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CHAPTER -1 (SOLUTION)
CONCEPT NOTE
 Solution is a homogeneous mixture.
 Solute: Component present in lesser amount in solution.
 Solvent: Component present in excess amount in solution.
 CONCENTRATION TERMS :

 SOLUBILITY
 Solubility of a solid in liquid: Solubility of a substance is its maximum amount that can be
dissolved in a specified amount of solvent.
 Factors affecting the solubility of a solid in liquid :
1. Nature of solute and solvent: Like dissolves like. For example, while sodium chloride
and sugar dissolve readily in water, naphthalene and anthracene do not.
2. Temperature: If (∆solH > 0), the solubility increases with rise in temperature and If (∆solH
< 0) the solubility decreases with rise in temperature.
3. Pressure: Does not have any significant effect on solubility of solid in liquid.
 Henry’s law: Henry’s law states that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a
liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas.
p = KH x Here KH is the Henry’s law constant, x is mole fraction(solubility)of gas in
liquid, p is applied pressure on liquid surface

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 Characteristics of K H :
1. KH is a function of the nature of the gas.
2. Higher the value of KH at a given pressure, the lower is the
solubility of the gas in the liquid.
3. KH values increase with increase of temperature indicating that the solubility
of gases increases with decrease of temperature.
 VAPOUR PRESSURE
Raoult’s Law: It states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each
component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.

Using Dalton’s Law of partial pressure the total pressure of solution can be calculated : P total = p01 +
(p02 - p01) x2

 NOTE: Raoult’s Law as a special case of Henry’s Law: According to Raoult’s law, p = p0 x In
the solution of a gas in a liquid, one of the components is so volatile that it exists as a gas. Its
solubility according to Henry’s law, p = KH x. Thus, Raoult’s law becomes a special case of Henry’s
law in which KH becomes equal to p0 .

 Ideal and Non-ideal solutions:

Ideal solutions :
[Link] Raoult’s law under all conditions of temperatures and concentrations.
2. ∆HMIX = 0 , ∆VMIX = 0
[Link] attractive forces between the A-A and B-B are nearly equal to those
between A-B.
Ex. solution of benzene and toluene, solution of n-hexane and n-heptane.

Solutions showing positive deviation from Solutions showing negative deviations from
Raoult’s Law : Raoult’s
law :
[Link]-Solute(A-B) type of force < Solute- [Link]-Solute(A-B) type of force > Solute-
Solute (B-B) & Solvent-Solvent(A-A) forces. Solute(B-B) & Solvent-Solvent(A-A) forces.
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[Link] vapour pressure is higher than predicted by [Link] vapour pressure is higher than predicted by
the law. the law.

3. ∆HMIX > 0 ∆VMIX > 0 3. ∆HMIX < 0 ∆VMIX < 0

Ex. ethanol and acetone, carbon disulphide and [Link] and aniline, chloroform and acetone etc.
acetone

Non – ideal solutions : When a solution does not obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of
concentration, then it is called non-ideal solution.
 Azeotropes: Azeotropes are binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour
phase and boil at a constant temperature.
Minimum boiling azeotrope: Maximum boiling azeotrope :
The solutions which show positive deviation The solutions that show negative
from Raoult’s law form minimum boiling deviation from Raoult’s law form
azeotrope. maximum boiling azeotrope .

[Link]-water mixture. [Link] acid and water mixture.

 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES:
The properties that depend on the number of solute particles irrespective of their nature relative to
the total number of particles present in the solution are called colligative properties.
 Relative lowering of vapour pressure
 Elevation in boiling point
 Depression in freezing point

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 Osmotic pressure
 Relative Lowering of vapour Pressure: When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the
vapour pressure decreases.

 Elevation in Boiling Point: On addition of non-volatile solute the vapour pressure of the solvent
decreases and therefore, to boil the solution the required temperature will be higher. So, there will be
a rise in the boiling point of the solution.

Kb is called Boiling Point Elevation Constant / Molal Elevation Constant

(Ebullioscopic Constant). Kb. = ∆Tb when m= 1

 Depression in freezing point: When a non-volatile solid is added to the solvent its vapour pressure
decreases and now it would become equal to that of solid solvent at lower temperature. Thus, the
freezing point of the solvent decreases.

Kf is known as Freezing Point Depression Constant/Molal Depression

Constant / Cryoscopic Constant. Kf = ∆Tf when m= 1

 Osmosis: When a pure solvent and solution are kept with a semipermeable membrane between them
then the solvent particles pass through the membrane from the solvent side to the solution side.
This phenomenon is called “Osmosis”.

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 Osmotic pressure :The osmotic pressure of a solution is the excess pressure that must be applied to
a solution to prevent [Link] pressure is proportional to the molarity, C of the solution at a
given temperature T.

Reverse Osmosis : If a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is applied to the solution side, the
solvent will flow from the solution into the pure solvent through the semi permeable membrane. This
phenomenon is called reverse osmosis. Application : Desalination of sea water .

 van’t Hoff Factor :

 When solute particle undergoes association : i < 1

where α is degree of dissociation, ‘i’ is van’t Hoff factor, ‘n’ is number

of ions produced per formula of the compound.
 When solute particle undergoes dissociation : i > 1

where α is degree of association, n is the number of

molecules of solute associate to form an associated molecule.
 i = 1, neither association nor dissociation.

 Modified forms of colligative properties : When solutes are electrolytes and volatiles-

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PRACTICE PAPER 1
1. Assertion (A): Molarity of a solution in liquid state changes with temperature. (1)
Reason (R): The volume of a solution changes with change in temperature.
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
2. Assertion(A): When NaCl is added in water a depression in freezing point is observed. (1)
Reason (R): The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes depression in the freezing point.
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
3. Assertion (A): In an ideal solution, ∆mix H is zero. (1)
Reason (R): In an ideal solution, A-B interactions are lower than A-A and B-B interactions.
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
4. Assertion (A): Greater the value of Henry’s constant of a gas in a particular solvent, greater is the solubility
of the gas at the same pressure and temperature. (1)
Reason (R): Solubility of a gas is directly proportional to its Henry’s constant at the same pressure and
temperature.
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
5. Assertion (A): The solutions which show large positive deviations from Raoult's law form maximum boiling
azeotropes. (1)
Reason (R): 95% aqueous solution of ethanol is minimum boiling azeotrope.
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
6. Define molal depression [Link] is it related to enthalpy of fusion? (2)
7. A 6% solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol 1) is isotonic with 2.5% solution of an unknown organic
substance. Calculate the molecular weight of the unknown organic substance. (2)
8. (a) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases. What type of deviation
from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What change in temperature would you observe after
mixing X and Y? (2)
(b) What is the van’t Hoff factor for a compound which undergoes tetramerisation in an organic solvent?
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9. (a) What type of deviation is shown by ethanol and acetone mixture? Give reason. (b) What type of
azeotropic mixture is formed by that deviation? (2)
10. Give reasons for the following : (2)
(a) A doctor advised a person suffering from high blood pressure to take less quantity of common salt.
(b) Red blood cells (RBC) shrink when placed in saline water but swell in distilled water.
11. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.80 g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90 g of
benzene, the boiling point is raised to 354.11 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. K b for benzene is
2.53 K kg mol–1 (3)
12. (a) Henry’s constant (KH) for the solution of methane in benzene at 298 K is 4.27 ×10 5 mm Hg. Calculate the
solubility of methane in benzene at 298 K under 760 mm Hg. (3)
13. (a) Out of 1 M BaCl2, 1 M Urea, 1 M FeCl3 and 1 M NaCl solutions , which one will have the highest
boiling point and why? (3)
(b) When 2.56 g of sulphur was dissolved in 100 g of CS 2, the freezing point lowered by 0.383 K. Calculate
the formula of sulphur (Sx).
14. Calculate elevation of the boiling point of the solution when 4 g of MgSO4 (molar mass = 120 g/mol) was
dissolved in 100 g of water, assuming MgSO4 undergoes complete ionisation. (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg
mol–1). (3)
15. H2S, a toxic gas with rotten egg-like smell, is used for qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H 2S in water
at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry’s law constant. (3)
16. (a) Find the value of i factor for acetic acid in benzene as per the given equation : (3)
2CH3COOH→ (CH3COOH)2, assuming its complete association.
(b) Osmotic pressure of a solution containing 3·5 g of dissolved protein in 0·05 L of a solution is 0·035 atm
at 310 K. Calculate the molar mass of the protein.
(R = 0·0821 L atm/ K / mol)
17. The cause for deviation from Raoult’s law in the colligative properties of non-ideal solutions lie in the nature
of interactions at the molecular level. These properties show deviations from Raoult’s law due to difference
in interactions between solute – solvent, solute – solute and solvent – solvent. Some liquids on mixing, form
azeotropes which are binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at a
constant temperature. In such cases, it is not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation.
There are two types of azeotropes called minimum boiling azeotrope and maximum boiling azeotrope.
Answer the following questions: (4)
(a) Pure ethanol cannot be prepared by fractional distillation of ethanol – water [Link].
(b) Why does a mixture of chloroform and acetone show deviation from ideal behaviour ?
OR
(b) State Raoult’s law of vapour pressure for the solution of two volatile liquids.
(c) The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 1.25 atm. When 1.2 g of non-volatile,
non-electrolyte solute is added to 60 g of benzene
(M = 78 g mol–1), the vapour pressure of the solution becomes 1.237 atm. Calculate the molar mass of the
nonvolatile solute.
18. Concentration of solution is defined as the amount of solute dissolve in given quantity of solvent or solution.
It can be expressed by various method. Some of the methods are percent by mass, percent by volume, parts
per million, molarity, molality, mole fraction, etc. Molality is more preferred than molality in handling the
solution in chemistry. (4)
Answer the following questions.
(a) Define mole fraction.
(b) Out of molarity and molality which one is more preferred and why?
(c) H2SO4 used in lead storage battery in 38% by mass and has density 1.30 g/cm3. Calculate its molarity.
OR
(c) Calculate percentage composition in terms of mass of a solution obtained by mixing 300 g of a 25 % and
400 g of a 40 % solution by mass.

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19. (i)At the same temperature, CO2 gas is more soluble in water than O2 gas. Which one of them will
have higher value of KH and why? (5)
(ii)How does the size of blood cells change when placed in an aqueous solution
containing more than 0·9% (mass/volume) sodium chloride ?
(iii) 1 molal aqueous solution of an electrolyte A2B3 is 60% ionized. Calculate the boiling point of the
solution. (Given : Kb for H2O = 0·52 K kg /mol )
20. (i) The vapour pressures of A and B at 25ºC are 75 mm Hg and 25 mm Hg, respectively. If A and B
are mixed such that the mole fraction of A in the mixture is 0·4, then calculate the mole fraction of
B in vapour phase. (5)
(ii) Define colligative property. Which colligative property is preferred for the molar mass
determination of macromolecules ?
(iii) Why are equimolar solutions of sodium chloride and glucose not isotonic?
ANSWER - PRACTICE PAPER 1
1. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
3. (c) A is true but R is false.
4. (d) A is false but R is true.
5. (d) A is false but R is true.
6. Molal depression constant is the depression in freezing point observed in 1 molal solution. The
depression in freezing point when one mole of non-volatile solute is dissolved in 1 kg or 1000g of
the solvent.

7. ∏ glucose = ∏ unknown

M = 75 g/mol
8. (a) The solution will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law. Temperature will rise.
(b) i = ¼
9. Positive [Link] ethanol – acetone interaction is weaker than pure ethanol and pure acetone
molecular interactions.
Minimum boiling azeotropes.
10. (a) Large intake of common salt increases the concentration of ions in the body fluid as well as the osmotic
pressure. Blood pressure increases as a result of this.
(b) Exo-osmosis occurs in first case and endo-osmosis occurs in second case.
11. The elevation (∆Tb ) in the boiling point = 354.11 K – 353. 23 K = 0.88 K Substituting these values in
expression

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12. Given, KH = 4.27 ×105mm Hg, p=760 mm Hg

According to Henry’s law, p=KHX CH4
∴XCH4=p/KH=(760 mm Hg)/(4.27×105 mm Hg)=1.78×10-3

13. (a) 1 M FeCl3 solution as number of ions produced is maximum in FeCl3 solution
( i = 4).The collogative property ∆Tb will be maximum in this case.
(b) Using formula of MB, MB = 256 g/mol. Molecular mass of Sx = x.32 = 256,
x = 256/32 = 8 Therefore, formula of sulphur = S8
14.

15. 0.195 m aqueous solution of H2S means 0.195 mole of H2S is dissolved in 1000 g of water.

16.

17. (a) Ethanol-water forms azeotropic mixture.

(b) Due to the formation of hydrogen bond between chloroform and acetone.
OR
(b)Vapour pressure of each component is directly proportional to its mole fraction.

18. (a) Mole fraction represents the number of molecules of a particular component in a mixture divided by the
total number of moles in the given mixture.
(b) Molality, the molarity is function of volume which can be affected by changing the temperature of
system while the molality of system is function of mass which does not have any effect of temperature. So,
the molality is preferred over the molarity to express the concentration of a solution.
(c) Moles of H2SO4=38/98
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Volume of solution = mass/density= 100/1.30=76.92 ml

Molarity=moles of H2SO4/volume of solution
=387 x 1000/76.92 = 5.013 M
OR
(c)Mass of solute in 300 g of solution = 75 g
Mass of solvent = 225 g
Mass of solute in 400 g = 160 g
Mass of solvent = 240 g
Percentage by mass of solute = (total mass of solute /total mass of solution ) x 100 = 33.6 %
19. (i)

O2 has higher KH value as it has less solubility.

(ii) shrinks
(iii)

Tb = 374.78 K.
20. (i) PT = pAo + pB0

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PRACTICE PAPER 2

1. The given graph shows the vapour pressure curves for some liquids. Liquids A,
B, C and D respectively are:

(1)
Choose the correct option :
(A) diethyl ether, acetone, ethyl alcohol, water
(B) acetone, ethyl alcohol, diethyl ether, water
(C) water, ethyl alcohol, acetone, diethyl ether
(D) ethyl alcohol, acetone, diethyl ether, water
2. For an ideal solution, the correct option is : (1)
I. ΔmixG ≠0 at constant T and P
II .ΔmixS = 0 at constant T and P
III. ΔmixV≠0 at constant T and P
IV.ΔmixH=0 at constant T and P
Choose the correct option:
(A). I and II (B). II and III (C). III and I (D). I and IV
3 Arrange the following solutions in order of their increasing boiling points. (1)
(i) 10-4 M NaCl (ii) 10-4 M Urea
-3
(iii) 10 M NaCl (iv) 10-2 M NaCl
Choose the correct option:
(A) (i) < (ii) < (iii) < (iv) (B) (iv) < (iii) < (i) < (ii)
(C) (ii) < (i)<(iv)<(iii) (D) (ii) < (i) < (iii) < (iv)
4 CrCl3. x NH3 can exist as a complex. 0.1 molal aqueous solution of this complex
shows a depression in freezing point of 0.558∘C . Assuming 100% ionisation of
this complex and coordination number of Cr is 6 , the complex will be (Given
Kf= 1.86 K kg /mol ) (1)
(A) [Cr(NH3)5 Cl] Cl2 (B) [Cr(NH3)6] Cl3
(C) [Cr(NH3)3Cl3] (D) [Cr(NH3)4Cl2] Cl
5 Given below are two statements : (1)
Statement (I) : NaCl is added to the ice present in the ice cream box to
prevent the melting of ice.
Statement (II) : On addition of NaCl to ice there is a depression in freezing
point.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options
given below :
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
(B) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
(C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
(D) Both Statement I and Statement II are true

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6 Assertion (A): Cryoscopic constant depends on the nature of solvent. (1)

Reason (R): Cryoscopic constant is a universal constant.
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
7 Given below are two statements labelled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R) : (1)
Assertion (A) : If red blood cells were removed from the body and placed in
pure water, the pressure inside the cells increases.
Reason (R) : The concentration of the salt content in the cells increases.
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
8 Assertion (A):The boiling point of 0.1 M urea solution is less than 0.1 M KCl
solution. (1)
Reason (R): Elevation of boiling point is directly proportional to the number of
species present in the solution.
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
9 Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9 % NaCl Solution. What happens if we place
blood cells in a solution containing: (2)
i) 1.2 % NaCl ii) 0.4 % NaCl solution.
10 Three particles of solute “A” associate in benzene to form species (A)3. The
degree of association of ‘A’ is found to be 0.92. Calculate the freezing point of
0.25 m solution given that freezing point of benzene is 5.5°C and cryoscopic
constant is 5.12 Kkg/mol. (3)
11 Two elements A and B or compounds having molecular formula AB2 and AB4.
When dissolved in 20 g of Benzene, 1 g of AB2 lowers the freezing point by
2.3 K and 1 g of AB4 lowers it by 1.3 K. Molal depression constant for benzene
is 5.1 Kkgmol-1. Calculate atomic masses of A and B. (3)
12 Calculate the boiling point of a solution prepared by dissolving 5.85 g of NaCl in
500 g of water. The boiling point elevation constant for water is 0.512 0Ckg/mol.
Assume complete dissociation of NaCl in water. (3)
13 During a laboratory experiment, a student was asked to prepare a 0.1 M solution
of sodium chloride (NaCl). However, the student mistakenly added 10 g of NaCl
to only 500 mL of water instead of 1000 mL. Discuss the implications of this
mistake on the molarity and the colligative properties of the solution. (3)
14 Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The variation of the vapour pressure with rise in temperature can also be
expressed graphically by plotting curves between the temperature and the
corresponding vapour pressure of pure liquids and also their dilute solutions.
For a small range of concentration, the rise in temperature is directly proportional
to the decrease in vapour pressure. (4)
(a) Define ebullioscopic constant.
(b) How can you calculate the observed molecular mass of solute using
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elevation in boiling point?

c) The following are the vapour pressure curves of a pure solvent and a
solution of a non-volatile solute in it.

Based on the above curves answer the following questions.

i) What do the curves A and B indicate?
ii) Explain why the value of Tb is greater than that of T0b.
OR
(c) Calculate the mole fraction of water in a mixture containing equal number of
moles of water and ethanol.

15 a) Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 x 108 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the
quantity of CO2 in 500 ml soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure
at 298 K. Given 1 atm = 101325 Pa (5)
b) Give reasons for the following:
i) Air is diluted with helium in the tanks used by scuba divers.
ii) Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than warm water.
ANSWER- PRACTICE PAPER 2
1 A 2. D 3. D 4. A
5. D 6. C 7. C 8. A
9 i) Shrink
ii) Swell
10 Now, α=0.92,n=3. (α) = i-1/(1/3-1)=0.39
Calculation of ∆Tf= i x Kf x m= 0.39 x 5.12 x 0.25=0.499°C
Freezing point= 5.5-0.499= 5°C
11 In case of compound AB2:
MB=(KfWB×1000)/WAΔTf
ΔTf=2.3K,WB=1.0g,WA=20.0g,Kf=5.1KKg/mol
MB=(5.1×1.0×1000)/(20.0×2.3)=110.87 g/mol
In case of compound AB4:
ΔTf=1.3K,WB=1.0g,WA=20.0g
MB=(5.1×1.0×1000)/(20.0×1.3)=196.15 g/mol
Let a g/mol and b g/mol be the atomic masses of A and B respectively.
MAB2=a+2b=110.87 .....(i)
MAB4=a+4b=196.15 .......(ii)
Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i), we have
−2b=−85.28
Atomic mass of B is b=42.64.
Substituting the values of b in equation (i), we get
a+2×42.64=110.87
Atomic mass of A is a=25.59 g/mol.
Hence, the atomic mass of a is 25.59 g/mol and b is 42.64 g/mol

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12 (i) Determination of molality of the solution:

Molar mass of NaCl: 58.5g/mol
Moles of NaCl: Given mass/ Molar mass: 5.85/58.5=0.1mol
Mass of solvent=500g=0.5kg
Molality: Moles of solute/ Mass of solvent in kg= 0.1mol/0.5kg=0.2 mol/kg.
(ii) Boiling point elevation calculation:
Since NaCl dissociates completely, so i=2
∆Tb=i x kbx m=2x 0.512°C kg/mol x 0.2mol/kg
0.2048°C.
(iii) New boiling point of the solution:
The normal boiling point of water=100°C.
New boiling point= Tb= 100°C + 0.2048°C= 100.2°C.
13 Molarity (Concentration):
The intended molarity was 0.1 M (moles of solute per litre of solution).
The student added 10 g of NaCl to 500 mL (0.5 L) of water.
To calculate the actual molarity, we can assume no change in volume (which
might not be accurate, but let’s proceed for now):
Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol
Moles of NaCl added = 10 g / 58.44 g/mol ≈ 0.171 moles
Actual molarity=Moles of NaCl/ volume of solution= 0.171 moles/0.5L= 0.342M
Colligative properties depend on the concentration of solute particles, not on the
identity of the solute.
The mistake affects properties like vapour pressure lowering, boiling point
elevation, and freezing point depression.
Since the actual molarity is higher than intended, colligative properties will be
impacted accordingly:
Vapour pressure will be lower than expected, boiling point will be higher than
expected and freezing point will be lower than expected.
14 a) It is the elevation in boiling point of 1 molal solution.
(b) We know ∆Tb= kb× m , ∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝑘𝑏 × 𝑊𝑀22×1000 ×𝑊1
𝑀2 = 𝑘𝑏∆𝑇
×𝑊2×1000
𝑏 ×𝑊1
c) i) A – Pure solvent and B – Solution
ii) Since the solute is non-volatile, the vapour pressure of solution is always less
than that of the pure solvent. So it boils at higher temperature.
OR
(c) Number of moles of water = n
Number of moles of ethanol = n (since equal moles)

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15

b) i) Air contains a large amount of nitrogen and the solubility of gases in liquids
increases with increase in pressure. When sea divers dive deep into the sea, large
amount of nitrogen dissolves in their blood. When they come back to the surface,
solubility of nitrogen decreases and it separates from the blood and forms small
air bubbles. This leads to a dangerous medical condition called bends. Therefore,
air in oxygen cylinders used for diving is diluted with helium gas. This is done as
He is sparingly soluble in blood.
ii) According to Henry's Law,

p = KH × χ

Where KH = Henry's law constant.

Solubility is indirectly proportional to Henry's constant.

As temperature increases, KH increases, hence, solubility decreases.
Therefore, at higher temperature, value of KH is high, so, solubility is low. So, it
is difficult for aquatic species to breathe in warm water.

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EXTRA CONCEPTS
 On increasing the temperature of the liquid the escaping tendency of the molecules increases and the
vapour pressure increases

 Claussius-Clapeyron Equation:

 Thermodynamics of dissolution: ∆S > 0 in dissolution process. If the mixing process is

spontaneous/natural then ∆G< 0 .

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