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DataStructures Complete Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on Data Structures and Algorithms, covering definitions, characteristics, and complexities of algorithms. It details various data structures, searching techniques, sorting algorithms, and hashing methods, including their time complexities and stability. Key topics include linear and non-linear data structures, different sorting and searching algorithms, and collision handling in hashing.

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Mridul Bansal
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2 views2 pages

DataStructures Complete Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on Data Structures and Algorithms, covering definitions, characteristics, and complexities of algorithms. It details various data structures, searching techniques, sorting algorithms, and hashing methods, including their time complexities and stability. Key topics include linear and non-linear data structures, different sorting and searching algorithms, and collision handling in hashing.

Uploaded by

Mridul Bansal
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Data Structures & Algorithms – Complete Notes

1. Introduction to Algorithms
Definition: An algorithm is a finite sequence of well-defined instructions to solve a problem.
Characteristics: Input, Output, Definiteness, Finiteness, Effectiveness.
Analysis: Measured by Space Complexity and Time Complexity.
Asymptotic Notations: O (upper bound), Ω (lower bound), Θ (tight bound).

2. Complexity of Algorithms
- Space Complexity = Fixed Part + Variable Part (recursion stack, dynamic variables).
- Time Complexity = Execution time measured in steps.
- Common Complexities: O(1), O(log n), O(n), O(n log n), O(n²).

3. Data Structures
Definition: A way of organizing data for efficient access and modification.
Abstract Data Type (ADT): Separates specification from implementation.
Types:
- Linear: Array, Linked List, Stack, Queue.
- Non-Linear: Tree, Graph.

4. Arrays
- Linear data structure storing same-type elements in contiguous memory.
- Operations: Traverse, Insert, Delete, Sort, Reverse.
- Associative Arrays: Key-value pairs (Python dict, C++ map, JS objects).
- Jagged Arrays: Array of arrays with different row lengths.

5. Searching Techniques
- Sequential Search: O(n), compares elements one by one.
- Sentinel Search: Variation of sequential, reduces comparisons.
- Binary Search: Works on sorted arrays, O(log n).
- Fibonacci Search: Uses Fibonacci numbers, O(log n).

6. Sorting
Need: Efficient searching, duplicate detection, data organization.
Types: Internal (Bubble, Insertion, Quick, Merge), External (K-way merge).
Stable Sort: Maintains relative order of equal keys.

Sorting Algorithms:
- Bubble Sort: O(n²), stable.
- Selection Sort: O(n²), not stable.
- Insertion Sort: O(n²), stable, good for small data.
- Quick Sort: Avg O(n log n), worst O(n²), not stable.
- Merge Sort: O(n log n), stable, requires extra space.

Comparison:
Bubble (O(n²), stable), Selection (O(n²), not stable), Insertion (O(n²), stable), Quick (O(n log n), not
stable), Merge (O(n log n), stable).

7. Hashing
- Provides O(1) average time for search, insert, delete.
- Types: Static Hashing, Dynamic Hashing.
- Hash Function: Maps key to address (Division, Mid-square, Folding, Digit analysis).
- Collision Handling:
• Open Addressing (Linear Probing).
• Chaining (linked list per bucket).
- Performance:
• Linear probing: Successful search ≈ (2 - α)/2α, where α = load factor.
• Chaining: Successful search = 1 + α/2.

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