ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Mobile Computing
Chapter 2
Introduction to Data communications
Mobile Computing through Telephony
Evolution of Telephony
1876 – First telephone system by Alexander Graham Bell.
1892 – Stronger switch installed as first automatic telephone
exchange.
1960 – Electronic Switching System (ESS) developed by AT&T
1962 – Carrier system went digital
1960’s and 1970’s – Stored program telephone exchanges.
1980’s –Wireless telephony emerged.
1990’s – Mobile telephony flourished commercially across the
world.
Public Switched Telephone Network
Three categories of nodes – local exchanges, transit
exchanges, and international exchanges.
Local exchanges are used for subscriber connection.
Transit exchanges switch traffic within and between
different geographical areas.
International exchanges switch traffic to telecommunication
networks in foreign countries and other distant networks.
Last mile – a physical wire (also known as local loop) that
is laid from local exchange to the device at subscriber
premises.
Last mile is absent in case of GSM or Will network.
Multiple Access Procedures
multiplexing is a method by which multiple analog or digital signals
are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to
share a scarce resource.
Multiple Access Procedures
We need to control simultaneous access of radio channel in
order to avoid collisions.
In a connection oriented communication, collisions are
undesirable.
For effective utilization, channel has to be utilized
intelligently by the use of multiplexing.
Four major types of multiple access procedures are
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA),
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA),
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA).
Multiple Access Procedures
Frequency Division Multiple Access
The available frequency band is divided into channels of equal
bandwidth so that each communication is carried on a different
frequency.
FDMA was used in all the first generation analog mobile networks
like TACS(Total Access Communication system) in UK and
AMPS(Advanced Mobile Phone System) in USA.
Multiple Access Procedures
Time Division Multiple Access
It needs precise synchronization between
transmitter and receiver.
The whole frequency bandwidth is subdivided into
sub – bands using FDMA techniques. TDMA is then
used in each of these sub – bands to offer multiple
access.
TDMA is more expensive than FDMA.
GSM uses TDMA.
Time Division Multiple Access
Time Division Multiple Access
Fixed TDMA
Here connection between time slots in each frame and data
streams assign to a user remain static and switched only when
large variations in traffic are required.
In Variant of TDMA the slot size is fixed at T/N Where T is
time in Seconds , N Is no. of Users.
In assign slot ,if station does not transmit band width wasted.
Time Division Multiple Access
Dynamic TDMA
Here Dynamic Reservation TDMA ,a scheduling algorithm is
used to dynamically reserve a variable number of time slots
in each frame to variable bit rate data streams.
Packet Reservation multiple access
It is packet based TDMA where the users contended for the
time slots.
A user can reserve a time slot in advance for future use and
optimize the band width in radio transmission.
Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA uses spread spectrum technique where each
subscriber uses the whole system bandwidth.
In CDMA, all subscribers in a cell use the same frequency
band simultaneously.
To separate the signals in CDMA, each subscriber is
assigned an orthogonal code called chip.
CDMA is a broadband system.
Space Division Multiple Access
SDMA is a technique where we use different part of the space
for multiplexing.
SDMA is used in radio transmission and is more useful in
satellite communications to optimize the use of radio spectrum
by using directional properties of antennas.
In SDMA, antennas are highly bidirectional while allowing
duplicate frequencies to be used at the same time for multiple
surface zones on Earth.
SDMA requires careful choice of zones for each transmitter
and also requires precise antenna alignment.
Satellite Communication Systems
Every communications satellite involves the transmission
of information from an originating ground station to the
satellite followed by a transmission of the information
from the satellite back to the ground called the uplink and
the downlink respectively.
Hence, the satellite must have a receiver with receive
antennas, and a transmitter with transmit antennas.
Satellite Communication Systems
It must also have some methods for connecting the uplink to
the downlink for retransmission with amplification;
Also, it must have electrical power through solar energy to
run all of the electronics.
The downlink may either be to a select number of ground
stations or may be broadcast to everyone over a large area.
Satellite Communication Systems
Satellite Communication Systems
A properly designed satellite antenna will concentrate
most of the transmitter power within a designated area
using space division multiplexing.
One of the biggest differences between a low earth
satellite and a geosynchronous satellite is in their
antennas.
All antennas in use today radiate energy preferentially in
some direction.
Satellite Communication Systems
The most important application for communication
satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony.
The fixed Public Switched Telephone Network relays
telephone calls from land line telephones to an earth
station, where they are then transmitted to a geostationary
satellite.
The downlink follows an analogous path.
Satellite Phones
Initially satellite communication was being used for broadcast
to stationary TV receivers, and transmission of telephone
channels.
However, demand on mobile phone made some companies to
look into satellite phones that will connect a subscriber directly
through the communication satellite,
where the satellite will function as the transceiver station
connecting the mobile phone
Satellite Phone Companies
Iridium
It comprises group of satellites working in concert as
satellite constellation.
Iridium constellation is used to provide voice and
data communication to satellite phones ,pagers and
integrated transceivers over the entire surface of the
earth.
Iridium satellites are in low earth orbit at a height of
approximately 780 kms.
Satellite Phone Companies
Globalstar
It is another mobile satellite voice and data service provider
offering services to subscribers around the world.
It uses 52 LEO satellites -48 satellite for communication with
four satellite as spare.
Globalstar ‘s products includes mobile and fixed satellite
telephones,simplex and duplex satellite data modems and
satellite airtime packers.
Satellite Phone Companies
Thuraya
It is another company that mainly services in Asia
and Africa.
It uses Geostationary satellites.
In all practical purpose ,it is a GSM cellular telephone
network with a satellite BTS(Base transceiver system).
All Thuraya phones use the same GSM SIM cards
and can roam in any terrestrial GSM network around
the world.
Mobile Computing through Telephone
term
Computer Telephony Interface (CTI) – accessing
applications through voice interface
Intelligent Networks (IN) – solving problem of
multiple and geographically bounded numbers
CTI achieved through Interactive Voice Response
Service (IVRS)
IVRS – known as Voice Response Unit in USA
Audiotex systems – systems based on IVRS and
VRU
Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) – extensively
used in IVRS
Emerging Technologies
WIFI
WIFI Technology -WIFI is an alternative network to wired
network which is commonly used for connecting devices in
wireless mode
WIFI is stand for Wireless Fidelity is generic term that refers to
IEEE802.11 standard for Wireless Local Networks or WLANs.
WIFI connects computers to each other, to the internet and to
the wired network.
WIFI uses radio technology to transmit and receive data at high
speed.
Standards are IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11g
WIFI
Elements of WIFI network
Access Point (AP) - The AP is a wireless LAN
transceiver or “base station” that can connect one or
many wireless devices simultaneously to the
Internet.
Wi-Fi cards - They accept the wireless signal and
relay information. They can be internal and external.
Introduction to WIFI
Safeguards - Firewalls and anti-virus software protect
networks from uninvited users and keep information
secure.
WIFI Topologies
Peer-to-peer topology (Ad-hoc Mode)
AP-based topology (Infrastructure Mode)
Peer-to-peer Topology
AP is not required.
Client devices within a cell can communicate with each
other directly.
It is useful for setting up a wireless network quickly and
easily.
Introduction to WIFI
Infrastructure network
The client communicate through Access Point.
Any communication has to go through AP.
If a Mobile Station (MS), like a computer, a
PDA, or a phone, wants to communicate with
another MS, it needs to send the information
to AP first, then AP sends it to the destination
MS.
Introduction to WIFI
Hotspots
A Hotspot is a geographical area that has a readily
accessible wireless network
Hotspots are equipped with Broad band Internet
connection and one or more Access points that
allow users to access the internet wirelessly
Hotspots can be setup in any public location that
can support an Internet connection.
Introduction to WIFI
Advantages
Mobility
Ease of Installation
Flexibility
Cost
Reliability
Security
Use unlicensed part of the radio spectrum
Roaming
Speed
Introduction to WIFI
Limitations
Interference
Degradation in performance
High power consumption
Limited range
Wi-Fi is a simple and cost effective way to
connect to internet without the need of
wires.
It is growing in popularity because of
decreasing costs and the freedom it gives to
users.
Introduction to WiMAX
WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access
WiMAX refers to broadband wireless networks
that are based on the IEEE 802.16 standard.
It ensures compatibility and interoperability
between broadband wireless access equipment
WiMAX, which will have a range of up to 31 miles,
is primarily aimed at making broadband network
access.
Widely available without the expense of stringing
wires (as in cable-access broadband) or the
distance limitations of Digital Subscriber Line.
Introduction to WiMAX
There are three possible ways to access
internet.
Broadband access
Uses DSL or cable modem at home and T1 or T3
line at office
WIFI
Uses WIFI routers at home and hotspots on the
road
Dial Up Connection
Introduction to WiMAX
Broadband access is too expensive and WiFi
coverage is very sparse.
The new technology promises
High speed of broadband service
Wireless rather than wired access
Broad Coverage
Introduction to WiMAX
A WIMAX system consists of
A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a
cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower
can provide coverage to a very large area
as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000
square km).
A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and
antenna could be a small box or Personal
Computer Memory card, or they could be
built into a laptop the way WiFi access is
today
Introduction to WiMAX
HOW WIMAX works?