MODULE 5: Electrical Installations Contents: Components of LT Switchgear: Switch Fuse

Unit (SFU), MCB, ELCB, MCCB, Types of Wires and Cables, Importance of earthling.
Types of Batteries, Important characteristics for Batteries. Elementary calculations for
energy consumption and savings, battery backup.

Switchgear is a broad term that describes a wide variety of switching devices that all fulfill a common need:
controlling, protecting, and isolating power systems.

• It is an apparatus used for switching, controlling and protecting the electrical circuits
• It includes a wide range of switching devices
• It also includes the combination of these devices with associated control, measuring protecting and regulating
equipment.
• The switchgear devices and assemblies are used in connection with Generation/Transmission /distribution /and
conversion of Electrical Energy

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 Low Tension /Low Voltage (LT/LV) Switchgear
The commonly used low voltage devices(Components)
include
 Air Circuit Breakers (ACBs),
 Oil Circuit Breakers (OCBs),
 Switch fuse units(SFUs)
 off-Load Isolators,
 High Rupturing Capacity Fuses (HRC Fuses),
 Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers (ELCB),
 Residual Current Protective Devices(RCCB),
 Miniature Circuit Breakers(MCBs),
 Molded Case Circuit Breakers(MCCBs)

All these accessories required to protect the LT system,

the most common use of this is in LV distribution
board

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 Switchgear Component Switchgear Component

Switch Fuse Units (SFUs) Miniature Circuit Breaker(MCBs)

 Switch fuse unit-It is a unit consist of one switch unit and a

fuse unit.
 When it operates, the contact will get closed through switch
and then supply will pass through the Fuse unit to output • More Sensitive than SFU
 Switch fuse unit is compact combination, generally metal • Protect against over–current & Short
enclosed of a switch and a fuse. Circuit faults
 It is very widely used for low and medium voltages. • Thermal Operation (Overload Protection)
 The ratings of switch fuse units are in the range of 30, is achieved with a bimetallic strip, which
60,100,200, 400, 600 and 800 amperes. deflect when heated by an over-current
 Switch fuse units are available as 3 pole and 4 pole units. flowing through it. In doing so, release
 They can safely break, depending upon ratings, currents of the the latch mechanism and cause the
order of 3 times the load current. contacts to open
 Switch fuse units can be installed on metal-clad switchgear.

[Link] KUMAR CHAUDHARY 3

 Switchgear Component
Miniature Circuit Breaker(MCBs)

• Inverse Time Characteristics result, i.e. greater the overload

or excessive current, shorter the time required to operate the
MCB.
• On short circuit the rising current energizes the solenoid,
operating plunger to strike the trip lever causing immediate
release of the latch mechanism
• Rapidity of the magnetic solenoid operation cause
instantaneous opening of contacts

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ELCB/RCCB:-
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
/Residual Current Circuit Breaker

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MCCB
Molded Case Circuit Breaker

Switchgear Component
Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)

• Molded case circuit breaker (MCCB) is used for higher

rating load current than for MCB
• Also employed for any current rating which need
adjustable trip setting ,as this feature is not available in
MCB and Plug-in CB
• Work on wide range of Voltage and frequency
• Large in size, both for low/high power applications

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 Difference between MCB and MCCB

[Link] MCB MCCB

1 It stands for Miniature Circuit Breaker. It stands for Molded Case Circuit Breaker.

2 Rated current not more than 125 Ampere. Rated Current up to 1600A

Their interrupting current ranges from

3 Its interrupting current rating is under 10KA
around 10KA -85KA

Judging from their power capacities, MCB is MCCB is mainly used for both low and high
4 mainly used for low Breaking capacity Breaking capacity requirements mainly
requirement mainly domestic. industrial.

Its trip characteristics are normally not Its trip current may be fixed as well as
5 adjustable since they basically cater to low adjustable for overload and magnetic
circuits. setting.
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 Difference between RCCB and ELCB

[Link] RCCB ELCB

RCCB refers to ear stands for Residual Current ELCB stands for Electric Leakage
1.
Circuit Breaker. Circuit Breaker.

It is a new name and refers to current operated ELCB refers to voltage operated earth
2.
devices. leakage device.

It ensures 100% detection of leakage current& It is not preferable as it can only detect
3 is available to sense the AC as well as DC current that flow back through the main
leakage current. earth wire.

ELCB is working based on Earth

RCCB has no connection with the earth wire leakage current. These devices
and that’s why it can trip when both currents measured the voltage on the earth
4
(phase and neutral) are different and it conductor; if this voltage was not zero
withstands up to both the currents are same. this indicated a current leakage to
earth.

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WIRES AND CABLES

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Wire:-A wire is a single usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical loads or
electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate.
Cables:- cable is a thick wire, or a group of wires inside a rubber or plastic covering, which is used to carry electricity or
electronic signals.
A set of wires covered with plastic, etc., for carrying electricity or signals

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Data Cables

Types of Cables
• Twisted Pair cable
• Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP)
cables
• Shielded Twisted
Pair(STP)cables
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optic cables
• Ribbon Electric Cables
• Underground feeder cable
• Multi Conductor cable

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 Importance of Earthing
• EE discharge directly to earth with the
help of low R wire is termed as earthing
• Resistance of Human body ranges 10k
(Dry)-1k (wet)
• Resistance of earth wire ideally less than
5
• Done by connecting non current carrying
part of system/Equipment/neutral to the
ground.
• Galvanized iron wire is used for earthing
• Provide path to leakage current
• Protect the system and equipment from
damage.
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Importance of Earthing:
An electrical equipment or appliance is said to be earthed, if its outer frame and its other parts not carrying any current are
connected to the earth so as to attain as nearly zero potential as possible. In practice, all equipment and machinery, as well as
electric poles, towers, neutral wires, etc., are earthed. The purpose of earthing is to ensure that all parts of the system other than
live parts are maintained at the earth potential at all times.
Objective of Earthing:
1. The main objective of earthling is to provide safety of operation.
2. Another objective of the earthing, though not widely used nowadays, is to save conducting material.
3. It also helps in protecting high-rise buildings from atmospheric lightening.

There are different types of earthing methods are used:

1. Strip or Wire Earthing.
2. Rod Earthing.
3. Pipe Earthing.
4. Plate Earthing.
Pipe and Plate Earthings are commonly used

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There are different types of earthing methods are used:
1. Strip or Wire Earthing.
2. Rod Earthing.
3. Pipe Earthing.
4. Plate Earthing.
Pipe and Plate Earthings are commonly used

[Link] KUMAR CHAUDHARY 14

There are different types of earthing methods are used:
1. Strip or Wire Earthing.
2. Rod Earthing.
3. Pipe Earthing.
4. Plate Earthing.
Pipe and Plate Earthings are commonly used

[Link] KUMAR CHAUDHARY 15

Methods of Earthing: Earthing should be done in a way so that on a short circuit, the earth loop impedance is low enough to pass 3 times the current
if fuses are used, and 1.5 times the current if MCBs are used. The metal work should be solidly earthed without using any switch or fuse in the circuit.
For effective earthing, the resistance offered by the earth electrode along with the soil in which electrode is embedded should be quite low.
Galvanised Iron (GI) or copper is used to make an earth electrode.
There are different types of earthing methods are used:
•Strip or Wire Earthing.
•Rod Earthing.
•Pipe Earthing.
•Plate Earthing.
Pipe and Plate Earthings are commonly used.
•Strip or Wire Earthing: In this system of earthing, strip electrodes of cross section not less than 25 mm X 1.6 MM if of copper and 25 mm X 4 mm if of
galvanized iron or steel are buried in horizontal trenches of minimum depth 0.5 metre. If round conductors are used, their cross-sectional area shall not
be smaller than 3.0 mm2 if of copper and 6 mm2 if of galvanized iron or steel. The length of buried conductor shall be sufficient to give the required
earth resistance. It shall, however, be not less than 1.5 metres.
This type of earthing is used at places which have rocky soil earth bed because at such places excavation work of plate earthing is difficult.
•Rod Earthing: In this type of earthing, 12.5 mm diameter solid rods of copper or 16 mm diameter solid rods of galvanized iron or steel or hollow
section 25 mm GI pipes of length not less than 2.5 metres are driven vertically into the earth either manually or by pneumatic hammer. In order to
increase the embedded length of electrodes under the ground, which is sometimes necessary to reduce the earth resistance to desired value, more
than one rod sections are hammered one above the other.
This system of earthing is suitable for areas which are sandy in character. This sytem of earthing is very cheap as no excavation work is involved.
•Pipe Earthing: In the given figure, a GI pipe with a few holes at its lower end is buried to a depth not less than 2 m and atleast 0.6 m away from the
foundation of any building. Normally, the size of pipe is either 2m long and 38 mm diameter or 1.37 m long and 51 mm diameter. However, for dry and
rocky soil, we use longer pipes. Alternate layers of common salt and charcoal have thickness of 30 mm and 80 mm, respectively.
To maintain good conductivity of the soil, an arrangement is made for pouring water into the earth pit surrounding the earth electrode. This is especially
needed during summer. As the pipe has much larger contact area with soil, it can handle larger leakage currents than the plate earthing of same
electrode size. The earth wire (made of copper) is tightly fastened to the earth electrode by means of nut and bolt.

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•Plate Earthing: This is another common system of earthing. In plate earthing an earthing plate either of copper of dimensions 60cm X
60cm X 3mm or of GI of dimensions 60cm X 60cm 6mm is buried into the ground with its face vertical at a depth of not less than 3
metres from ground level. The earth plate is embedded in alternate layers of coke and salt for a minimum thickness of 15cm.
•The earth wire (GI wire for GI plate earthing and copper wire for copper plate earthing) is securely bolted to an earth plate with the help
of a bolt, nut and washer made of material of that of earth plate. A small masonry brick wall enclosure with a cast iron cover on top or an
RCC pipe round the earth plate is provided to facilitate its identification and for carrying out periodical inspection and tests.
The copper plate and copper wire are usually not employed for grounding because of their higher cost.
Double Earthing: For providing better safety, it is advisable to provide two separate earth wires, from two separate earth electrodes,
connected to same metallic body of the equipment at two different points. This is known as double earthing. Double earthing is essential,
as per Indian Electricity Rule, for metallic bodies of large rating equipment such as transformer, motors etc. working at 400 V and above.
Advantages of Double Earthing:

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 Battery
A cell is known as a single unit device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy ,while a battery is a
group of different cells. A cell can be either of wet, dry, fuel or reserve type depending on the kind of electrolytes
used, while a battery is either rechargeable or non-rechargeable.

Battery
• It is a device consisting of one or more electromechanical cells with external connections for powering electrical
devices.
• When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is Anode and Negative terminal is Cathode.
• It converts Chemical Energy directly to Electric Energy
• Electrical Energy released is difference in the cohesive or bond energies of Metals, oxides or molecules
undergoing the Electrochemical reaction
• Electrical Symbol- ,BEV,HV,PHEV

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 Types of Batteries
• Primary/Single-use/Disposable batteries are used • Secondary/rechargeable battery can be
once and discarded, as the electrode materials are discharged/Recharged multiple times Using charging
irreversibly changed during discharge current I
• e.g. alkaline battery used for flashlights/electronic • Original composition of the electrodes can be restored
devices by reverse current
• Not chargeable • Lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-
• Zink-carbon Cells, Zink-Chloride (HD), ion for laptop/mobile phones/Ni-Cd battery
• Silver Oxide (Button Cell) (banned in EU),Nickel Zinc (New Alternative)
• Recharging is not advisable as it may blast battery • Dissipation of active material, loss of electrolyte,
internal corrosion

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 Important Characteristics of a Battery
1. Size
2. Capacity(A-h)
3. C-rate; charge or discharge rate()h-1)
4. Life Time-For Primary type(1)
5. -For secondary type(2)
6. Self Discharge
7. Storage
8. Memory Effect
9. Overcharging, Role of Charger
10. State of Charge (SoC)
11. Depth of Discharge
12. State of health (SoH)100% as per specifications

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 Battery Backup
A battery backup provides power to a system when the primary source of power is unavailable. Backup batteries range from
small single cells to retain clock time and date in computers, up to large battery room facilities that power uninterruptable
power supply system for large data centers. Small backup batteries may be primary cells; rechargeable backup batteries are
kept charged by prime power supply.

Need and Applications

 Aircraft Emergency Batteries
 Burglar alarms
 Computers
 Telephony
 Telecommunication Networks
 Data Centers
 Video Game cartridges
 Hospitals
 Power Stations

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 Energy Consumption Calculation

Q- A system (or a car )consume energy of 500 watts of power, if it works 2 hours a day, calculate the energy
consumption a day?
Answer
1 Energy Unit=kWh
=(500*2)/1000 =1
kWh=kilowatt hour=3.6MJ or 3600kJ

Q- A house hold has the following meter readings :12300(1 December 2016;13200(28 Feb 2017)) pervious
energy bill was:3960 kWh (from 10 November 2015 t0 05 Nov 2016.

Answer

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MODULE 5:
Electrical Installations Contents: Components of LT Switchgear: Switch Fuse Unit (SFU), MCB, ELCB, MCCB, Types of
Wires and Cables, Importance of earthling. Types of Batteries, Important characteristics for Batteries. Elementary
calculations for energy consumption and savings, battery backup.

[Link] KUMAR CHAUDHARY 25

MODULE 5:
Electrical Installations Contents: Components of LT Switchgear: Switch Fuse Unit (SFU), MCB, ELCB, MCCB, Types of
Wires and Cables, Importance of earthling. Types of Batteries, Important characteristics for Batteries. Elementary
calculations for energy consumption and savings, battery backup.

[Link] KUMAR CHAUDHARY 26

[Link] KUMAR CHAUDHARY 27
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