is led by a
person called a moderator.
Focus Groups
Advantages:
✔ Easy measure the reaction of
customers
✔ The moderator can ask questions
✔ The moderator can observe non-verbal
responses
✔ Provide brainstorming opportunities
Focus Groups
Disadvantages:
✔ Moderator Bias
✔ participants can not give honest
answers
✔ The extrovert members can dominate
Direct Method
Questionnaire
−a popular means of data collection
because they are inexpensive and can
provide a broad perspective. They can
be conducted face-to-face, by mail,
telephone, or Internet (in which case,
they can include respondents from
anywhere in the world).
Questionnaire Method
Advantages:
✔ Less expensive
✔ Large sample can be used so results
are more reliable
✔ Ease of data collection
✔ Easy to analyze
✔ A wide range of data types can be
collected
Questionnaire Method
Disadvantages:
✔ Low response rate
✔ Delay in response
✔ Possibility of ambiguous or missing
answers
✔ Not possible to receive clarification
✔ Survey fraud
✔ Cannot fully capture emotions
REGISTRATION
Indirect Method
Registration
−This method gathers data from
legal documents imposed by laws
such as registered tricycle in Manila
City.
Registration Method
Advantage:
✔ Organized data
Registration Method
Disadvantages:
✔ Difficult to get information if the
agency has no record or no proper
management
✔ Some documents may be not
publicly available
Indirect Method
Records And Documents
−This method involves extracting
and analyzing data from existing
documents.
Records And Documents
Advantages:
✔ Ease of data collection
✔ No need of searching and
motivating respondents
✔ Allows you to track progress
Records And Documents
Disadvantages:
✔ Information may be out of date
✔ can be time-consuming
✔ researcher has less control over the
results
✔ Some documents may be not publicly
available
Other Methods of
Collecting Data
Test Method
This method is widely used in
psychological research and
psychiatry.
Advantage: Objective
Disadvantage: Precise
Experimental Method
The researcher wants to find
out the cause and effect of a
particular event or to discover
something new.
1. The observation, experiment,
questionnaire, interview are _____.
A. Types of data
B. Methods of data collection
C. Sampling methods
D. Levels of measurement
2. The number of people that go into
your local hospital each hour. Which
of the methods of collection would
you use?
A. Experiment
B. Survey
C. Observation
D. Test Method
3. Determining if students using a
calculator on math final exam score
better than students who do not use
a calculator.
A. Experiment
B. Survey
C. Observation
D. Interview
4. Which of the following is NOT a
primary data collection?
A. Interview
B. Questionnaire
C. Observation
D. Registration
5. Secondary data can be obtained
quicker than Primary data.
A. True
B. False
6. A researcher wants to study the
association between gender and
using a smartphone. Data collected
in this study is _____.
A. Quantitative
B. Qualitative
C. Continuous
D. Classified
7. Miguel recorded the number of
push-ups he can do in a minute for
five days. Which method of data
collection did Miguel use?
A. actual measurement
B. survey
C. interview
D. questionnaire
8. Sir Wacky wants to know the
preferred snacks of his grade 7
students. Which method of collecting
data is the most appropriate to use?
A. focus group
B. survey
C. interview
D. questionnaire
8. Sir Wacky wants to know the
preferred snacks of his grade 7
students. Which method of collecting
data is the most appropriate to use?
A. focus group
B. survey
C. interview
D. questionnaire
References
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