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Programming Fundamentals Midterm Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on programming fundamentals, covering topics from computer components and software types to the programming process and C++ specifics. It outlines the program life cycle, problem-solving methods, and the structure of a C++ program, including data types and operators. Additionally, it explains key concepts such as algorithms, flowcharts, and the C++ character set.

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11 views2 pages

Programming Fundamentals Midterm Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on programming fundamentals, covering topics from computer components and software types to the programming process and C++ specifics. It outlines the program life cycle, problem-solving methods, and the structure of a C++ program, including data types and operators. Additionally, it explains key concepts such as algorithms, flowcharts, and the C++ character set.

Uploaded by

ahad40370
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

■ PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS — MIDTERM COMPLETE NOTES

■ WEEK 1 — INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction to Computer Computer: an electronic device that takes input, processes it,
and gives output. Main Components: 1. Input Unit: keyboard, mouse 2. Output Unit:
monitor, printer 3. Memory Unit: RAM, ROM 4. CPU: performs all processing

Computer Software: - System Software – Operating systems, compilers, interpreters. -


Application Software – Word, Excel, games.

Types of Computer Languages: Machine Language - Binary (0,1) - Directly understood by


computer Assembly Language - MOV A, B - Uses mnemonics High Level Language -
C++, Java, Python - Easy for humans to read

2. Introduction to Programming Programming: the process of writing instructions for the


computer to perform tasks.

Program Life Cycle: 1. Problem Definition 2. Design (Algorithm/Flowchart) 3. Coding 4.


Testing 5. Execution

Steps to create a C++ program: 1. Write code (.cpp) 2. Compile (check errors) 3. Link
(connect libraries) 4. Execute (run the program)

■ WEEK 2 — PROBLEM SOLVING

3. Problem Solving Process Software Development Method: 1. Problem Definition 2.


Analysis: identify inputs, process, and outputs 3. Algorithm Design 4. Flowchart 5. Coding
6. Testing & Debugging 7. Documentation

4. Algorithm & Flowchart Algorithm: step-by-step method to solve a problem. Example:


Add two numbers 1. Start 2. Input a, b 3. sum = a + b 4. Display sum 5. End

Flowchart Symbols: Start / End, Process (calculation), Decision (if, condition), Input /
Output

■ WEEK 3 — GETTING STARTED WITH C++

5. Structure of a C++ Program #include using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hello
World"; return 0; }

Parts of a C++ Program: Preprocessor directive, Main function, Statements, Semicolon (;)

6. The C++ Character Set Letters: A–Z, a–z Digits: 0–9 Symbols: +, -, *, /, =, {, }, (, ), ;
White spaces: space, tab, newline

7. Constants, Variables, and Keywords Keywords: reserved words (cannot be used as


names) Identifiers: names given to variables and functions Constants: fixed values that
never change Variables: data that can change during program

■ WEEK 4 — DATA TYPES AND INPUT/OUTPUT

8. Data Types int, float, double, char, bool Type Casting: converting one type to another

9. Standard Input/Output #include using namespace std; int main() { int num; cout <<
"Enter a number: "; cin >> num; cout << "You entered: " << num; }
■ WEEK 5 — OPERATORS

10. Operators in C++ Arithmetic: + - * / % Relational: < > <= >= == != Logical: && || !
Assignment: = += -= *= /= Increment/Decrement: ++ --

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