I.

Fears (Short-answer questions/Summary

completion)
A. Over the years, most people acquire a repertoire of skills for coping
with a range of frightening situations. Scientists are addressing this
problem by identifying specific brain processes that regulate fear and its
associated behaviors. Despite the availability of noninvasive imaging
techniques, such information is still extremely difficult to obtain in
humans. Hence, they have turned the attention to another primate, the
rhesus monkey. These animals undergo many of the same physiological
and psychological developmental stages that humans do, but in a more
compressed time [Link] they gained more insight into the nature and
operation of neural circuits that modulate fear in monkeys, it should be
possible to pinpoint the brain processes that cause inordinate anxiety in
people and to devise new therapies to counteract it.

B. For 20 years, Ned Kalin, a psychiatrist at the University of Wisconsin-

Madison, has studied fear in people and monkeys. He explained that
monkeys have a palette of fearful, or defensive, behaviors that are
controlled by different brain mechanisms. Each winter, Kalin and
colleagues Steven Shelton and John Berard study a free-living colony of
primates called Rhesus macaques on a 38-acre islet called Cayo Santiago
off the coast of Puerto Rico. Over the years, they noticed that the
monkeys responded differently to different threats.

C. Working in a lab back in Madison, Kalin and Shelton put young

macaques through three tests, and saw three adaptive fearful responses:
when left alone for 10 minutes, most of the monkeys started cooing to
attract their mother’s attention. Being separated from mother terrifies
infant primates, so this is a smart, adaptive reaction. When a human
intruder entered the room and looked away from the monkey, most of the
animals skulked toward the back of their cage and froze. Such freezing
minimizes the chance of being detected and gives the animal time to
figure out what to [Link] a person stared expressionless at the monkey,
the animal started a kind of “defensive aggression” reaction, with deep
barking, bared teeth, and rattling the cage. Staring, Kalin notes, can be
very threatening, since it can signify that a predator has located you or
that another member of your species is trying to dominate you.

D. So far, so good. But why did some monkeys freeze for a few seconds,
and others for minutes at a time? Why did 5 percent of the preadolescent
monkeys freeze when they were stared at, while 95 percent got
aggressive?To further define these types of fearful behavior, Kalin gave
small amounts of drugs to the monkeys. He found that opiates inhibited
the cooing for the mother, which made sense since opiates made
naturally by the body are known to affect attachment behavior, but not
the aggressive barking. Anti-anxiety drugs like diazepam, or valium, had
little or no affect on cooing, but it did decrease barking and freezing.

E. What does all this mean for people plagued by fear and anxiety
disorders? For one thing, that fearful responses combine several
elements; fear is not one single [Link] another, the problem is not
simply having too much emotion, Kalin says, but of having the wrong one,
or being unable to hit the “off” switch. “People in the past have
conceptualized problems of emotions as being overly intense responses.
But we find animals that are unable to turn off a specific reaction, or
which express the wrong reaction”.

F. Based on earlier observations in humans, the scientists knew that

humans carry two versions of the gene, long and short. Some people have
two long versions (L/L), but the people with one of each (S/L) are known to
experience a higher incidence of social anxiety and other behaviors.
Scientists from Duke University Medical Center conducted three
experiments with male monkeys that had been genotyped for the S/L or
L/L variants to learn how genetic variation might influence their responses
to social rewards and punishments. They found that monkeys with one
copy of the short gene spent less time gazing at images of the face and
eyes of other monkeys, were less likely to engage in risk-taking behavior,
and less likely to want to view a picture of a high-status male.“For both
human and non-human primates, faces and eyes are rich source of social
information, and it’s well established that humans tend to direct visual
attention to faces, especially the eye region”, Platt said. “Rhesus monkeys
live in highly despotic societies, and convey social rank information by
making threats and showing dominant and submissive behaviors”.

G. In a second experiment, the S/L monkeys were less willing to take risks
after they were primed with the faces of high-status males. They more
often chose a “safe” option of a fixed volume of juice, rather than the
chance for a greater or lesser amount, the “risky” choice. Previous studies
have found that inducing fear in human subjects makes them more risk-
averse.

H. The final experiment was a pay-per-view set-up. The monkeys could

have a juice reward paired with an image. The images were of high-status
male faces, low-status male faces, or a gray square. The L/L monkeys
actually had to be paid juice to view the dominant males, while the S/L
monkeys gave up juice for a look at these faces.

I. Altogether, data showed that genetic variation does contribute to social

reward and punishment in macaques, and thus shapes social behavior in
both humans and rhesus [Link] study confirms rhesus monkeys
can serve as a model of what goes on in our brains, even in the case of
social behavior.
Questions 6 - 9:
6-9 Choose words from the passage to answer the questions 6-9. Write
NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

 What do humans and animals differ while they share the similar
physiological and psychological developmental stages? 6
…………………………..
 What reaction did the monkey start with when they were gazed at
expressionless? 7 …………………………..
 How many preadolescent monkeys became aggressive when they
were facing domination from another member of their own
species? 8 …………………………..
 According to the passage, what determines social behavior in both
humans and monkeys? 9 …………………………..

Questions 10 - 14:
10-14 Complete the summary of the Great Eastern. Choose NO MORE
THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
In order to understand the brain processes that cause 10
…………………………. in people, and how genetic variation might
influence social behavior, scientists first conducted three experiments to
gain more insight into fear in monkeys. For both human and
monkeys, 11 ………………………….. can convey social information. It was
found that monkeys with one copy of the short gene were less likely to
look at the face of a 12 ………………………….. and to take a risk. The
monkey without a 13 ………………………….. would sight on dominant
males if they were rewarded, while
the 14 ………………………….. monkeys waived the reward.

II. Water Filter (Flow-chart completion)

A. An ingenious invention is set to bring clean water to the third world,
and while the science may be cutting edge, the materials are extremely
down to earth. A handful of clay yesterday’s coffee grounds and some cow
manures are the ingredients that could bring clean, safe drinking water to
much of the third world.

B. The simple new technology, developed by ANU materials scientist Mr.

Tony Flynn, allows water filters to be made from commonly available
materials and fired on the ground using cow manure as the source of
heat, without the need for a kiln. The filters have been tested and shown
to remove common pathogens (disease-producing organisms) including E-
coli. Unlike other water filtering devices, the filters are simple and
inexpensive to make. “They are very simple to explain and demonstrate
and can be made by anyone, anywhere,” says Mr. Flynn. “They don’t
require any western technology. All you need is terracotta clay, a
compliant cow and a match.”

C. The production of the filters is extremely simple. Take a handful of dry,

crushed clay, mix it with a handful of organic material, such as used tea
leaves, coffee grounds or rice hulls, add enough water to make a stiff
biscuit-like mixture and form a cylindrical pot that has one end closed,
then dry it in the sun. According to Mr. Flynn, used coffee grounds have
given the best results to date. Next, surround the pots with straw; put
them in a mound of cow manure, light the straw and then top up the
burning manure as required. In less than 60 minutes the filters are
finished. The walls of the finished pot should be about as thick as an
adult’s index. The properties of cow manure are vital as the fuel can reach
a temperature of 700 degrees in half an hour and will be up to 950
degrees after another 20 to 30 minutes. The manure makes a good fuel
because it is very high in organic material that burns readily and quickly;
the manure has to be dry and is best used exactly as found in the field,
there is no need to break it up or process it any further.

Questions 1 - 6:
1-6 Complete the flow chart, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
AND/OR A NUMBER from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write
your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

Guide to Making Water Filters

Step one: combination of 1 and organic material, with sufficient 2 to
create a thick mixture
↓

sun dried
Step two: pack 3 around the cylinders
Place them in 4 which is as burning fuel
↓

for firing (maximum temperature: 5 )

filter being baked in under 6
III. To catch a king (Summary completion with
word box)
Anna Keay reviews Charles Spencer’s book about the hunt for King
Charles II during the English Civil War of the seventeenth century

Charles Spencer’s latest book, To Catch a King, tells us the story of the
hunt for King Charles II in the six weeks after his resounding defeat at the
Battle of Worcester in September 1651. And what a story it is. After his
father was executed by the Parliamentarians in 1649, the young Charles II
sacrificed one of the very principles his father had died for and did a deal
with Scots, thereby accepting Presbyterianism* as the national religion in
return for being crowned King of Scots. His arrival in Edinburgh prompted
the English Parliamentary army to invade Scotland in a pre-emptive strike.
This was followed by a Scottish invasion of England. The two sides finally
faced one another at Worcester in the west of England in [Link] being
comprehensively defeated on the meadows outside the city by the
Parliamentarian army, the 21-year-old king found himself the subject of a
national manhunt, with a huge sum offered for his capture, through a
series of heart-poundingly close escapes, to evade the Parliamentarians
before seeking refuge in France. For the next nine years, the penniless
and defeated Charles wandered around Europe with only a small group of
loyal supporters.

Years later, after his restoration as king, the 50-year-old Charles II

requested a meeting with the writer and diarist Samuel Pepys. His
intention when asking Pepys to commit his story to paper was to ensure
that this most extraordinary episode was never forgotten. Over two three-
hour sittings, the king related to him in great detail his personal
recollections of the six weeks he had spent as a fugitive. As the king and
secretary settled down (a scene that is surely a gift for a future
scriptwriter), Charles commenced his story: ‘After the battle was so
absolutely lost as to be beyond hope of recovery, I began to think of the
best way of saving myself.’

One of the joys of Spencer’s book, a result not least of its use of Charles
II’s own narrative as well as those of his supporters, is just how close the
reader gets to the action. The day-by-day retelling of the fugitives’ doings
provides delicious details: the cutting of the king’s long hair with
agricultural shears, the use of walnut leaves to dye his pale skin, and the
day Charles spent lying on a branch of the great oak tree in Boscobel
Wood as the Parliamentary soldiers scoured the forest floor below.
Spencer draws out both the humour – such as the preposterous refusal of
Charles’s friend Henry Wilmot to adopt disguise on the grounds that it was
beneath his dignity – and the emotional tension when the secret of the
king’s presence was cautiously revealed to his supporters.
Questions 1 - 5:
1-5 Complete the summary using the list of phrases, A-J, below. Write the
correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

A military innovation B large reward

C widespread conspiracy D relative safety

E new government F decisive victory

G political debate H strategic alliance

I popular solution J religious conviction

The story behind the hunt for Charles II

Charles II’s father was executed by the Parliamentarian forces in 1649.
Charles II then formed a 1 …………………… with the Scots, and in order to
become King of Scots, he abandoned an important 2 ……………………
that was held by his father and had contributed to his father’s death. The
opposing sides then met outside Worcester in 1651. The battle led to
a 3 …………………… for the Parliamentarians and Charles had to flee for
his life. A 4 …………………… was offered for Charles’s capture, but after
six weeks spent in hiding, he eventually managed to reach
the 5 …………………… of continental Europe.

IV. The Falkirk Wheel (diagram labeling)

Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at the level of the
Forth & Clyde Canal and then enter the lower gondola of the Wheel. Two
hydraulic steel gates are raised, so as to seal the gondola off from the
water in the canal [Link] water between the gates is then pumped
out. A hydraulic clamp, which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving
while the gondola is docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel to [Link] the
central machine room an array of ten hydraulic motors then begins to
rotate the central [Link] axle connects to the outer arms of the Wheel,
which begin to rotate at a speed of 1/8 of a revolution per minute. As the
wheel rotates, the gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple
gearing system. Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the
same width, connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the opposite
direction to the outer cogs - so ensuring that the gondolas always remain
[Link] the gondola reaches the top, the boat passes straight onto the
aqueduct situated 24 metres above the canal basin.

The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is

achieved by means of a pair of [Link] Wheel could not be constructed
to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals,
owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall,which
was built by the Romans in the second century [Link] travel under this
wall via a tunnel, then through the locks, and finally on to the Union
Canal.

Questions 7 - 13:
7-13 Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
 A pair of 7 ……………….. are lifted in order to shut out water from
canal basin.
 A 8 ……………….. is taken out, enabling Wheel to rotate.
 Hydraulic motors drive 9 ………………..
 A range of different-sized 10 ……………….. ensures boat keeps
upright.
 Boat reaches top Wheel, then move directly onto 11 ………………..
 Boat travels through tunnel beneath Roman 12 ………………..
 13 ……………….. raise boat 11m to level of Union Canal.