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What is AI??
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by
machines, especially computer systems.
These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for
using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite
conclusions) and self-correction.
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AI: A Vision
Could an intelligent agent living on your home computer manage
your email, coordinate your work and social activities, help
plan your vacations…… even watch your house while you
take those well planned vacations?
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Main Goals of AI
Represent and store knowledge
Retrieve and reason about knowledge
Behave intelligently in complex environments
Develop interesting and useful applications
Interact with people, agents, and the environment
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Why AI?
■ Engineering: To get machines to do a wider variety of
useful things
◻ e.g., understand spoken natural language, recognize
individual people in visual scenes, find the best travel
plan for your vacation, etc.
■ Cognitive Science: As a way to understand how natural
minds and mental phenomena work
◻ e.g., visual perception, memory, learning, language, etc.
■ Philosophy: As a way to explore some basic and
interesting (and important) philosophical questions
◻ e.g., the mind body problem, what is consciousness, etc.
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Foundations of AI
Compute
r
Science &
Mathem Engineeri Philoso
atics ng phy
Econom
ics
A Biolog
y
Psychol
I
Cogniti Linguist
ogy ve ics
Science
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A (Short) History of AI
1940-1950: Early days
1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
1950: Turing's “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
1950—70: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands!
1950s: Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's
Geometry Engine
1956: Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adopted
1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
1970—90: Knowledge-based approaches
1969—79: Early development of knowledge-based systems
1980—88: Expert systems industry booms
1988—93: Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter”
1990—: Statistical approaches
Resurgence of probability, focus on uncertainty
General increase in technical depth
Agents and learning systems… “AI Spring”?
2000—: Where are we now?
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History
• 1997: Deep Blue beats Garry Kasparov (world champion)
• 1998: Founding of Google
• 2000: Interactive robot pets
• 2004: First DARPA Grand Challenge robot race
• 2004: Commercial recommender systems (TIVO, [Link])
• 2007: Checkers is solved!
• 2011: An AI named Watson beats the top Jeopardy! champions
• 2010: Google self-driving cars reach their 1000th mile
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What Can AI Do?
Quiz: Which of the following can be done at present?
Play a decent game of table tennis?
Play a decent game of Jeopardy?
Drive safely along a curving mountain road?
Drive safely along Telegraph Avenue?
Buy a week's worth of groceries on the web?
Buy a week's worth of groceries at Berkeley Bowl?
Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem?
Converse successfully with another person for an hour?
Perform a surgical operation?
Put away the dishes and fold the laundry?
Translate spoken Chinese into spoken English in real time?
Write an intentionally funny story?
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Turing Test
■ Three rooms contain a person, a computer, and an interrogator.
■ The interrogator can communicate with the other two by
teleprinter.
■ The interrogator tries to determine which is the person and which
is the machine.
■ The machine tries to fool the interrogator into believing that it is
the person.
■ If the machine succeeds, then we conclude that the machine can
think.
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The Loebner Contest
■ A modern version of the Turing Test, held annually, with a $100,000 cash
prize.
■ Hugh Loebner was once director of UMBC’s Academic Computing Services
(née UCS)
■ [Link]
■ Restricted topic (removed in 1995) and limited time.
■ Participants include a set of humans and a set of computers and a set of
judges.
■ Scoring
◻ Rank from least human to most human.
◻ Highest median rank wins $2000.
◻ If better than a human, win $100,000. (Nobody yet…)
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What Can AI Systems Do?
Here are some example applications
■ Computer vision: face recognition from a large set
■ Robotics: autonomous (mostly) automobile
■ Natural language processing: simple machine translation
■ Expert systems: medical diagnosis in a narrow domain
■ Spoken language systems: ~1000 word continuous speech
■ Planning and scheduling: Hubble Telescope experiments
■ Learning: text categorization into ~1000 topics
■ User modeling: Bayesian reasoning in Windows help (the
infamous paper clip…)
■ Games: Grand Master level in chess (world champion), perfect
play in checkers, professional-level Go players
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What Can’t AI Systems Do Yet?
■ Understand natural language robustly (e.g., read and understand
articles in a newspaper)
■ Surf the web
■ Interpret an arbitrary visual scene
■ Learn a natural language
■ Construct plans in dynamic real-time domains
■ Refocus attention in complex environments
■ Perform life-long learning
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Who Does AI?
■ Academic researchers (perhaps the most Ph.D.-generating area
of computer science in recent years)
◻ Some of the top AI schools: CMU, Stanford, Berkeley, MIT, UIUC,
UMd, U Alberta, UT Austin, ... (and, of course, UMBC!)
■ Government and private research labs
◻ NASA, NRL, NIST, IBM, AT&T, SRI, ISI, MERL, ...
■ Lots of companies!
◻ Google, Microsoft, Honeywell, Teknowledge, SAIC, MITRE, Fujitsu,
Global InfoTek, BodyMedia, ...
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Applications
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Game Playing
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Text/Sketch Recognition
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User Modeling/Recommender Systems
mission to
make language
education free
and accessible
to everyone.
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Robotics
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Knowledge Representation
Watson
Watson is a highly
intelligent question
answering
computer system
capable of
processing
questions posed in
natural language.
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3
Evolutionary Art
Evolutionary art is a branch
of generative art, in which
the artist does not do the
work of constructing the art
work, but rather lets a
system do the construction
Electric Sheep is
a distributed
computingElectric
Sheep is
a distributed
computing project
for animating and
evolving fractal
flames
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Computer Vision
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Possible Approaches
Like
humans Well
Rational
Think GP
S agents
AI tends to
work mostly
in this area
Heuristic
Act Eliza
systems
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Like
humans Well
Think Well Think GPS Rationa
l
agents
■ Develop formal models of Eliz Heuristi
Act c
knowledge representation, a
systems
reasoning, learning, memory, and
problem solving, that can be
rendered in algorithms.
■ There is often an emphasis on
systems that are provably correct,
and guarantee finding an optimal
solution.
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Like
humans Well
Act Well
Rationa
Think GPS
l
agents
■ For a given set of inputs, generate an
Heuristi
appropriate output that is not necessarily Act Eliz
c
a
correct but gets the job done. systems
■ A heuristic (heuristic rule, heuristic method)
is a rule of thumb, strategy, trick, simplification,
or any other kind of device which drastically
limits search for solutions in large problem
spaces.
■ Heuristics do not guarantee optimal solutions; in
fact, they do not guarantee any solution at all:
all that can be said for a useful heuristic is
that it offers solutions which are good
enough most of the time.
– Feigenbaum and Feldman, 1963, p. 6
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Like
humans Well
Think Like Humans Think GPS Rationa
l
agents
Heuristi
■ Cognitive science approach Act Eliz
c
a
■ Focus not just on behavior and I/O but systems
also look at reasoning process.
■ Computational model should reflect “how” results were obtained.
■ Provide a new language for expressing cognitive theories and
new mechanisms for evaluating them
■ GPS (General Problem Solver): Goal not just to produce
humanlike behavior (like ELIZA), but to produce a sequence of
steps of the reasoning process that was similar to the steps
followed by a person in solving the same task.
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Like
humans Well
Act Like Humans Think GPS Rationa
l
agents
■ Behaviorist approach.
Heuristi
Eliz
■ Not interested in how you get results, just the Act a c
systems
similarity to what human results are.
■ Exemplified by the Turing Test (Alan Turing,
1950).
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Possible Questions
1. Purpose of Turing Test, Lubner test
2. Heuristic System
3. Act well
4. What AI can do/cant do yet
5. What are reasoning areas in which AI are
used?
6. Strong vs Weak AI
7. So on ….
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