See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: [Link]

net/publication/382560767

English Basic Patterns: Clause

Chapter · November 2023

CITATIONS READS

0 532

1 author:

Yuni Fitriyah
Indonesia University of Education
11 PUBLICATIONS 14 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Yuni Fitriyah on 26 July 2024.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Bunga Rampai
English Basic Patterns
 UU No 28 tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta

Fungsi dan sifat hak cipta Pasal 4

Hak Cipta sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 3 huruf a merupakan
hak eksklusif yang terdiri atas hak moral dan hak ekonomi.
Pembatasan Pelindungan Pasal 26
Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 23, Pasal 24, dan Pasal
25 tidak berlaku terhadap:
i. Penggunaan kutipan singkat Ciptaan dan/atau produk Hak Terkait
untuk pelaporan peristiwa aktual yang ditujukan hanya untuk
keperluan penyediaan informasi aktual;
ii. Penggandaan Ciptaan dan/atau produk Hak Terkait hanya untuk
kepentingan penelitian ilmu pengetahuan;
iii. Penggandaan Ciptaan dan/atau produk Hak Terkait hanya untuk
keperluan pengajaran, kecuali pertunjukan dan Fonogram yang
telah dilakukan Pengumuman sebagai bahan ajar; dan
iv. Penggunaan untuk kepentingan pendidikan dan pengembangan
ilmu pengetahuan yang memungkinkan suatu Ciptaan dan/atau
produk Hak Terkait dapat digunakan tanpa izin Pelaku
Pertunjukan, Produser Fonogram, atau Lembaga Penyiaran.
Sanksi Pelanggaran Pasal 113
1. Setiap Orang yang dengan tanpa hak melakukan pelanggaran hak
ekonomi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 9 ayat (1) huruf i
untuk Penggunaan Secara Komersial dipidana dengan pidana
penjara paling lama 1 (satu) tahun dan/atau pidana denda paling
banyak Rp100.000.000 (seratus juta rupiah).
2. Setiap Orang yang dengan tanpa hak dan/atau tanpa izin Pencipta
atau pemegang Hak Cipta melakukan pelanggaran hak ekonomi
Pencipta sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 9 ayat (1) huruf c,
huruf d, huruf f, dan/atau huruf h untuk Penggunaan Secara
Komersial dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3 (tiga)
tahun dan/atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp500.000.000,00
(lima ratus juta rupiah).
English Basic Patterns

Ronald Maraden Parlindungan Silalahi

Syamsul Bahri
Astuty
Lamhot Martua Situmeang
Paris A. Sihombing
Desi Indrawati
Dian Firdha Utami
Ayu Puspita Arum
Elaine Atha Zafirah Gumay
Fini Widya Fransiska
Donna Ria Pasaribu
Yuni Fitriyah
Tiara Kristina Pasaribu
 ENGLISH BASIC PATTERNS
Penulis:

Ronald Maraden Parlindungan Silalahi

Syamsul Bahri
Astuty
Lamhot Martua Situmeang
Paris A. Sihombing
Desi Indrawati
Dian Firdha Utami
Ayu Puspita Arum
Elaine Atha Zafirah Gumay
Fini Widya Fransiska
Donna Ria Pasaribu
Yuni Fitriyah
Tiara Kristina Pasaribu

Editor: Dr. Bertaria Sohnata Hutauruk, [Link]., [Link].

Desain Cover: Nada Kurnia, [Link].
Tata Letak: Samuel, [Link].

Halaman: A5 Unesco: 15,5 x 23 cm

Ukuran: vii, 201

ISBN: 978-623-88731-8-0

Terbit Pada: November 2023

Hak Cipta 2023, Pada Penulis

Isi diluar tanggung jawab percetakan
Copyright © 2023 by Future Science Publisher
All Right Reserved

Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang

Dilarang keras menerjemahkan, memfotokopi, atau
memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini
tanpa izin tertulis dari Penerbit.

PENERBIT FUTURE SCIENCE

(CV. FUTURE SCIENCE)
Anggota IKAPI (348/JTI/2022)
Jl. Terusan Surabaya Gang 1 A No. 71 RT 002 RW 005, Kel. Sumbersari, Kec. Lowokwaru, Kota
Malang, Provinsi Jawa Timur.
[Link]
 PREFACE

By the name of God the Almighty, I thank to God for

His blessing and guidance to complete this book chapter of
English Basic Patterns. I also appreciate and acknowledge to
all of the authors who have shared and contributed the ideas
for this book chapter. This book discusses about English
Basic Patterns that introduces the introduction of English
Basic Patterns, Noun, Verbs, Pronoun, Adjectives, Adverbs,
Articles, Preposition, Conjunctions, Interjections, Phrases,
Clauses and Sentences. One of the many rewards of this
writing is a challenge that it explores to write and share the
ideas with so many talented authors. Thank you very much
for the courage and ideas. I am also very grateful to all
individuals and publisher for the help and encouragement
during the preparation of the chapter by chapter and the
assistance in editing, laying out of the book, proof reading,
revising, finishing until publishing this book. I hope that by
sharing this idea and knowledge, this can help the readers or
the students in understanding English Basic Patterns.

Pematang Siantar, 16 Oktober 2023

Editor,

Dr. Bertaria Sohnata Hutauruk, [Link]., [Link]

Silalahi, [Link]

v
 DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................... v

DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................... vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.. .................................................. 1

CHAPTER II NOUNS.. ................................................................ 12

CHAPTER III VERBS .................................................................. 27

CHAPTER IV PRONOUN ............................................................ 42

CHAPTER V ADJECTIVE ......................................................... 69

CHAPTER VI ADVERBS ............................................................. 87

CHAPTER VII ARTICLES............................................................. 97

CHAPTER VIII PREPOSITION .................................................... 115

CHAPTER IX CONJUNCTION .................................................. 131

CHAPTER X INTERJECTION .................................................. 143

CHAPTER XI PHRASE .............................................................. 156

CHAPTER XII CLAUSE .............................................................. 169

CHAPTER XIII SENTENCES ....................................................... 184

vi
41
 CHAPTER XII
CLAUSE

Yuni Fitriyah
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung
E-mail: yuniftryh@[Link]

12.1. INTRODUCTION
Knowledge of English is one of the relevant needs today.
English has become the official language of 53 countries in the
world and it used in various fields such as education, technology,
economy, social and culture. With a good understanding and
fluent ability to use it, it can make easier for us to live our lives.
As one of the languages used in the international
communication system, of course, good and correct English
language skills are needed, both orally and in writing. Good
English skills allow us to provide relevant information and
support the message we want to convey. Conversely, good
English skills will also allow us to receive relevant information
and understand the messages conveyed by others. Thus creating
an appropriate and effective communication.
In the science of sentence structure or syntax, words, phrases,
clauses and sentences are syntactic units (Payne, 2010). In this
chapter, we will discuss about clauses. The use of clauses in
communication can affect the understanding and interpretation of
the message conveyed. For example, an understanding of clauses
in grammar allows us to recognize the types of sentences used,
such as statement sentences, questions, or command sentences. In
addition, an understanding of clauses also helps us to recognize
the relationship between words in a sentence, such as subject and
predicate, object, or adverb. By understanding these relationships,
we can draw better context and meaning.

169
 However, excessive or inappropriate use of clauses can make
the message complicated and difficult to understand. Too many
clauses in a sentence can make the message too long and
confusing for the listener or reader. Therefore, it is important to
use clauses wisely and ensure that they do not cause confusion or
even misunderstanding for the listener or reader.

12.2. Definition of Clause

In English, a clause is an important grammatical unit in
sentence formation. If you have previously learned about phrases.
Clauses are different from phrases, phrases are a collection of
words that are in a clause. Clauses have a larger scope than
phrases. A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and
predicate. The subject in a sentence can be an animal, a thing, a
person or an abstract concept, while the predicate is a verb or an
auxiliary verb that comes with the verb itself. The subject of a
clause can be stated or hidden, but the verb must be clear and
distinguishable.

Example:
o She sings. (she is the subject; sings is the predicate).
o Zelvi will go. (Zelvi is the subject; will go is the predicate in
the form of an auxiliary verb).

The number of clauses in a sentence can be more than one,

for example:
o She graduated last year. (One clause sentence)
o When she came here, she saw Tommy. (Two clause sentence)
o When she came here, she saw Tommy, and she greeted him.
(Three clause sentence)

Sometimes a clause can act as a sentence (Langacker, 2008).

This is because the 'predicate' can be a verb, or it can be a non-
verbal predicate. These sentences are called non-verbal sentences.
170
The predicate of a nonverbal sentence can be an adjective, noun,
adverb, or any other type of word. Because in English a sentence
must have a subject and a verb, we must use auxiliary verbs.
Auxiliary verbs include are, am, and is. The use of auxiliary verbs
must also match the subject and tenses. Here are some examples
of nonverbal sentences. The underlined word is the auxiliary verb:
o Nia is rich. (rich is an adjective)
o I am here. (here is an adverb of place)
o They are students. (student is a noun)
But, keep in mind that a clause that acts as a sentence is not
necessarily a complete sentence. That is, not every clause can
function as a sentence.

12.3. Characteristics of Clause

A clause is a group of words consisting of a subject and a
predicate. So based on this definition, the main characteristic of a
clause is that there is one subject and one predicate in it. However,
some other characteristics that can be used to determine whether a
group of words is a clause or not are as follows:
1. It has at least a subject and a predicate
2. Sometimes comes with an object, complement, or adverb
3. Can be formed as part of another sentence
4. Forms a sequence of constructed words
5. There are no suprasegmental elements or punctuation marks
such as commas (,), full stops (.), exclamation marks (!), or
question marks (?).
From the characteristics of the clause, it can be concluded that
a clause is not a sentence, but has the potential to stand as a
sentence, so that a sentence must contain a clause consisting of at
least one clause.

12.4. Difference between Clause and Sentence

So, what exactly is the difference between a clause and a
sentence? The main difference between a clause and a sentence is
171
that a sentence always conveys a complete meaning, while a
clause doesn't always convey a complete and clear meaning
(Haza’ Al Rdaat & Gardner, 2017). Simply put, there are types of
clauses that, if not combined with other clauses, cannot produce a
meaning or context. To illustrate, you can compare the examples
below:
o Merisa was eating when I washed my clothes. (this is a
sentence)
o Merisa was eating. (this is a clause)
o When I washed my clothes. (this is a clause)
As explained in the clause definition section, a clause can act
as a sentence. If we look at the example above, the "Merisa was
eating" part is a clause (Merisa is the subject, and was eating is
the predicate with verb form). Even though it is a clause, it can
give a meaning that others understand. Unlike the second clause,
"When I washed my clothes." its meaning cannot be understood,
right? But, if we combine the two clauses above, the context
becomes clearer, and that's the job of a sentence.

12.5. Types of Clauses

In general, there are two types of clauses that you should
know and understand: independent clause and dependent clause.
1. Independent Clause
In English, independent clause is also known as main clause.
An independent clause is a clause that can stand alone as a
complete sentence because it has a perfect (clear) sense. It
contains a subject, a verb, and often an additional modifier or
complement. Independent clauses are independent of other
clauses.
The sentence produced by an independent clause is called a
simple sentence, but an independent clause can also be combined
with another independent clause which will produce a compound
sentence. If you want to combine two independent clauses, then
you must insert the following words between the two clauses:
172
 Coordinate conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
 Semicolon (;)
 Adverbial conjunction (however, rather, therefore)

Example:
Simple Sentence (Subject + Verb)
o She likes oranges.
o I prefer drinking tea to coffee.
Compound Sentence (Subject + Verb + Conjunction /
Semicolon + Subject + Verb)
o She likes oranges but you like apples better.
o I am not a big fan of dessert however I would love to eat ice
cream now.
o I have done all of my workout; I'm going to go home now.

12.6. Dependent Clauses

A dependent clause, also known as a subordinate clause,
cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it lacks a
perfect (vague) sense. This clause is also called a subordinate
clause. Dependent clauses depend on independent clauses to form
complete sentences.
A clause is called a dependent clause because of the presence
of dependent marker words such as because, after, before, in order
to, since, while, wether, though, although, even thought, even if,
whenever, wherever, etc. Or the dependent clause has a dependent
clause. Or the dependent clause has a conjunction such as nor, yet,
or, and, but, etc.

Example:
o What happened when I went to the campus (when functions as
a depended word).
o When Febri bought some bread. (this is a dependent clause but
not a sentence because it is unclear or lacks a complete idea).
o When Febri bought some bread, Clara broke the window.
173
 (these are two clauses that are combined to form a complete
sentence)

Based on its function, dependent clause is divided into several

types, namely:
 Noun Clause
Any group of words that consists of a subject and a verb and
functions as a noun is called a noun clause. See the example in
the sentence below:
I really do not want to know the ingredients in my mom's stew.
In the sentence above, the ingredients are the noun. If we
change the noun ingredients with a clause, it will transform
into a noun clause as below:
I really do not want to know what my mom adds to her stew.

So, 'what my mom adds to her stew' is the clause.

Noun clauses can function like nouns, i.e. they can be the
subject, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition
(Novarita, 2019). Noun clauses can be preceded by clause markers
like what, which, why, who, whom, whose, when, where, how, how
much, how many, that, whether, or if.

Example:
o As Subject: What I have is very important.
The noun clause "what I have" in the sentence above has a
subject+verb construction (I + have) after the word what. The
function of the noun clause "What I have" in the sentence is as
a subject. The same noun clause can be used as an object:
o As the object of a verb: They want to know what I have.
The noun clause "what I have" in the sentence above functions
as the object of the verb know. Now consider the same noun
clause used as the object of the following prepositions:
o As the object of a preposition: He is interested in what I
have.
174
 The noun clause "what I have" in the sentence above functions
as the object of the preposition in.

 Adjective Clause
An adjective clause is a clause that acts as an adjective. In this
case, the whole group of words (clause) will modify the subject,
noun or pronoun in a sentence (Novarita, 2019). The tense in
adjective clauses can be in any tense. There are two types of
adjective clauses, namely:
a. Adjective clause with relative pronoun
This adjective clause begins with a relative pronoun such as
who, whom, whose, which, or that. This adjective clause
connects the clause with the noun or pronoun it modifies. The
writing form is usually as follows:
Relative pronoun or relative adverb + subject + verb
Example:
- Whom Professor Wahyudin hit in the head with a heavy
book.
Whom is the relative pronoun; Professor Wahyudin is the
subject; Hit is the verb.
This is the complete sentence when combined with the main
clause: The lazy students whom Professor Wahyudin hit in the
head with a heavy book soon learned to keep their complaints
to themselves.
Then, here's an example sentence that shows a relative pronoun
as the subject:
- That had broken the window and took the laptop.
That is a relative pronoun (as the subject); had broke & took
are verbs.
You can combine the above clauses with other clauses. Here's
an example:
- Michelle called the police for the rubber that had broken
the door and took the laptop in her office.

175
b. Adjective clause with relative adverb
This adjective clause begins with an adverb (when, where, and
why). This adjective clause modifies the verb in the
independent clause. The writing form is usually as follows:
Relative pronoun as the subject + verb
Example:
- Where he glared and surprised with great enthusiasm
Where is a relative adverb; He is the subject; glared and
surprised are verbs.
If combined with the main clause, the example would be like
this:
- My brother Anthony, who loves cake crusts, eats them on
the kitchen table, where he chews and drools with great
enthusiasm.
You have to be careful! Sentences that contain adjective
clauses are usually the most tricky in terms of punctuation. If you
get the punctuation marks wrong (they're usually separated by
commas), then the meaning can be different too.
 Adverbial Clause
An adverbial clause is a clause that modifies a predicate or
another adverb in a sentence (Rakhmasari, 2022). This clause
certainly serves to answer the questions how, when, where, why,
and to what extent, just like the function of the adverb itself.
Adverbial clauses are always characterized by adverbs that are
clause markers such as: after, as soon as, once, even if, in case,
before, while, although, by the time, as, when, while, even, the fact
that, until, since, inorder that, despite the, ect.
Here's an illustration of the modification of another adverb
into a clause form:
Adverb: We will swim later.
Adverbial Clause: We will swim after the rain stops.

176
 Conditional Clause
Conditional clauses are clauses that function as suppositions.
So, through this clause, you can show something that might
happen, but is uncertain (possible to happen, but not sure if it will
happen or not). It can also be used to express cause-effect.
Conditional sentences are also known as "if clauses", because
they start with the word "if" to make a guess (Haza’ Al Rdaat &
Gardner, 2017). Remember that this is a type of dependent clause,
so it can't stand alone. Basically, all conditional sentences consist
of an if clause and a main clause.
Example:
o If the movie starts to play, we will have to be quiet.
Now, from the sentence, the conditional clause is "if movie
starts to play". Overall, the sentence above is said to be a
conditional sentence.

 Coordinate Clause
Coordinate clause is a clause that begins with a coordinate
conjunction. The coordinating conjunction that is most often used
in this clause is ‘and’ & ‘but’.
Example:
o I'm not a fan of fruit, but I don't mind durian.
There, there is the word but as a clause whose meaning is
incomplete if it stands alone without a main clause.

Before ending the discussion about the clause, you should also
understand that clauses play several important functions in
language. The function of the clause in the language is as follows:
1. Sentence Structure: A clause provides a structural framework
for a sentence. Combining independent and dependent clauses
allows us to create different types of sentences, such as
simple, compound, and complex sentences. For example,
"Anisa went to the supermarket, but she forgot her shopping

177
 bag" is a compound sentence consisting of two independent
clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.
2. Expressing Relationships: Dependent clauses allow us to
express relationships between ideas. They can show cause and
effect, contrast, time, condition, or purpose. By using
dependent clauses, we can convey more nuanced meanings
and create more sophisticated sentences. For example,
"Despite the heavy rain, she goes for a walk" expresses the
contrast between the weather conditions and the subject's
actions.
3. Provide Additional Information: Clauses allow us to provide
additional information and details in a sentence. By adding
dependent clauses as modifiers, we can clarify, elaborate, or
define certain aspects. For example, "The journal he
recommended was great" uses a depend clause to provide
information about a specific book.
Correct clause construction is when the clause has a suitable
subject and predicate, and has a clear relationship with other
clauses in the sentence (Payne, 2010). In clause construction, it is
important to pay attention to the relationship between independent
and dependent clauses. An independent clause can stand alone as
a complete sentence, whereas a dependent clause cannot stand
alone and relies on the independent clause to provide a complete
meaning. The relationship between independent and dependent
clauses can be shown with conjunctions such as "when", "if",
"because", and ect.
In addition, in the correct construction of clauses, the subject
and predicate must match each other. The subject is the person,
thing, or thing that performs the action in the sentence, while the
predicate is the verb that states the action of the subject. For
example, in the sentence "He went on a tourist spot," the subject
is "He" and the predicate is "went on four tours." In writing or
speaking, it is important to use the correct sentence construction
so that the message to be conveyed is clear and well understood
178
by the listener or reader. By paying attention to the correct
sentence construction, we can avoid confusion and
misunderstandings in communicating.

12.7. Use of Clauses in the Context of Communication

One of the main functions of clauses in communication is to
provide additional information about the subject, predicate, or
object in a sentence. By using clauses, we can provide details,
explain relationships between ideas, or describe more complex
situations (Jespersen, 2013). For example, in the sentence "I am
going to the nearest store," the "nearest" clause provides
additional information about the store to be visited.
Clauses can also be used to express cause-and-effect
relationships in communication (Payne, 2010). In the sentence
"Because of the flood, I couldn't go to school," the clause
"because of the flood" explains the reason why the writer couldn't
go to school. In this case, the clause is used to convey a causal
relationship between the flood and the inability to go to school.
In addition, clauses can also be used to convey information
about the time, place, or conditions in communication. For
example, in the sentence "When I arrived home, I went straight to
bed," the clause "When I arrived home" provides information
about when the writer got home. In this case, the clause is used to
describe a situation or condition at a certain time.
The use of clauses in communication can affect the
understanding and interpretation of the message conveyed. By
using clauses, we can provide additional information that can
enrich the meaning of a sentence. Clauses can also help avoid
ambiguity and explain the relationships between ideas conveyed.
A thorough understanding of clauses is essential for effective
communication and writing. This is because we will be able to
compose clear and concise sentences. Understanding how
independent and dependent clauses work together helps ensure
that ideas are expressed logically and coherently. In addition, by
179
understanding the concept of clauses we can vary sentence
structures so as to create more interesting and dynamic prose.

12.8. SUMMARY
Clause, is one of the important elements in English. Clauses
are used to provide more detailed and in-depth information in a
sentence. Correct clause construction is when the clause has a
suitable subject and predicate, and has a clear relationship with
other clauses in the sentence. In clause construction, it is
important to pay attention to the relationship between independent
and dependent clauses. An independent clause can stand alone as
a complete sentence, whereas a dependent clause cannot stand
alone and relies on the independent clause to provide a complete
meaning. The relationship between independent and dependent
clauses can be shown with conjunctions such as "when", "if",
"because", and etc. In addition, in the correct construction of
clauses, the subject and predicate must match each other. The
subject is the person, thing, or thing that performs the action in the
sentence, while the predicate is the verb that states the action of
the subject. In writing or speaking, it is important to use the
correct sentence construction so that the message to be conveyed
is clear and well understood by the listener or reader. By paying
attention to the correct sentence construction, we can avoid
confusion and misunderstandings in communicating.

180
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Gisborne, N., & Trousdale, G. (2008). Constructional approaches
to English grammar (pp. 1–310). De Gruyter Mouton.
[Link]
Haza’ Al Rdaat, S., & Gardner, S. (2017). An Analysis of Use of
conditional Sentences by Arab Students of English. Advances
in Language and Literary Studies, 8(2), 1.
[Link]
Jespersen, O. (2013). Essentials of English Grammar (pp. 1–388).
Taylor and Francis. [Link]
Langacker, R. (2008). Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction
(pp. 1–572). Oxford University Press.
[Link]
Mulyadi. (2011). Analisis Buku Tata Bahasa Betty Schrampfer
Azar Fundamentals Of English Grammar Sebagai Buku Teks
Untuk Siswa. Visipena Journal, 2(2), 37–50.
[Link]
Novarita, N. (2019). An Analysis Study: Students’ Error In Using
Noun Clause. Edukasi Lingua Sastra, 17(2), 82–95.
[Link]
Payne, T. E. (2010). Understanding English Grammar: A
Linguistic Introduction (pp. 1–433). Cambridge University
Press. [Link]
Rakhmasari, D. L. (2022). Reduced Adverbial Clause In English.
English Education and Literature Journal (E-Jou), 2(01), 48–
57. [Link]

181
PROFILE
YUNI FITRIYAH
Author was born in Pangkalpinang on
January 27th, 1992. She completed her
undergraduate education at Sriwijaya
University majoring in Mathematics
Education. After completing her studies, she
devoted herself to becoming a teacher at one
of the best and largest tutoring institutions in
Indonesia, namely Ganesha Operation. After
10 years of dedicating herself in the world of education, she
continued her studies by taking a master's degree in Mathematics
Education at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia with a full
scholarship from LPDP. English is a scientific field that has been
liked by her since elementary school. When she was in high
school, she actively taught English to elementary school children
around her house. Until when she took the TOEFL ITP test in
2022, she got a score of 560. This is one of the reasons, she is
confident in her abilities and can be held accountable for this.
During her postgraduate studies, she actively contributed as a
speaker in off-campus activities regarding discussion of TOEFL
questions for students or the public who wish to prepare
themselves to take the TOEFL test. The desire to share knowledge
about knowledge of English also encouraged her to write one of
the chapters in this book. Her philosophy of life".

182
View publication stats