CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER NOTES

11.1 Concept of Communication

What is Data Communication?

• Data Communication = Data + Communication.
• Data can be:

– Text

– Image

– Audio

– Video

– Multimedia

• Communication refers to the act of sending or receiving this data.

• Therefore, Data Communication means the exchange of data between two or more devices that
are connected via a network.

Requirements for Data Communication

• Devices must be:

– Networked/Connected
– Capable of sending and receiving data

• Data is transferred over a communication medium (wired or wireless).

Examples of Devices
• Personal computers
• Laptops
• Mobile phones
• Printers
• Servers
• Switches
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11.2 : Components of Data Communication

Any successful data communication involves the following five essential components:

1. Sender
• Device that sends data.
• Can be: Computer, mobile phone, smartwatch, walkie-talkie, video camera, etc.

2. Receiver
• Device that receives data.
• Can be: Printer, laptop, mobile phone, TV, etc.
• Both sender and receiver are also called nodes in a network.

3. Message
• The data or information being exchanged.
• Can be in the form of:

– Text
– Numbers
– Images
– Audio
– Video
– Multimedia

4. Communication Medium
• The path through which the message travels.
• Also known as transmission media.
• Can be:

– Wired: Ethernet cable, TV cable, telephone cable

– Wireless: Satellite, microwaves, etc.

5. Protocol
• A set of rules followed during communication.
• Ensures successful and reliable data transmission.
• Examples: Ethernet, HTTP
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11.3 : Measuring Capacity of Communication Media

In data communication, the transmission medium (also called a channel) has a capacity, which deter-
mines how much data it can carry.
This capacity is measured using two important concepts:

11.3.1 Bandwidth
• Definition: Bandwidth is the range of frequencies available for data transmission through a chan-
nel.
• It is the difference between the maximum and minimum frequencies that a channel can carry.
• Higher bandwidth = higher data transfer rate
• Unit of measurement: Hertz (Hz)

Conversion Units:
• 1 Kilohertz (KHz) = 1,000 Hz

• 1 Megahertz (MHz) = 1,000 KHz = 1,000,000 Hz

11.3.2 Data Transfer Rate

• Definition: Data Transfer Rate (also called bit rate) is the number of bits transmitted per second
between the source and destination.
• Measured in: Bits per second (bps)

Common Units:

Unit Value

1 Kbps 2¹0 bps = 1,024 bps

1 Mbps 2²0 bps = 1,024 Kbps
1 Gbps 2³0 bps = 1,024 Mbps
1 Tbps 240 bps = 1,024 Gbps
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NOTE: - MBps (Megabytes per second) ≠ Mbps (Megabits per second)

- 1 Byte = 8 bits
- MBps is 8 times larger than Mbps.

Example 11.1 Q: A user uploads 10 pages in 20 seconds.

Each page has 1600 characters, and each character = 8 bits.
What is the required data rate?
Solution:
- Total bits = 10 × 1600 × 8 = 128,000 bits
- Time = 20 seconds
- Data rate = 128,000 / 20 = 6,400 bps

11.4 : Types of Data Communication

Data is exchanged as signals between two or more devices/nodes over communication channels. De-
pending on the direction of data flow, communication can be of three types:

11.4.1 Simplex Communication

• One-way (Unidirectional) communication.
• Only the sender transmits; the receiver only receives.
• The channel is fully used by the sender only.

Analogy:
• Like a one-way street — vehicles (data) can move in only one direction.

Examples:
• Keyboard to computer
• Speaker output
• IoT remote control of home appliances (e.g. turning on AC from office)

11.4.2 Half-Duplex Communication

• Two-way (Bidirectional) communication — but not at the same time.
• Both devices can send and receive data, but one at a time.
• The direction alternates — like a narrow one-way bridge used by vehicles from both sides one
at a time.
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

Examples:
• Walkie-talkie: Press-to-talk — while one speaks, others listen.

11.4.3 Full-Duplex Communication

• Two-way (Bidirectional) communication where both devices can send and receive simultane-
ously.
• Channel capacity is shared or duplicated.

How It Works:
• Either:
– Two separate channels: One for sending, one for receiving
OR
– One channel split to handle both directions at the same time

Examples:
• Mobile phones
• Landline telephones
• Online video conferencing

Analogy:
• Like a two-lane road — traffic moves in both directions at the same time.

11.5 : Switching Techniques

When multiple devices exist in a network, we need a way to establish communication between sender
and receiver efficiently. Instead of creating permanent links (which are expensive in large networks),
switching techniques are used.
Switching involves temporarily routing data through various network nodes to reach the destination.
There are two major types:

11.5.1 Circuit Switching

• A dedicated path is created before communication starts.
• The entire communication session uses this same path.
• Once the call or data transfer ends, the path is released.
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Real-life Example:

• Old landline phone systems

When you make a call, a physical path is set from your phone to the receiver’s phone.

Features:
• Reliable
• All data follows the same path
• Useful for real-time communication

Limitation:
• Path is reserved, even if no data is being transferred — wastes resources

11.5.2 Packet Switching

• Data/message is divided into small packets.
• Each packet may take different routes to the destination.
• At the destination, packets are reassembled in the correct order.

Packet Structure:
• Header: Contains destination address and other control information
• Payload: The actual data/message

Features:
• Efficient — channel used only during transmission
• Flexible — can reroute packets if a path is busy
• Suitable for data-heavy applications like the Internet

Examples:

• Internet
• Email
• Streaming services

Comparison: Circuit vs Packet Switching

CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

Feature Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Path Setup Before communication Not required

Data Path Fixed Variable
Resource Usage Reserved throughout session Shared, released after use
Delay Low after setup Can vary per packet
Suitability Voice calls Data communication (Internet, VoIP)

11.6 : Transmission Media

What is a Transmission Medium? A transmission medium is anything that can carry signals or
data from a sender (source) to a receiver (destination).
Examples:
- Wires, cables (in case of fans, bulbs, etc.)
- Air (when two people talk or devices communicate wirelessly)

Types of Transmission Media Transmission media are broadly classified into:

1. Guided (Wired) Media

2. Unguided (Wireless) Media

11.6.1 Wired (Guided) Transmission Media

In guided media, data travels through a physical path like wires or cables.

(A) Twisted Pair Cable

• Made of two insulated copper wires twisted together like a DNA helix.
• Often bundled into larger cables with many such pairs.
• Twisting reduces electrical interference from nearby cables.
• Used in telephones and LANs.

Types:
• UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
• STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) — has extra shielding for noise protection
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(B) Coaxial Cable

• Has a central copper conductor surrounded by:

– Insulating material
– Outer conductor (copper mesh) for shielding
– Plastic covering

• More bandwidth and better shielding than twisted pair

• Used in:

– Cable TV
– High-frequency signals over longer distances

(C) Optical Fiber Cable

• Transmits data using light signals.
• Structure:

– Core: Thin glass strand that carries light

– Cladding: Less dense glass to reflect light
– Outer jacket: PVC or Teflon

• Uses refraction to guide light through the fiber

Advantages:
• High bandwidth
• Long-distance transmission
• Immune to electromagnetic interference

Disadvantages:

• Expensive
• Unidirectional (requires two cables for full-duplex communication)

11.6.2 Wireless (Unguided) Transmission Media

Here, data is transmitted using electromagnetic waves through the air via antennas.
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Frequency Range:
• 3 KHz to 900 THz

• Divided into:

– Radio Waves
– Microwaves
– Infrared Waves
– Light Waves (Visible spectrum)

Electromagnetic Waves Overview

Radio Waves (3 KHz – 1 GHz)

• Omnidirectional
• Can penetrate walls
• Used in:

– AM/FM Radio
– TV
– Cordless phones

Microwaves (1 GHz – 300 GHz)

• Unidirectional
• Needs line-of-sight
• Used in:

– Satellite communication
– Radar
– Mobile phones

Infrared Waves (300 GHz – 400 THz)

• Very high frequency
• Can’t pass through walls
• Used in:

– TV remotes
– Bluetooth devices
– Mobile-to-printer or mobile-to-mobile connections
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11.6.3 : Wireless Technologies

Wireless technologies enable devices to communicate without physical cables, using electromagnetic
waves over the air. Here are the major types discussed:

(A) Bluetooth
• Short-range wireless technology.
• Connects devices like:

– Mobile phones
– Headphones
– Printers
– Keyboards
– Mice
– Computers

Key Features:
• Uses 2.4 GHz unlicensed frequency band.
• Speed: 1 to 2 Mbps
• Range: Up to 10 meters
• Devices must have a Bluetooth transceiver chip.

Network Type:
• Bluetooth devices form a Personal Area Network (PAN) called a Piconet.
• Works in master-slave configuration:

– 1 Master + up to 7 active slave devices.

– Total up to 255 devices can be part of a piconet, but only 8 are active at a time.

(B) Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi)

• A Local Area Network (LAN) that operates wirelessly.
• Based on IEEE standard 802.11 (commonly called Wi-Fi).

Key Components:
• Access Point (AP): Connects wireless devices to a wired network.
• Devices (laptops, phones, tablets, etc.) connect to the AP to:
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

– Access the Internet

– Communicate with each other wirelessly

Advantages:
• Mobility: Users can move around while staying connected.
• Can be used to extend or replace wired networks.
• Popular in homes, schools, offices, and public areas (cafes, libraries).

(C) WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

• Similar to Wi-Fi but with a larger coverage area and higher data rates.
• Used in MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) applications.

Key Features:
• Provides high-speed broadband over large areas.
• Suitable for connecting multiple locations across a city or town.
• Covers distances beyond the range of Wi-Fi.

11.7 : Mobile Telecommunication Technologies

Mobile telecommunication allows wireless communication while on the move — this includes calls,
text messaging, and Internet access. With time, mobile network technologies have progressed through
various generations (G).

1G (First Generation) – 1982

• Analog signals used to transmit only voice calls.
• Very basic — poor voice quality and no data transmission.
• Limited capacity and security.

2G (Second Generation) – 1991

• Switched from analog to digital signal transmission.
• Improved call quality and better security.
• Introduced SMS (Short Message Service) and MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service).
• More users could communicate simultaneously.
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3G (Third Generation) – Introduced ~2001

• Supported both voice and data services.
• Enabled:

– Internet browsing
– Video calling
– Mobile apps

• Voice and Internet used the same radio towers.

4G (Fourth Generation)
• Much faster than 3G.
• Enhanced Internet experiences with:

– HD streaming
– Video conferencing
– Online gaming
– Interactive multimedia services

• Introduced technologies like VoIP, VoLTE, and WiMAX.

• Revolutionized mobile Internet by offering broadband-like speeds.

5G (Fifth Generation) – Current / Emerging

• Under development and being rolled out in stages.
• Aimed at ultra-fast Internet: speeds in Gbps.
• Will support:

– IoT (Internet of Things)

– M2M (Machine-to-Machine) communication
– Smart cities
– Connected vehicles

• Designed to connect billions of smart devices with minimal latency.

Key Concepts:
• IoT: Enables devices (like smart bulbs, ACs, cars) to communicate over the Internet.
• M2M: Direct device-to-device communication without human intervention.
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11.8 : Protocol

What is a Protocol? A protocol is a set of rules and standards that define how devices communicate
over a network.
It ensures proper: - Data transmission - Error handling - Authentication - Synchronization

In essence, without protocols, communication would be chaotic and unreliable.

11.8.1 Need for Protocols Protocols handle critical functions like:

Flow Control
• Regulates data speed between sender and receiver.
• Example: If sender is faster than the receiver, data may get lost unless sender slows down.

– Example case:

* Sender: 1024 Mbps

* Receiver: 512 Mbps

* Receiver needs to inform sender to adjust speed.

Access Control
• Decides which device gets to send data on a shared medium to avoid data collisions.

Addressing
• Ensures that data reaches the correct device (node) on a network.

Error Checking & Packet Handling

• Ensures complete and correct data reaches the receiver.
• Helps with:

– Packet order
– Missing data
– Data reassembly

11.8.2 Common Protocols in Use

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(A) HTTP – HyperText Transfer Protocol

• Used for accessing web pages on the Internet.
• Client-server model:

– Browser (client) sends request

– Web server responds

• Developed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989.

• Works over TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).
• Handles web commands like loading a webpage or clicking a link.

(B) FTP – File Transfer Protocol

• Used to transfer files between two systems.
• Also follows the client-server model.
• Optionally requires username & password.
• Handles:

– Differences in file formats

– Directory structures
– File naming convention

(C) PPP – Point-to-Point Protocol

• Used for direct link between two devices (like routers or modems).
• Establishes a duplex connection (two-way).
• Handles:

– Device authentication
– Packet order
– Error reporting and recovery

(D) SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

• Used for sending emails.
• Uses email headers to identify recipients.
• Adds outgoing emails to a queue, sends them, and removes recipients as delivery is confirmed.
• Delivers emails to receiver’s mailbox via an SMTP receiver program.
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(E) TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

• The backbone protocol of the Internet.
• Uses client-server communication model.

IP (Internet Protocol) - Assigns unique addresses (IP addresses) to each device. - Routes packets
through the Internet.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - Breaks data into packets. - Ensures delivery and correct order.
- Handles packet reassembly at the receiver.

Recap:
• HTTP: Web browsing

• FTP: File transfer

• PPP: Direct device link

• SMTP: Email sending

• TCP/IP: General internet communication (all types)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

1. What is the primary purpose of data communication?

A. Data storage
B. Data replication
C. Exchange of data between devices
D. Data processing
Answer: C
2. Which of the following is NOT a component of data communication?
A. Sender
B. Database
C. Protocol
D. Message
Answer: B

3. In data communication, the medium through which the message travels is known as:
A. Node
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B. Protocol
C. Channel
D. Signal
Answer: C
4. What unit is used to measure bandwidth?
A. Bits per second
B. Hertz
C. Decibels
D. Joules
Answer: B

5. Which term refers to the number of bits transmitted per second in a communication channel?
A. Frequency
B. Bit width
C. Data transfer rate
D. Wavelength
Answer: C

6. How many bits are there in 1 Kbps?

A. 1000
B. 1024
C. 10000
D. 1204
Answer: B
7. A communication mode that allows data to flow only in one direction is called:
A. Full-duplex
B. Half-duplex
C. Simplex
D. Bidirectional
Answer: C
8. An example of simplex communication is:
A. Telephone call
B. Walkie-talkie
C. Keyboard to computer
D. Chat application
Answer: C

9. In half-duplex communication, data transmission occurs:

A. Only from receiver to sender
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B. In both directions, but not simultaneously

C. Simultaneously in both directions
D. In no direction
Answer: B
10. Which device is typically used in full-duplex communication?
A. Television
B. Keyboard
C. Landline telephone
D. Remote control
Answer: C

11. What is the main disadvantage of circuit switching?

A. High reliability
B. Always maintains same path
C. Inefficient use of resources
D. Data not secure
Answer: C

12. In packet switching, each message is broken into:

A. Characters
B. Bits
C. Segments
D. Packets
Answer: D
13. Which switching method sends all data through the same path?
A. Packet switching
B. Circuit switching
C. Message switching
D. Routing switching
Answer: B
14. What type of cable is twisted in pairs to reduce interference?
A. Fiber optic cable
B. Coaxial cable
C. Twisted pair cable
D. USB cable
Answer: C

15. Which type of twisted pair cable has a metal shield?

A. UTP
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B. STP
C. FTP
D. PVC
Answer: B
16. Which cable carries signals in the form of light?
A. Twisted pair
B. Coaxial
C. Optical fiber
D. HDMI
Answer: C

17. Optical fiber cables use which principle to transmit data?

A. Reflection
B. Refraction
C. Absorption
D. Scattering
Answer: B

18. What is the primary medium in unguided transmission?

A. Cable
B. Fiber
C. Air
D. Water
Answer: C
19. Which of the following is a guided transmission medium?
A. Microwaves
B. Infrared waves
C. Coaxial cable
D. Radio waves
Answer: C
20. What wave type can travel long distances and penetrate walls?
A. Infrared
B. Radio waves
C. Microwaves
D. X-rays
Answer: B

21. Which wireless wave type requires line-of-sight communication?

A. Radio waves
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B. Microwaves
C. Infrared waves
D. Gamma rays
Answer: B
22. Which wireless medium is used in TV remote controls?
A. Bluetooth
B. Microwaves
C. Infrared
D. Wi-Fi
Answer: C

23. What is the typical range of Bluetooth?

A. 100 meters
B. 1 meter
C. 10 meters
D. 1 kilometer
Answer: C

24. What frequency does Bluetooth operate on?

A. 1.2 GHz
B. 2.4 GHz
C. 3.5 GHz
D. 5 GHz
Answer: B
25. What is the maximum number of active devices in a Bluetooth piconet?
A. 2
B. 7
C. 255
D. 127
Answer: B
26. Which protocol is used to access web pages on the internet?
A. FTP
B. TCP/IP
C. PPP
D. HTTP
Answer: D

27. HTTP operates using which model?

A. Peer-to-peer
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B. Client-server
C. Star topology
D. Ring topology
Answer: B
28. What protocol is used for transferring files between two systems?
A. PPP
B. SMTP
C. FTP
D. DNS
Answer: C

29. FTP can work with or without:

A. File names
B. Login authentication
C. Internet
D. Protocols
Answer: B

30. PPP protocol is mainly used for:

A. Email transmission
B. File downloading
C. Direct communication between two devices
D. Website hosting
Answer: C
31. What ensures data packets reach in correct order and without loss?
A. HTTP
B. FTP
C. TCP
D. SMTP
Answer: C
32. The IP protocol ensures that each device has a unique:
A. Username
B. MAC address
C. IP address
D. Node ID
Answer: C

33. Which protocol is used to send emails?

A. TCP
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B. HTTP
C. SMTP
D. FTP
Answer: C
34. In SMTP, what part is mainly used to deliver mail?
A. Mail body
B. Mail header
C. Attachment
D. Encryption
Answer: B

35. What does bandwidth refer to in communication?

A. Distance a signal travels
B. Number of users
C. Range of frequencies
D. Strength of signal
Answer: C

36. What is the main function of a protocol in communication?

A. Filter content
B. Define connection speed
C. Set rules for communication
D. Transmit power
Answer: C
37. Which generation introduced SMS and MMS services?
A. 1G
B. 2G
C. 3G
D. 4G
Answer: B
38. Which generation was the first to provide mobile internet?
A. 2G
B. 3G
C. 4G
D. 5G
Answer: B

39. 4G technology supports:

A. Only voice calls
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B. High-speed multimedia and broadband services

C. Analog signals
D. Morse code
Answer: B
40. What is the expected benefit of 5G over 4G?
A. Reduced range
B. Slower data rates
C. Higher data speed for IoT and M2M
D. Analog signaling
Answer: C

41. What does VoIP stand for?

A. Virtual Internet over Protocol
B. Voice over Internet Protocol
C. Verified Internet of People
D. Video over IP
Answer: B

42. Which wave type is not used in wireless communication?

A. Radio
B. Microwave
C. Infrared
D. Gamma
Answer: D
43. What device regenerates signals weakened over long distances?
A. Router
B. Switch
C. Repeater
D. Hub
Answer: C
44. Wi-Fi is based on which IEEE standard?
A. 802.3
B. 802.11
C. 802.15
D. 802.20
Answer: B

45. WiMax is typically used in:

A. PAN
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B. LAN
C. MAN
D. VPN
Answer: C
46. Which cable offers the highest bandwidth?
A. Twisted pair
B. Coaxial
C. Optical fiber
D. Ethernet
Answer: C

47. What kind of signal does coaxial cable transmit?

A. Light
B. Infrared
C. Electrical
D. Radio
Answer: C

48. What role do protocols play in flow control?

A. Increase speed
B. Minimize size
C. Balance data speed between sender and receiver
D. Encrypt data
Answer: C
49. A narrow one-way bridge is analogous to:
A. Simplex communication
B. Half-duplex communication
C. Full-duplex communication
D. Broadcast communication
Answer: B
50. What is a key reason to use packet switching over circuit switching?
A. More expensive
B. Fixed paths
C. Efficient use of network
D. Analog signaling
Answer: C

51. Assertion (A): In data communication, a message can include text, audio, video, and multime-
dia.
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Reason (R): Communication is limited to transmitting numeric data only.

A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: C

52. Assertion (A): The sender and receiver are essential components of any data communication
system.
Reason (R): Protocols define the electrical voltage required for communication.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: C

53. Assertion (A): Bandwidth is measured in bits per second.

Reason (R): Bandwidth represents the range of frequencies a channel can carry.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is false, but R is true
D. Both A and R are false
Answer: C

54. Assertion (A): Data transfer rate is also called bit rate.
Reason (R): It refers to the number of bits transferred in one second between sender and receiver.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: A

55. Assertion (A): Simplex communication allows data to be sent in both directions simultaneously.
Reason (R): In simplex communication, only one device sends data and the other only receives.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is false, but R is true
D. Both A and R are false
Answer: C

56. Assertion (A): Half-duplex communication is similar to a one-way bridge used by vehicles
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alternately.
Reason (R): In half-duplex, devices can send and receive, but not at the same time.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. Both A and R are false
Answer: A

57. Assertion (A): Circuit switching establishes a dedicated path between sender and receiver.
Reason (R): It is mostly used in modern Internet communication systems.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: C

58. Assertion (A): In packet switching, packets may take different routes through the network.
Reason (R): All packets must follow the exact same path for proper delivery.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: C

59. Assertion (A): Guided media include twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber cables.
Reason (R): Guided media do not require any physical path for transmission.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: C

60. Assertion (A): Optical fiber cable is immune to electromagnetic interference.

Reason (R): It uses light signals instead of electrical signals for data transmission.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: A

61. Assertion (A): Microwave communication requires direct line-of-sight between antennas.
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Reason (R): Microwaves can penetrate walls and hills.

A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: C

62. Assertion (A): Bluetooth technology supports long-distance communication over kilometers.
Reason (R): Bluetooth operates over short range with a typical distance of about 10 meters.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is false, but R is true
D. A is true, but R is false
Answer: C

63. Assertion (A): Wi-Fi enables mobile devices to access the internet wirelessly.
Reason (R): Wi-Fi works through Access Points connected to a wired network.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: A

64. Assertion (A): WiMax is suitable for metropolitan area networks (MANs).
Reason (R): WiMax has a higher range and data rate than Wi-Fi.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: A

65. Assertion (A): 5G technology supports Machine to Machine (M2M) communication.

Reason (R): 5G is faster than 4G and suitable for IoT devices.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: A

66. Assertion (A): HTTP is a protocol used for email communication.

Reason (R): HTTP works on the client-server model for transferring hypertext documents.
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

B. A is false, but R is true
C. A is true, but R is false
D. Both A and R are false
Answer: B

67. Assertion (A): FTP ensures seamless file transfer between different machines.
Reason (R): FTP handles differences in file naming, text formats, and directory structures.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: A

68. Assertion (A): PPP is used to establish a direct link between two devices.
Reason (R): PPP cannot ensure data integrity during transmission.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: C

69. Assertion (A): SMTP delivers emails based on information in the email header.
Reason (R): SMTP automatically deletes all emails after 24 hours.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. A is true, but R is false
C. A is false, but R is true
D. Both A and R are false
Answer: B

70. Assertion (A): TCP/IP is the foundational protocol of the Internet.

Reason (R): TCP breaks data into packets, and IP handles addressing and routing.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true, but R is false
D. A is false, but R is true
Answer: A
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

FILL IN THE BLANKS

71. The process of exchanging data between two or more networked devices is called .
Answer: Data communication
72. A device that sends data over a network is known as a .
Answer: Sender

73. The rules that must be followed for successful data communication are called .
Answer: Protocols
74. The path through which data travels from sender to receiver is called .
Answer: Transmission media

75. The unit used to measure bandwidth is .

Answer: Hertz
76. The data transfer rate is also known as .
Answer: Bit rate

77. In communication, data flows only in one direction.

Answer: Simplex
78. communication allows data flow in both directions, but not simultaneously.
Answer: Half-duplex

79. In communication, data can be sent and received simultaneously.

Answer: Full-duplex
80. A method of communication in which a dedicated path is established before data transfer is
called .
Answer: Circuit switching

81. In switching, messages are broken into small units called packets.
Answer: Packet
82. A cable made of two insulated copper wires twisted together is called a .
Answer: Twisted pair cable

83. twisted pair cable includes a protective metal shielding.

Answer: Shielded (STP)

84. cables use light signals to transmit data.

Answer: Optical fiber
85. The principle used in optical fibers to guide light signals is .
Answer: Refraction
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

86. Data transmission without a physical medium is called transmission.

Answer: Wireless

87. waves are omnidirectional and can travel long distances.

Answer: Radio
88. waves require line-of-sight and cannot penetrate solid objects.
Answer: Microwaves

89. Infrared waves are mostly used for communication.

Answer: Short-range

90. A short-range wireless communication technology using 2.4 GHz is .

Answer: Bluetooth

91. A personal area network formed by Bluetooth devices is called a .

Answer: Piconet

92. Wi-Fi is based on the IEEE standard number .

Answer: 802.11

93. A device that provides wireless access in a LAN is called an .

Answer: Access Point

94. WiMax is used in area networks.

Answer: Metropolitan
95. The generation of mobile network introduced multimedia messaging (MMS).
Answer: 2G
96. The generation of mobile network provides very high-speed internet.
Answer: 4G
97. The protocol used to access hypertext documents on the web is .
Answer: HTTP
98. The protocol used to transfer files between two devices is .
Answer: FTP

99. The protocol used for direct communication between two routers is .
Answer: PPP
100. The protocol used for sending emails is .
Answer: SMTP
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. What is data communication?

Data communication refers to the exchange of data between two or more networked or connected devices
such as laptops, PCs, printers, routers, etc.

2. Name the five components of data communication.

The five components of data communication are: sender, receiver, message, communication medium,
and protocol.

3. What is the role of a protocol in communication?

A protocol is a set of standard rules that the sender, receiver, and intermediate devices follow to ensure
reliable and successful data communication.

4. Define bandwidth.
Bandwidth is the range of frequencies available for transmission of data through a channel and is measured
in Hertz (Hz).

5. What is data transfer rate?

Data transfer rate, also known as bit rate, is the number of bits transmitted between source and destination
in one second, measured in bits per second (bps).

6. Differentiate between Simplex and Half-duplex communication.

Simplex communication is unidirectional where data flows only in one direction. Half-duplex is bidirec-
tional but allows data flow in one direction at a time.

7. Distinguish between Half-duplex and Full-duplex communication.

In half-duplex communication, data is sent and received alternately, not at the same time. In full-duplex,
data can be sent and received simultaneously.

8. What is circuit switching?

Circuit switching is a communication technique where a dedicated path is established between sender
and receiver before data transmission begins.

9. Define packet switching.

Packet switching is a communication technique in which messages are divided into small packets that are
sent independently and reassembled at the destination.

10. Name any three guided transmission media.

Three guided transmission media are twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber cable.

11. What is the function of cladding in an optical fiber cable?

Cladding in an optical fiber cable surrounds the glass core and helps to guide light through refraction.
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

12. What is meant by unguided transmission media?

Unguided transmission media refers to data communication through air using electromagnetic waves
without any physical medium.

13. Name any two wireless transmission media.

Two wireless transmission media are radio waves and microwaves.

14. Mention two differences between microwaves and radio waves.

Microwaves are unidirectional and cannot penetrate solid objects, whereas radio waves are omnidirec-
tional and can penetrate walls.

15. What is Bluetooth and what is its frequency range?

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication technology that operates at 2.4 GHz frequency
band.

16. Define Wi-Fi.

Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network (WLAN) technology based on IEEE 802.11 standards that enables
devices to connect to the Internet without wires.

17. What is WiMax used for?

WiMax is used for providing high-speed wireless communication over large areas, especially for
metropolitan area networks (MANs).

18. What is the significance of 5G technology?

5G supports extremely fast data transfer rates suitable for applications such as IoT and Machine-to-
Machine (M2M) communication.

19. Write a short note on HTTP.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the protocol used for accessing the World Wide Web. It operates
on a client-server model and transfers hypertext documents.

20. Differentiate between FTP and SMTP.

FTP is used for transferring files between computers, whereas SMTP is used for sending emails based on
information in the email header.

3 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. What are the key components of data communication? Explain each briefly.
The key components are:
- Sender: The device that sends the data.
- Receiver: The device that receives the data.
- Message: The data to be communicated.
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

- Transmission Medium: The path through which the message travels.

- Protocols: Rules that govern data communication.

2. Differentiate between Bandwidth and Data Transfer Rate.

- Bandwidth is the range of frequencies a communication channel can carry, measured in Hertz (Hz).
- Data Transfer Rate is the number of bits transferred per second, measured in bits per second (bps).
Bandwidth represents capacity, while data transfer rate represents actual data transmitted.

3. What are the differences between Simplex, Half-duplex and Full-duplex communication?
- Simplex: One-way communication (e.g., keyboard to CPU).
- Half-duplex: Two-way communication, but only one device transmits at a time (e.g., walkie-talkie).
- Full-duplex: Simultaneous two-way communication (e.g., telephone).

4. What is circuit switching? Give an example and state one disadvantage.

Circuit switching establishes a dedicated path between sender and receiver before communication starts.
Example: traditional telephone systems. Disadvantage: inefficient for data networks due to reserved path
even when not in use.

5. Explain how packet switching works and give one benefit.

In packet switching, messages are divided into packets sent independently through the network. They are
reassembled at the receiver. Benefit: Efficient use of network resources since the path is not reserved.

6. Name and explain the three types of guided transmission media.

- Twisted Pair Cable: Two copper wires twisted together to reduce interference.
- Coaxial Cable: Central copper conductor with insulation and shielding; higher bandwidth than twisted
pair.
- Optical Fiber: Transmits data using light signals, immune to electromagnetic interference.

7. What is the function of cladding in optical fiber cables? How does it support data transmission?
Cladding is a layer of less dense glass surrounding the core. It reflects light back into the core using
refraction, guiding the light signal through the cable.

8. Distinguish between wired and wireless transmission media.

- Wired (Guided): Data travels through physical cables (e.g., twisted pair, coaxial).
- Wireless (Unguided): Data travels through air as electromagnetic waves (e.g., radio, microwave).

9. Explain radio waves and their use in data communication.

Radio waves range from 3 KHz to 1 GHz. They are omnidirectional, can penetrate walls, and are used in
AM/FM radios, TV, and cordless phones.

10. Mention three properties of microwaves and one common use.

- High frequency (1 GHz–300 GHz)
- Unidirectional
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

- Requires line-of-sight
Common use: satellite communication and radar.
11. Describe the characteristics and uses of infrared waves in communication.
Infrared waves have frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz, cannot penetrate walls, and are used in
short-range communications like TV remotes and Bluetooth.
12. What is Bluetooth technology? Mention its range and device configuration.
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology operating at 2.4 GHz. It covers up to 10 meters. Devices
form a piconet where one master controls up to 7 active slaves.
13. What is Wi-Fi and how does it work in a wireless LAN?
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) enables devices to connect wirelessly via Access Points connected to a wired net-
work. Devices communicate through APs to access the internet.
14. How is WiMax different from Wi-Fi?
WiMax offers broader coverage and higher speed than Wi-Fi. It supports Metropolitan Area Networks
(MANs), whereas Wi-Fi supports smaller Local Area Networks (LANs).
15. Explain the progression of mobile communication generations from 1G to 3G.
- 1G: Analog voice calls
- 2G: Digital voice, SMS, and MMS
- 3G: Digital voice + high-speed internet for multimedia and browsing
16. Write a note on 4G and 5G mobile communication technologies.
- 4G: Supports high-speed multimedia, voice, and broadband internet.
- 5G: Under development, expected to support Gbps speeds and large-scale IoT and M2M communica-
tion.
17. What is the need for protocols in communication?
Protocols manage flow control, access control, addressing, error handling, and packet sequencing to
ensure data reaches the correct destination reliably.
18. Explain the working of HTTP protocol.
HTTP is a client-server protocol used to transfer hypertext from web servers to browsers. It uses URLs
to request and deliver webpages using request-response cycles.
19. What is the function of the File Transfer Protocol (FTP)?
FTP allows file transfers between computers. It handles differences in file naming conventions, text
encoding, and directory structure. Can work with or without authentication.
20. Compare TCP/IP with SMTP.
- TCP/IP: Ensures reliable packet transfer and routing over the internet.
- SMTP: Used to send emails based on information in the email header. TCP/IP is general-purpose; SMTP
is specific to email.
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

5 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Explain the components of data communication with suitable examples.

The five key components of data communication are:
- Sender: The device that sends the message, such as a computer, smartphone, or video recording device.
- Receiver: The device that receives the message, like a printer, mobile phone, or television.
- Message: The actual data being communicated. It can be text, image, audio, video, or multimedia.
- Transmission Medium: The physical or wireless path through which data travels. Examples include
Ethernet cable, microwaves, or satellite link.
- Protocol: A set of rules governing communication. Examples include HTTP, FTP, and TCP/IP.

2. Differentiate between circuit switching and packet switching. Give examples.

- Circuit Switching:
- A dedicated communication path is established before data transmission.
- All packets follow the same path.
- Example: Traditional telephone system.
- Less efficient due to resource reservation.
- Packet Switching:
- Messages are divided into packets that travel independently.
- Packets may take different routes.
- Example: Internet data transmission.
- More efficient and scalable for data communication.

3. What is bandwidth and data transfer rate? How are they measured? Provide related units and
conversions.
- Bandwidth: The range of frequencies available in a communication channel, measured in Hertz (Hz).
- 1 KHz = 1000 Hz, 1 MHz = 1000 KHz = 1,000,000 Hz
- Data Transfer Rate: The number of bits transmitted per second, also called bit rate.
- Measured in bits per second (bps)
- 1 Kbps = 2¹0 = 1024 bps
- 1 Mbps = 1024 Kbps
- 1 Gbps = 1024 Mbps
- 1 Tbps = 1024 Gbps

4. Compare and contrast the three types of data communication: simplex, half-duplex, and full-
duplex. Provide real-life examples.
- Simplex:
- One-way communication.
- Only sender transmits; receiver only receives.
- Example: Keyboard to computer.
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

- Half-duplex:
- Two-way communication, but not simultaneously.
- Devices take turns to send and receive.
- Example: Walkie-talkie.
- Full-duplex:
- Two-way communication simultaneously.
- Both devices send and receive at the same time.
- Example: Telephone call.

5. Explain guided and unguided transmission media with examples and characteristics.
- Guided Media:
- Use physical path like wires or cables.
- Examples: Twisted pair, Coaxial cable, Optical fiber.
- Suitable for LANs and limited geographical area.
- Unguided Media:
- Wireless transmission using electromagnetic waves.
- Examples: Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared.
- Used in Wi-Fi, satellite, and mobile communication.

6. Describe the different types of cables used in wired transmission media. Mention their structure,
advantages, and uses.
- Twisted Pair Cable: Two insulated copper wires twisted together; reduces interference. Used in tele-
phone lines and LANs.
- Coaxial Cable: Central copper core, insulating layer, and outer conductor. Offers better shielding and
bandwidth than twisted pair. Used in cable TV.
- Optical Fiber Cable: Data is transmitted using light through a glass core with cladding. Immune to
EMI, high speed, and used in backbone networks.
7. What are radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves? Compare them based on frequency,
directionality, and applications.
- Radio Waves:
- Frequency: 3 KHz – 1 GHz
- Omni-directional, penetrates walls
- Used in radio, TV, cordless phones
- Microwaves:
- Frequency: 1 GHz – 300 GHz
- Unidirectional, line-of-sight required
- Used in radar, satellite communication
- Infrared Waves:
- Frequency: 300 GHz – 400 THz
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

- Cannot penetrate walls, used in short-range devices

- Used in remote controls, Bluetooth devices

8. Explain the working of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. Highlight key differences in terms of range, speed,
and usage.
- Bluetooth:
- Operates at 2.4 GHz; short-range (up to 10 meters).
- Low power consumption, used in PANs (mouse, headphones).
- Devices form a piconet in master-slave mode.
- Wi-Fi:
- Based on IEEE 802.11 standard.
- Covers larger area; used in LANs for internet access.
- Devices connect via Access Points.
- Suitable for homes, schools, offices.

9. Write short notes on the evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 5G.
- 1G: Analog voice transmission, introduced in 1982.
- 2G: Digital voice with SMS and MMS, introduced in 1991.
- 3G: High-speed data and internet, introduced around 2001.
- 4G: Broadband, multimedia, and wireless internet access.
- 5G: Supports IoT, M2M communication, expected to deliver Gbps speeds.

10. What is TCP/IP protocol? Explain how it works along with its major functions in data com-
munication.
- TCP/IP is a set of standardized rules for communication across the internet.
- IP assigns unique addresses to devices and handles routing.
- TCP breaks data into packets and ensures their reliable, ordered delivery.
- Data packets may take different routes and are reassembled at the destination.
- Used in web browsing, email, file transfers, and most internet services.

CHAPTER END EXERCISES

1. What is data communication? What are the main components of data communication?
Answer:
Data communication is the exchange of data between two or more connected devices such as laptops,
PCs, printers, routers, etc.
The five main components are:
- Sender: The device that sends the message.
- Receiver: The device that receives the message.
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

- Message: The data or information to be communicated.

- Transmission Medium: The physical or wireless path through which data travels.
- Protocols: The rules that govern the data communication process.

2. Which communication mode allows communication in both directions simultaneously?

Answer:
Full-duplex communication allows communication in both directions simultaneously.

3. Among LAN, MAN, and WAN, which has the highest speed and which one can cover the largest
area?
Answer:
- Highest Speed: LAN (Local Area Network)
- Largest Area: WAN (Wide Area Network)

4. What are three categories of wired media? Explain them.

Answer:
The three categories of wired media are:
- Twisted Pair Cable: Two insulated copper wires twisted together; minimizes interference. Commonly
used in telephone lines and LANs.
- Coaxial Cable: A central copper conductor with insulating and shielding layers; offers better bandwidth
than twisted pair.
- Optical Fiber: Uses light signals to transmit data through a glass core; provides high speed and long-
distance transmission.

5. Compare wired and wireless media.

Answer:
- Wired Media: Physical medium such as cables. Includes twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber. Offers
higher reliability and security.
- Wireless Media: Uses electromagnetic waves for transmission. Includes radio waves, microwaves, and
infrared. Offers flexibility and mobility but can be affected by interference.
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

6. Which transmission media carries signals in the form of light?

Answer:
Optical fiber cable carries signals in the form of light.

7. List out the advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber cable.

Answer:
Advantages:
- High bandwidth and data transfer rate
- Immune to electromagnetic interference
- Signals travel longer distances
Disadvantages:
- Expensive
- Unidirectional (requires two cables for full-duplex)
- Fragile and difficult to install

8. What is the range of frequency for radio waves?

Answer:
3 KHz to 1 GHz

9. 18 Gbps is equal to how many bits per second?

Answer:
18 Gbps = 18 × 1, 073, 741, 824𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 19, 327, 352, 832𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

10. HTTP stands for?

Answer:
HyperText Transfer Protocol
CHAPTER 11 DATA COMMUNICATION II-PUC

11. Write short notes on the following:

a) HTTP: A client-server protocol used for accessing hypertext documents on the web. It defines how
requests and responses are sent between browsers and web servers.
b) Bandwidth: The range of frequencies used in a communication channel; measured in Hertz (Hz).
c) Bluetooth: A short-range wireless communication technology used to connect devices like phones,
keyboards, and printers.
d) DNS: (Note: Not explained in this chapter; possibly referenced elsewhere in the book.)
e) Data Transfer Rate: The number of bits transmitted per second between sender and receiver.

12. What is protocol in data communication? Explain with an example.

Answer:
A protocol is a set of rules governing data communication between devices. For example, HTTP is a
protocol that defines how web browsers and servers communicate for webpage access.

13. A composite signal contains frequencies between 500 MHz and 1 GHz. What is the bandwidth
of a signal?
Answer:
Bandwidth = Maximum frequency – Minimum frequency = 1 GHz – 500 MHz = 500 MHz

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