ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Principles of
Steel Design
Module 1
Physical and Structural
Properties of Steel

Course Description:
A professional course common to all
civil engineering students designed to
provide fundamental concepts,
principles, and theories in the structural
strength analysis and design of steel
elements in a structure.
ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM
 MODULE 1 Game before the start of
the class
Introduction and Properties of Assessment Tasks
Evidence to  Answer and submit the
Sections proceed Assignments online thru
Overview google classroom following
This module will cover different civil engineering the instruction given
structures for which the use of structural steel is  Take online QUIZ (but not
applicable. It will also discuss and recall the typical real time) and submit on
stress strain characteristics of steel in simple tension time and follow the given
and the evaluation of its mechanical properties. In instruction posted for every
this module also, the types of loads and stresses will quiz.
be recalled. Properties of areas of steel sections can  Answer and Submit
be calculated using Mohr’s circle. Plates/Problem Sets
Learning Outcomes:
IDENTIFY the properties of steel, understand their Introduction
behavior.
Definition
COMPUTE the different properties of areas including Steel Design, in other words specifically know as,
the moment of inertia using Mohr’s Circle. Structural Steel Design, is a place of structural
Learning Objectives engineering used for designing of metal systems
Student Upon completion of this module, (Steels). These systems consist of houses, schools,
Learning you will be able to: bridges, industrial centers, warehouses, tall
Objectives for  Define structural steel and buildings, stadiums and aircraft, ships. The design
this Module identify the different groups of and use of steel frames are generally employed
steel. inside the layout of steel. More superior structures
 Identify the properties of steel consist of metal plates and shells.
and the types of construction
that steel can be used. In structural engineering, a structure is a frame or
 Determine the properties of aggregate of portions of rigid bodies in space that
areas thru calculations and find shape a fitness system for supporting masses and
the maximum and minimum resisting moments. The outcomes of loads and
moment of inertia of a section moments on systems are decided thru structural
using Mohr’s Circle analysis. A metallic structure consists of structural
Learning Activities members which can be made of metallic, typically
Activities for  Attendance during with trendy cross-sectional profiles and
this module schedule thru feedbacks, requirements of chemical composition and
confirmation, and mechanical properties. The depth of metallic
acknowledgement to any beams used in the creation of bridges is commonly
activities and governed via the most moment, and the cross
announcement posted phase is then verified for shear power close to helps
online via messenger or and lateral torsional buckling (by using determining
Google classroom the distance between transverse contributors
 Participation during connecting adjacent beams). Steel column
discussion of topics thru contributors need to be validated as good enough
messenger or Google to prevent buckling after axial and moment
classroom requirements are met
 Study the examples given
for every topic and raise Structural steel is steel construction material which
questions and clarifications fabricated with a specific shape and chemical
during the class schedule composition to suit a project’s applicable
thru messenger of Google specifications. It also refers to a number of steels
Classroom. that are suitable for load carrying members in
 Participate in the QUIZ structures

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 1

 Three groups of hot-rolled structural steels
Depending on each project’s applicable 1. Carbon steels – Fy = 220 MPa to 290 MPa.
specifications, the steel sections might have various 2. High Strength low-alloy steels (HSLA) Fy=480
shapes, sizes and gauges made MPa to 840 MPa.
by hot or cold rolling, others are made 3. Quenched and tempered alloy steels
by welding together flat or bent plates. Common Fy=480 MPa to 690 MPa
shapes include the I-beam, HSS, Channels, Angles
and Plate. Properties of Steel
1. Yield Stress exhibits a well-defined increase
in strain (deformation) without an increase in
stress.
2. Tensile Strength is the largest unit stress that
the material achieves in a tension test.
3. Modulus of Elasticity is the slope of the initial
.
straight line portion of the stress-strain
Main structural types
diagram.
 Frame structures: Beams and columns 4. Ductility is the ability of the material to
 Grids structures: latticed structure or dome
undergo large inelastic deformation without
 Prestressed structures
fracture.
 Truss structures: Bar or truss members
5. Toughness is the ability of the material to
 Arch structure
absorb energy and is characterized by the
 Arch bridge
area under stress-strain curve.
 Beam bridge
6. Weldability is the ability of steel to be
 Cable-stayed bridge
welded without changing its basic
 Suspension bridge
mechanical properties
 Truss bridge: truss members
7. Poission’s Ratio is the ratio of the transverse
strain to longitudinal strain.
Typical stress-strain characteristics of steel
8. Shear modulus is the ratio of the shearing
Stress is defined as the force divided by the area
stress to shearing strain during the initial
over which it is applied. Strain is the change in
elastic behavior.
length divided by the initial length. Stress-strain
curves describe the elastic and inelastic properties
STEEL SECTIONS
of materials by showing how a material like steel
1. W-shapes
responds to applied force.
American wide flange I or H-shaped steel
beams are referred to as W shapes and are
When a ductile material like mild steel is subjected designated by the letter W followed by their
to tensile force, it undergoes different stages before nominal depth in millimeters or inches, with
failure. Stress strain curve is the graphical their mass in kg/m or lb/ft as the last
representation of these stages. Different material designation.
may have different curve. Usually ductile materials 2. S shapes
follow similar pattern so is for brittle materials. These shapes were formerly called I-beams
and American Standard beams. The
difference between W and S shapes are:
a. The flange width of the S-shape is
narrower than the W-shape
b. The inner force of the flange of
the S shape has a slope of about
16.7
3. M shapes (also called HP shapes)
These are doubly symmetrical shapes which
are not classified as W or S shapes. They are
symmetrical both x and y-axis
4. C shapes

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 2

 These are channel shapes formerly called
American standard Channels. The inner Types of Construction
face of the flange has the same slope as S- 1. Type 1 , commonly designation as rigid
shapes. frame (continuous frame), assumes that
5. MC shapes beam-column connections have sufficient
These were formerly called ship building or rigidity to hold virtually unchanged the
Miscellaneous Channels and are not original angles between intersecting
classified as C shapes. members.
6. L shapes 2. Type 2 , commonly designation as simple
These are either equal or unequal leg framing (unrestrained, free ended)assumes
angles. All angles have parallel flange that, insofar as gravity loading is concerned,
faces. ends of beams and girders are connected
7. Structural Tee or Split Tee for shear only and are free to rotate under
These are obtained by splitting W, S, or M gravity load.
shapes such that each split section has one 3. Type 3 , commonly designation semi-rigid
half the area of the original shape. framing (partially restrained) assumes that
connections of beams and girders possess a
dependable and known moment capacity
Structural Shapes intermediate in degree between the rigidity
Structural steels are available of many shapes. The of type 1 and the flexibility of type 2.
dimension and weight must be added to the
designation to uniquely identify the shape.
Loads and Stress
Structures are designed to resist many types of
loads including dead loads, live loads, wind loads
and earthquake loads
Dead Loads (DL). Consists of weight of steelwork
and all material permanently fastened or supported
by it. These are the weights of the structure itself
and superimposed loads that are permanently
joined in the structure. Examples of these loads are
weights from beams, columns, slabs, and materials
like floor tiles, hollow blocks and other materials
placed permanently in the structure. Dead loads
are sometimes called as gravity loads and directed
vertically downward.
Live Loads (LL). Stipulated by the applicable code
under which structure is being designed. These are
the weights of any object placed in the structure
temporarily or moving objects just like vehicles, or
natural forces.
Occupants (human and furniture) are best
examples of moving objects within buildings. Live
loads are added in
designing a
building so that a
building will serve
its purpose for
example, a
commercial
building, a school,
and a residential
building.

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 3

Wind Loads (WL). This can be computed by solving
for the vertical wind pressures based on the Properties of Areas
different zones of the Philippines. Natural loads 1. Centroid of an Area – is analogous to the
coming from the flow of wind-blocking by the center of gravity of a homogenous body.
structure that puts pressure on it. Velocity of wind is 2. Center of Gravity of Flat Plates
considered when computing wind load. Wind load 3. Moment of Inertia (Second Moment of
is a horizontal loading Area)
4. Transfer Formula for Moment of Inertia
Snow Loads (SL). Natural loads coming from the (Parallel Axis Theorem)
weight of snow carried by the roof are transmitted 5. Polar Moment of Inertia
to the structure. Velocity of wind is considered in 6. Radius of Gyration
computing wind load. Just like dead loads, snow 7. Moment of Inertia with Respect to an
loads are gravity load and directed vertically Inclined Axis
downward. But of course, we don’t consider snow 8. Product of Inertia
load here in the Philippines since we don’t have a
winter season. Instead of snow loads, rain loads are
considered sometimes. MOHR'S CIRCLE FOR MOMENT OF INERTIA

The following procedures apply to moments of

inertia using Mohr's circle:
1. On a set of rectangular coordinate axes
choose one axis on which to plot values of Ix
and ly and the other on which to plot I XY.
These axes area called principal axes.
2. With Ix, Iy, and Ixy known plot (Ix, Ixy) and (Iy
, -Ixy) with Ix and Iy along the horizontal and
lxy along the vertical.
3. Join the points plotted with a straight line.
This line is the diameter of the Mohr's circle
Earthquake Loads (EL). Natural loads coming from having its center on the principal axis
earthquakes and transmit its loads to the structure 4. The angle between any two radii on the
through the ground motion and the structure resist Mohr’s circle is double the actual angle
these loads laterally. Philippines is earthquake prone between the usual axes. The rotational
since our country is near at Pacific Ring of Fire so sense of this angle corresponds to the
usually mid- and high-rise buildings are analyzed rotational sense of the actual angle
through this type of load. An example of a building between the axes.
collapsed due to earthquake.

Other Loads. There are some types of loads

depending on the location or country of the
structure to be built like soil lateral loads, flood
loads, etc.

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 4

Illustrative Example

For the angular section

shown, determine the
following:
a. Location of the
centroid from
the X and Y
axes
b. The centroidal
moments of
inertia Igx and
Igy
c. The moments of intertia Ix and Iy
d. The products of inertia Ixy and (Ixy)G
e. The polar moment of Inertia JG and JO
f. The maximum and minimum moment of
inertia about the axes and its rotation
through O.
g. The moment of inertia about an axis through
O making and angle of 20˚ with the
horizontal.

Solution

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 5

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 6
 Assignment No.1
Solve the problem to recall what you have
understood. Write your answer in a short coupon
bond and take a picture of it and send it to our
platform under Assignment no.1

1. A certain area has the following properties. Ix =

40 x 106 mm4, Iy = 100 x 106 mm4, Ixy = 40 x 106
mm4. Area = 8000mm2
a. What is the maximum & minimum
moment of inertia
b. What is the maximum and minimum
radius of gyration
2. From the figure shown, determine the
a. centroid,
b. moment of inertia
with respect to its
centroidal axes
c. the centroidal polar
moment of inertia
d. the product
moment of inertia

LIST OF RESOURCES
Printed Sources
1. Association of Structural Engineers of the
Philippines. 2001. The National Structural
Code of the Philippines, 5th Edition.
Association of Structural Engineers of the
Philippines.
2. Association of Structural Engineers of the
Philippines. 2004. ASEP Steel Handbook
2004, 3nd Edition. Association of
Structural Engineers of the Philippines.
3. Besavilla, Venancio I., Simplified Steel
Design with Solutions to latest CE Board
Exams. Copyright 2007. VIB Publisher.
4. Gillesania, Diego Inocencio T.,
Fundamentals of Structural Steel Design
with Theory of Structures. Copyright
2006.

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 7