PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

 Flexural strength – 0.7-0.8 times sq. root

of compressive strength in MPa (7.5-10
for psi)
 Direct tensile strength – 8%-12% of
compressive strength

STRENGTH
 Torsional strength – related to flexural
strength and dimensions
 Shear strength – related to compressive
strength (ACI 318)
 Modulus of elasticity – typically 1-4 GPa
(2-6 million psi)
SHRINKAGE
  It is shortening of concrete due to drying and is
independent of applied loads.
SHRINKAGE  Shrinkage of concrete is the time-dependent strain
measured in an unloaded and unrestrained specimen at
constant temperature
SHINKAGE
SHINKAGE
FACTORS AFFECTING SHRINKAGE

Drying conditions Time Water cement ratio

 The most important factor is the
drying condition or the humidity
in the atmosphere.
DRYING
CONDITIONS:
No shrinkage will occur if the
concrete is placed in one hundred
percent relative humidity.
 The shrinkage rate will decrease rapidly with
time.

It has been documented that fourteen to thirty

TIME four percent of the twenty year shrinkage will
occur within two weeks of it being poured.

Within one year of the concrete being poured,

shrinkage will be about sixty-six to eighty-five
percent of the twenty year shrinkage.
 The water to cement ratio will influence
the amount of shrinkage that occurs.

WATER CEMENT The concrete’s richness also affects the

RATIO shrinkage.

The process of swelling and then drying

affects the concrete’s integrity and the
shrinkage.
 Plastic Drying
Shrinkage Shrinkage

TYPES OF
SHRINKAGE
Autogeneous Carbonation
Shrinkage Shrinkage
PLASTIC
SHRINKAGE

 Plastic shrinkage happens soon

after the concrete is poured in
the forms.
 The water evaporates and results
in a reduction of volume, this
causes the concrete on the
surface to collapse.
 The aggregate particles or the
reinforcement comes in the way
of subsidence due to which
cracks may appear at the surface
or internally around the
aggregate or reinforcement
PLASTIC
SHRINKAGE

 High water/cement ratio, badly

proportioned concrete, rapid
drying, greater bleeding,
unintended vibration etc., are
some of the reasons for plastic
shrinkage.
 Plastic shrinkage can be
reduced mainly by preventing
the rapid loss of water from
surface.
 It can be reduced by covering
the surface with polyethylene
sheeting immediately after it is
poured.
DRYING
SHRINKAGE

 Just as the hydration of cement

is an ever lasting process, the
drying shrinkage is also an ever
lasting process when concrete
is subjected to drying
conditions.
 The loss of free water
contained in hardened
concrete, does not result in
any appreciable dimension
change.
 It is the loss of water held in
gel pores that causes the
change in the volume
DRYING
SHRINKAGE

 Under drying conditions, the gel

water is lost progressively over a long
time, as long as the concrete is kept
in drying conditions.
 The magnitude of drying shrinkage is
also a function of the fineness of gel.
 The finer the gel the more is the
shrinkage.
 It has been pointed out earlier that
the high pressure steam cured
concrete with low specific surface of
gel, shrinks much less than that of
normally cured cement gel.
AUTOGENEOUS
SHRINKAGE

 In a conservative system i.e. where

no moisture movement to or from
the paste is permitted, when
temperature is constant some
shrinkage may occur. The shrinkage of
such a conservative system is known
as autogeneous shrinkage.
 Autogeneous shrinkage is of minor
importance and is not applicable in
practice to many situations except
that of mass of concrete in the
interior of a concrete dam.
CARBONATION
SHRINKAGE

 Carbonation shrinkage is a
phenomenon very recently
recognized and is very important.
 Carbon dioxide present in the
atmosphere reacts in the presence of
water with hydrated cement.
 Calcium hydroxide gets converted to
calcium carbonate and also some
other cement compounds are
decomposed.
EFFECTS OF SHRINKAGE
EFFECTS OF
SHRINKAGE

 Shrinkage of concrete between

movement joints causes joints
to open or makes it wider.
Therefore joints must be
designed to accommodate the
widening caused by shrinkage.
EFFECTS OF
SHRINKAGE

 Where other materials, such as

ceramic tiles, are fixed on top
of concrete surface, shrinkage
of the concrete causes relative
movement between the
different materials. The
resulting stresses can cause
failure at the interface.
EFFECTS OF
SHRINKAGE

 If shrinkage is restrained, the

concrete is put into tension
and when tensile stress
becomes equal to tensile
strength, the concrete cracks.
EFFECTS OF
SHRINKAGE

 Shrinkage of the concrete

causes the concrete to grip
reinforcing bars more tightly.
 This increases friction between
concrete and steel and so
improves bond strength,
especially for plain bars
PREVENTION OF
SHRINKAGE
PREVENTION OF
SHRINKAGE
PROVIDE SHUN SHADES IN CASE OF SLAB
CONSTRUCTION TO CONTROL THE
SURFACE TEMPERATURE.
PREVENTION OF
SHRINKAGE

 Dampen the subgrade of

concrete before placement it is
liable to water absorption but
should not over damp.
PREVENTION
OF
SHRINKAGE
TRY TO START THE CURING
SOON AFTER FINISHING
USE CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
TO ACCELERATE THE SETTING
TIME OF CONCRETE.
CREEP
  Creep is time dependent deformations of concrete under
permanent loads (self weight), PT forces and permanent
displacement.
 When concrete is subjected to compressive loading it
CREEP deforms instantaneously. This immediate deformation is
called instantaneous strain. Now, if the load is maintained for
a considerable period of time, concrete undergoes additional
deformations even without any increase in the load. This
time-dependent strain is termed as creep.
 Concrete mix proportion

Aggregate properties

Age at loading
FACTORS
AFFECTING Curing conditions

CREEP
Cement properties

Temperature

Stress level
 The amount of paste content and its quality is one of the
most important factors influencing creep.

A poorer paste structure undergoes higher creep.

CONCRETE MIX Creep increases with increase in water/cement ratio.

PROPORTION
Creep is inversely proportional to the strength of
concrete.

All other factors which are affecting the water/cement

ratio are also affecting the creep.
 Aggregate undergoes very little creep.

It is really the paste which is responsible for the creep.

AGGREGATE Aggregates influence creep of concrete through a

PROPERTIES restraining effect on the magnitude of creep.

The higher the modulus of elasticity the less is the creep.

Light weight aggregate shows substantially higher creep

than normal weight aggregate.
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES

Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates

 Age at which a concrete member is loaded will have a
predominant effect on the magnitude of creep.

The quality of gel improves with time. Such gel creeps

less.
AGE AT LOADING
Whereas a young gel under load being not so
stronger creeps more.

The moisture content of the concrete being different

at different age also influences the magnitude of creep.
In view of the smallness of creep strains, the amount of water expelled
during creep from the micro pores into the macro pores (or vice
versa) must also be small, probably much less than 0.1 percent of the
volume of concrete (since typically creep strains do not exceed 0.001,
and even this is not due entirely to water but also to expelled solids).

CURING
CONDITION
Larger the curing smaller the creep
The type of cement effects creep in so far as it influence
the strength of the concrete at the time of application of
load.

Fineness of cement affects the strength development at CEMENT

early ages and thus influence creep.
PROPERTIES

The finer the cement the higher its gypsum requirement

so that re grinding of cement in laboratory without the
addition of gypsum produces an improperly retarded
cement, which exhibits high creep.
 The rate of creep increases with temperature up to about
700 C when, for a 1:7 mix and 0.6 w/c ratio.

It is approximately 3.5 times higher than at 210 C.

Between 700 C and 960 C it drops off to 1.7 times tan at

TEMPERATURE 210 C.

As far as low temperature is concerned, freezing produces a

higher initial rate of creep but it quickly drops to zero.

At temperature between 100C and 300C, Creep is about

one half of creep at 210C.
 There is a direct proportion between
creep and applied stress.

There is no lower limits of

STRESS LEVEL proportionality because concrete
undergoes creep even at very low stress.

Higher the stress higher will be the

creep.
EFFECTS OF CREEP
ON CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
EFFECTS OF CREEP ON
CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

 In reinforced concrete beams,

creep increases the deflection
with time and may be a critical
consideration in design.
EFFECTS OF
CREEP ON
CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
IN ECCENTRICALLY LOADED
COLUMNS, CREEP INCREASES
THE DEFLECTION AND CAN
LOAD TO BUCKLING.
EFFECTS OF CREEP ON
CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

 Creep property of concrete

will be useful in all concrete
structures to reduce the
internal stresses due to non-
uniform load or restrained
shrinkage.
EFFECTS OF CREEP ON
CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

 In mass concrete structures

such as dams, on account of
differential temperature
conditions at the interior and
surface, creep is harmful and by
itself may be a cause of
cracking in the interior of dams
CONCLUSIONS
 Accurate estimation
Proper counter
Good understanding of creep and
measures of long- Implement simple
of creep and shrinkage on
term creep and structural details.
shrinkage behaviors. structural concrete
shrinkage effects.
design.

IN ORDER TO AVOID THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF LONGTERM

CREEP AND SHRINKAGE
REINFORCING STEEL
REINFORCING STEEL

Plain Deformed
IDENTIFYING MARKS ON REINFORCING BARS
INTRODUCTION TO
LOADS
TYPES OF LOADS

DEAD LOAD LIVE LOAD ENVIRONMENTAL

LOADS
DEAD LOADS
DEAD LOADS
LIVE LOADS

TRAFFIC LOADS IMPACT LOADS LONGITUDINAL MISCELLANEOUS

FOR BRIDGES LOADS LOADS
ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS

SNOW AND ICE RAIN WIND SEISMIC LOADS