MODULE - II

Index 01. PROGRESSIONS 1

02. QUADRATIC EQUATION & EXPRESSION 29

03. BINOMIAL THEOREM 49

04. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 69

05. PROBABILITY 89

06. COMPLEX NUMBER 97

07. RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 107

08. LIMIT 133

09 DIFFERENTIATION 145
t
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 1

PROGRESSIONS
PROGRESSION
The sequence which obey the definite rule and its general term is always expressible in terms of n, is called
progression. Progression is mainly of three types : Arithmetic progression, Geometric progression and Harmonic
progression.
However, here we have classified the study of progression into five parts as :
w Arithmetic progression w Geometric progression
w Arithmetic-geometric progression w Harmonic progression
w Miscellaneous progressions

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS (A.P.)

A sequence is called an arithmetic progression if the difference of a term and the previous term is always
same.
If other words, a progression whose each term (except first term) is obtained by adding a definite quantity
to its previous term is called an Arithmetic Progression and this definite quantity is called common difference
of Arithmetic Progression.
Series Common difference
(1) 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + .... 3
(2) 17 + 15 + 13 + 11 + .... – 2
5 7 2
(3) 1 + + + 3 + ....
3 3 3
(4) a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) .... d
(a) General Arithmetic Progression
Progression a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + .... is called general arithmetic progression where 'a' is first term
and 'd' is common difference.
(b) nth term of an A.P.
(i) The n th term or general term of arithmetic progression a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) +... is given
as : Tn = a + (n – 1)d

Ex.1 Find 15th term of arithmetic progression 4 + 9 + 14 + 19 + ......

Sol. Here a = 4, d = 5
\ T15 = 4 + 14 × 5 = 74
Ex.2 If pth term of an A.P. is q and qth term is p then find its nth term.
Sol. According to question q = a + (p – 1)d ..... (1)
and p = a + (q – 1) d ..... (2)
Solving (1) and (2) d = –1, a = p + q – 1
\ Tn = ( p + q – 1) + (n – 1) (–1) = p + q – n
(c) nth term of an A.P. from the end
Let an A.P. of m terms having first term 'a' and common difference 'd', then the n th term from the end
is equal to (m–n+1)th term from beginning.
\ nth term from end
Tn (E) = Tm–n+1 (B)
Tm–n+1 (B) = a + (m – n + 1 – 1)d = a + (m – n)d

Tn (E) = a + (m – n)d

E
2 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.3 Find 20th term from the end in arithmetic progression 3 + 7 + 11 + ...... + 407
Sol. Here number of terms n =102
\ 20th term from end = 3 + (102 – 20)4 = 331
Second method : Considering last term 407 as first term and
d = –4.
T20 = 407 + 19(–4) = 331

(d) Sum of n terms of an A.P.

(i) The sum of n terms of A.P. a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + .....is

n n
Sn = [2a + (n - 1)d] or Sn = [a + Tn ]
2 2
Here Tn is nth term of A.P.
1 1
Ex.4 If mth term of an A.P. is and nth term is then find the sum of mn terms.
n m
1
Sol. = a + (m – 1) d ..... (1)
n
1
= a + (n – 1) d ..... (2)
m
1 1
Solving (1) and (2) Þ a = , d =
mn mn
mn é 2 1 ù 1
Smn = + (mn - 1) = (mn + 1)
2 êë mn mn úû 2
(ii) nth term in terms of Sn
Sn = T1 + T2 + ........... +Tn–1 + Tn or Sn = Sn–1 + Tn

Tn = S n – S n–1

(iii) Common Difference in terms of Sn

Q d = Tn – Tn–1 = (Sn – Sn–1) – (Sn–1 – Sn–2)
\ d = Sn – 2 . Sn–1 + Sn–2
Special case : d = T2 – T1 = (S2 – S1) – S1 Þ d = S2 – 2S1
(e) Arithmetic mean (A) :

a+b 1
Arithmetic mean 'A' of any two numbers 'a' and 'b' is A = and A = (a + a2 + a3 + .... + an)
2 n 1
is arithmetic mean of n numbers a1,a2,a3, .... an.
(i) n AM’s between two given numbers
If in between two numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ we have to insert n AM A1 , A2 ... An then a, A1 , A2 , A3 ... An,
b will be in A.P. The series consist of (n+2) terms and the last term is b and first term is a .
b-a
Þ a + (n +2 – 1) d = b Þ d=
n +1
A1 = a + d , A2 = a + 2d , ..... An = a + nd or An = b – d
Note :
w Sum of n AM’s inserted between 'a' and 'b' is equal to n times the single AM between a and b
n a+b
i.e. å A r = nA where A =
r =1 2
sum of m AM ' s m
w Between two numbers, =
sum of n AM ' s n
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 3
(f) Middle term: If the number of terms is n, and
th
æ n +1ö
(i) n is odd, then ç ÷ term is the middle term.
è 2 ø
th th
ænö æn ö
(ii) n is even, then ç ÷ and ç +1 ÷ terms are middle terms.
è2ø è2 ø
(g) If terms are given in A.P., and their sum is known, then the terms must be picked up in following way
in solving certain problem.
(i) For three terms (a – d), a, (a + d)
(ii) For four terms (a – 3d), (a – d), (a + d), (a + 3d)
(iii) For five terms (a – 2d), (a – d), a, (a + d), (a + 2d)
Note :
In general, if we have to take (2r + 1) terms in A.P. we take them as
{a – rd}, {a – (r - 1)d}, ..., {a – d}, a, {a + d}, ..., {a + rd}
And if we have to take 2r terms in A.P., we take them as
{a – (2r – 1)d}, {a – (2r – 3)d}, ...., {a + (2r – 3)d}, {a + (2r – 1)d}
(h) Useful Properties:
(i) If Sn = an2 + bn, then series so formed is an A.P.
(ii) If every term of an A.P. is increased or decreased by the same quantity, the resulting terms will also
be in A.P.
(iii) If every term of an A.P. is multiplied or divided by the same non-zero quantity, the resulting terms
will also be in A.P.
(iv) If terms a1, a2,....., an, an + 1,....., a2n + 1 are in A.P. Then sum of these terms will be equal to
(2n + 1)an+1. Here total number of terms in the series is (2n + 1) and middle term is an+1.
(v) In an A.P. the sum of terms equidistant from the beginning and end is constant and equal to sum of
first and last terms.
(vi) Sum and difference of corresponding terms of two A.P.’s will form a series in A.P.
æ a + a n+1 ö
(vii) If terms a1, a2, ..., a2n – 1, a2n are in A.P. The sum of these terms will be equal to (2n) ç n ÷,
è 2 ø
a n + a n +1
where = A.M. of middle terms.
2
(viii) nth term of a series is an = Sn – Sn – 1 (n ³ 2)

1 1 1
Ex.5 If , , are the pth, qth, rth terms respectively of an A.P. then ab ( p – q ) + bc ( q – r ) + ca ( r – p ) equals
a b c

to-
(1) 1 (2) -1 (3) 0 (4) None of these
Sol.(3) Let x be the first term and y be the c.d. of corresponding A.P.,
1
then = x + ( p – 1) y ..... (1)
a
1
= x + ( q – 1) y ..... (2)
b

1
= x + ( r - 1) y ..... (3)
c
Multiplying (1), (2) and (3) respectively by abc ( q - r ) ,abc ( r - p ) ,abc ( p - q ) and then adding we get

bc ( q - r ) + ca ( r - p ) + ab ( p - q ) = 0
E
4 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.6 If the sum of the first n terms of a sequence is of the form An 2 + Bn where A, B are constants independent
of n, then the sequence is
(1) an A.P. (2) a G.P. (3) a H.P. (4) None of these
Sol.(1) We have, Sn = An2 + Bn

2
( )
\ S n-1 = A ( n - 1) + B ( n - 1) = A n2 - 2n + 1 + B ( n - 1) = An2 - 2An + A + Bn - B

2 2
(
\ an = S n - Sn -1 = An + Bn - An - 2An + A + Bn - B )
= An2 + Bn - An2 + 2An - A - Bn + B = 2An + B - A

Þ an-1 = 2A ( n - 1) + B - A

Now an - an -1 = 2An + B - A - [2A ( n - 1) + B - A] = 2A (a constant)

Hence the sequence is an A.P.
Ex.7 If the sum of the first n even natural numbers is equal to k times the sum of first n odd natural numbers,
then k is equal to

1 n –1 n +1 n +1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
n n 2n n

Sol.(4) Let S1 denotes the sum of the first n even natural numbers

∴ S1 = 2 + 4 + 6 +....to n terms

n
= é2 ´ 2 + ( n - 1 ) ´ 2 ùû ëéQ a1 = 2,d = 2 ûù
2ë

n n
\ S1 = ( 4 + 2n - 2) = (2n + 2 ) = n ( n + 1) ..... (1)
2 2

Let S2 denotes the sum of the first n odd natural numbers

n
\ S2 = 1 + 3 + 5 + ....to n terms = é2 ´ 1 + ( n - 1) 2ùû éëQ a1 = 1, d = 2ùû
2ë

n n
\ S2 = ( 2 + 2n - 2 ) = (2n ) = n2 ......... (2)
2 2
Dividing (1) by (2),

S1 n ( n + 1) n + 1
= =
S2 n2 n

n +1
\k =
n
Ex.8 If m arithmetic means are inserted between 1 and 31 so that the ratio of the 7th and (m–1)th means is
5:9, then the value of m is
(1) 9 (2) 11 (3) 13 (4) 14

Sol.(4) Let the means be x1, x2 ,..., xm so that 1, x1, x2 ,...., x m ,31 is an A.P. of ( m + 2 ) terms.
ms.

Now, 31 = Tm+2 = a + ( m + 1) d = 1 + ( m + 1) d

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 5

30 x7 5 T8 a + 7d 5
\d = Given: = \ = =
m +1 xm-1 9 Tm a + ( m - 1) d 9

30
Þ 9a + 63d = 5a + ( 5m - 5 ) d Þ 4.1 = ( 5m - 68 )
m +1

1022
Þ 2m + 2 = 75m - 1020 Þ 73m = 1022 \m = = 14
73

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P.)

A sequence of non-zero numbers is called a geometric progression (abbreviated as G.P.) if the ratio of a
term and the term preceeding to it is always a constant quantity. This constant ratio is called the common
ratio of G.P. For example
Progression Common ratio
(i) 3 + 6 + 12 + 24 + ......... 2

(ii) 1 + 3 + 3 + 3 3 + ........ 3

1 1 1 1
(iii) 1+ + + + .........
2 4 8 2
(iv) a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ......... r
2 3
Here the progression a + ar + ar + ar + ......... is called general geometric progression of which a is
first term and r is common ratio. The first, second, third and nth term are represented by T1, T2, T3 and
Tn respectively.
(a) nth term of G. P.
The nth term of G. P. a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ......... is
Tn = arn–1

Ex.9 Find 9th term of G.P. 8 + 12 + 18 + 27 + ........

3
Q a = 8, r = 2 \ T9 = 8 .
FG 3IJ 8
6561
Sol.
H 2K =
32

(b) The nth term from the end of a G. P.

A finite geometric progresstion of m terms whose first term is a and common ratio is r has its nth term
from the end always equal to (m – n + 1)th term from beginning so required term is Tn (E) = arm–n
Short method : If last term of a G.P. is l and common ratio is r then nth term from the end is
F 1I
(E) = l G J
n -1
Tn
H rK
1
Clearly, here we have considered l as first term and as common ratio.
r
Ex.10 If first term of a G.P. is 1 and the sum of its 3rd and 5th term is 90 then the common ratio is -
(1) ± 4 (2) ± 3 (3) 2 (4) –2
Sol. (2)
1. r2 + 1. r4 =90 or r4 +r2 – 90 = 0
Þ (r2+10) (r2 – 9) = 0 Þ r2 = 9 Þ r = ±3

E
6 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
(c) Sum of n terms of a G.P.
The sum of n terms of G.P. a + ar + ar2 + ..........+ arn–1 is

ì æ rn -1 ö
ï açç r-1 ÷÷ , r>1
ï è ø
Sn = í æ 1-rn ö
ï açç 1-r ÷÷ , r<1
ï nèa ø
, r=1
î

1 1 1
Ex.11 Find sum of 9 terms of G.P. 1 – + – + ...
2 4 8

æ æ -1 ö9 ö
ç1- ç ÷ ÷
Sol.
ç è2ø
S9 = 1 ç
÷
÷ =
2 LM
1+
1
=
OP
171
æ -1 ö
çç 1 - ç ÷ ÷÷
3 N 512 Q
256
è è2ø ø
(d) Infinite Geometric Progression
If the number of terms are infinite in any G.P. then it is called infinite G. P.

a
S¥ = , |r|< 1
1- r

Ex.12 Find the value of 51/2 . 51/4 . 51/8 ................ ¥

Sol. Given quantity is 51/2+1/4+ 1/8

1/ 2
1-1/ 2
5 = 5
Ex.13 If a = r + r2 + r3 + .....¥ then the value of r is -

a a a 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
1- a a -1 1+ a 1+ a

r a
Sol. (3) Q a = 1- r Þ a – ar = r Þ r =
1+ a

(e) Geometric Mean (G)

Geometric mean G of any two positive numbers 'a' and 'b' is given by G = ab
Also, G = (a1 a2 ...... an)1/n is geometric mean of n positive numbers a1, a2, a3,...... an.
(i) n GM’s between two given numbers
If in between two numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’, we have to insert n GM's G1 , G2...... Gn then a, G1, G2 .....
Gn, b will be in GP. The series consist of (n+2) terms and the last term is 'b' and first term is 'a'.
1
æ b ö n +1
Þ arn+2–1 = b Þ r = ç ÷
èaø
G1 = ar , G2 = ar2 ..... Gn = arn or Gn = b/r
Note : Product of n GM’s inserted between ‘a’ and ‘b’ is equal to nth power of the single GM between
‘a’ and ‘b’

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 7
(f) If terms are given in G.P. and their product is known, then the terms must be picked up in following way.

a
(i) For three terms , a, ar
r

a a
(ii) For four terms , , ar, ar3
r3 r
a a
(iii) For five terms , , a, ar, ar2
r2 r

a a a
Note : In general, if we have to take (2k + 1) terms in G.P. we take them as , ,...., ,a,ar,...,ar k
k k -1 r
r r
(g) Useful Properties :
(i) The product of the terms equidistant from the beginning and end is constant and it is equal to the
product of first and last terms.
(ii) If every term of G.P. is increased or decreased by the same non–zero quantity, the resulting series
may not be in G.P.
(iii) If every term of G.P. is multiplied or divided by the same non–zero quantity, the resulting series is
in G.P.
(iv) If a1, a2, a3 ..... and b1, b2, b3 ..... be two G.P.’s of common ratio r1 and r2 respectively, then a1b1,

a1 a2 a3 r
a2b2,....... and , , ........ will also form G.P. whose common ratio will be r1r2 and 1 respectively.
b1 b2 b3 r2

(v) If a1, a2, a3, ........ be a G.P. of positive terms, then loga1, loga2, loga3, ..... will be in A.P. and conversely.

( ) ,(b ) ,(c )
-1 -1 -1
Ex.14 If a, b, c, d are in G.P., then a 3 + b3 3
+ c3 3
+ d3 are in

(1) A.P. (2) G.P. (3) H.P. (4) None of these

Sol.(2) Let b = ar, c = ar and d = ar3. Then,
2

1 1 1 1 1 1
= , = and =
a +b 3 3
(
a3 1 + r3 ) 3
b +c 3
(
a3 r 3 1 + r 3 ) 3
c +d 3
a r 3 6
(1 + r )3

( ) ,( b ) ( )
-1 -1 -1 1
3 3
Clearly, a3 + b3 3
+ c3 and c + d are in G.P. with common ration
r3

Ex.15 If x, y, z are in G.P. and ax = by = c z then

(1) logb a = loga c (2) logc b = loga c (3) logb a = log c b (4) None of these

Sol.(3) x, y, z are in G.P. Þ y 2 = xz

log l log l log l

We have, a x = b y = c z = l ( say ) Þ x loga = y log b = z log c = log l Þ x = ,y = ,z =
loga log b log c

putting x, y, z in (i), we get

2
æ log l ö log l log l
ç ÷ = .
è log b ø loga logc

( log b )2 = log [Link] c or loga b = logb c Þ log b a = logc b

E
8 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
ARITHMETIC-GEOMETRIC SERIES
The series whose each term is formed by multiplying corresponding terms of an A.P. and G.P. is called
the Arithmetic–geometric series.
For example
(i) 1 + 2x + 4x2 + 6x3 + .......... (ii) a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 + ..........
(a) Summation of n terms of Arithmetic–Geometric Series :
Let S = a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 + .............
(i) tn = [a + (n - 1)d].rn –1
(ii) Sn = a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 + ............. + [a + (n – 1)d]rn – 1

Multiply by ‘r’ and rewrite the series in following way.

rSn = ar + (a + d)r2 + (a + 2d)r3 + ..............+ [a + (n – 2)d]rn – 1 + [a + (n – 1)d]rn
On subtraction Sn(1 – r) = a + d (r + r2 + ................. + rn – 1) – [a + (n – 1)d]rn

dr(1 - r n -1 ) a dr(1 - r n -1 ) [a + (n - 1)d] n

or, Sn(1 – r) = a + – [a + (n – 1)d].rn or Sn = + – .r
1-r 1-r (1 - r)2 1-r

(b) Summation of Infinite terms of Arithmetic–Geometric Series :

S = a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 + ...................... ¥
rS = a r + (a + d)r2 + .............................¥
----------------------------------
On subtraction
S(1 – r) = a + d (r + r2 + r3 + ..................¥)

a dr
S= +
1 - r (1 - r )2

Ex.16 If rth term of a series is (2r + 1)2–r, then sum of its infinite terms is
(1) 10 (2) 8 (3) 5 (4) 0

1é 5 7 ù
Sol.(3) Here Tr = ( 2r + 1) 2 -r \ Series is: ê 3+ +
2
+ .....ú
2ë 2 2 û

Obviously the series in the bracket is Arithmetic-Geometrical Series. Therefore by the formula
a dr
S¥ = +
1-r (1 - r )2
é æ1ö ù
ê 2ç ÷ ú
1 3 è2ø ú = 5
We have S¥ = êê +
2 1 æ 2ú
ê1 - 1ö ú
2 ç 1 -
êë è 2 ÷ø úû

Ex.17 1 + 2.2 + 3.22 + 4.23 + ..... + 100.299 equals

(1) 99.2100 (2) 100.2100 (3) 1 + 99.2100 (4) none of these
Sol.(3) Let S = 1 + 2.2 + 3.2 + 4.2 + .... + 100.299
2 3 .... (1)
Þ 2S = 2 + 2.22 + 3.23 + .... 99.299 + 100.2100 ..... (2)
Subtracting (1) from (2) we get
2100 - 1
( )
-S = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ..... + 299 - 100.2100 Þ S = 100.2100 -
2 -1
= 100.2100 – 2100 + 1 = 1 + 99.2100
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 9
HARMONIC PROGRESSION (H.P.)

A progression where the reciprocal of each term are in A.P. is called Harmonic Progression which is represented
by H.P.
Harmonic Progression Arithmetic Progression

1 1 1
(i) 1 + + + + .... 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + .....
4 7 10
1 1 1
(ii) 1 – – – 1 – 2 – 5 – 8.....
2 5 8

1 1 1
(iii) + + + .... a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) +....
a a+d a + 2d
(a) General H.P.

1 1 1
Progression + + + .... is called general H.P. wheree a is first term and d is common
a a+d a + 2d
difference of A.P. The nth term of Harmonic Progression is given as -
1
Tn =
b g
a + n -1 d

1 1 1 1
Ex.18 Find 9th term of progression + + + + ...
7 14 21 28
Sol. The corresponding 9th term of A.P. is
T9 = 7 + 8.7 = 63
1
\ Required term =
63
Note : (1) There is no formula to find the sum of n terms of H.P.
(2) To solve the questions of this harmonic progression first of all convert it in A.P. then use the properties
of A.P.
(b) Harmonical Mean (H.M.)
If three or more than three terms are in H.P, then all the numbers lying between first and last term are
called Harmonical Means between them. i.e.
The H.M. between two given quantities a and b is H so that a, H , b are in H.P.
1 1 1
i.e. , , are in A.P..
a H b
1 1 1 1 2ab
- = - Þ H =
H a b H a +b
(i) n H.M’s between two given numbers
To find n HM’s between a and b we first find n AM’s between 1/a and 1/b then their reciprocals will
be required HM’s

a 2 a 3 a 2 + a3 æ a - a3 ö
Ex.19 If = = 3ç 2 ÷ then a1,a 2 ,a3 ,a 4 are in
a1a 4 a1 + a4 è a1 - a 4 ø

(1) A.P. (2) G.P. (3) H.P. (4) None of these

a1 + a 4 a2 + a3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol.(3) = , so + = + or - = - ..... (1)
a1a 4 a2 a 3 a 4 a1 a 3 a 2 a 4 a3 a2 a1

E
10 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

3 ( a2 - a3 ) a1 - a 4 æ 1 1 ö 1 1
Also = ; so 3 ç - ÷= - ..... (2)
a2 a3 a1a4 è a3 a2 ø a4 a1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Clearly, (1) and (2) Þ - = - = - ; so , , , , are in A.P..
a2 a1 a3 a2 a4 a3 a1 a2 a3 a 4

Ex.20 If p th , q th and r th terms of H.P. are u, v, w respectively, then the value of the expression

( q - r ) vw + ( r - p ) wu + ( p - q ) uv is

(1) 1 (2) 0 (3) -2 (4) -1

1 1 1
Sol.(2) Let H.P. be + + + .....
a a + d a + 2d

1 1 1
\u = , v= , w=
a + ( p - 1) d a + ( q - 1) d a + ( r - 1) d

1 1 1
Þ a + ( p - 1) d = , a + ( q - 1) d = , a + ( r - 1) d =
u v w

Þ ( q - r ) {a + ( p - 1 ) d} + ( r - p ) {a + ( q - 1 ) d} + (p - q){a + (r - 1)d}

1 1 1
= ( q - r ) + ( r - p ) + (p - q)
u v w

Þ ( q - r ) vw + ( r - p ) wu + ( p - q ) uv = 0

RELATION BETWEEN A.M., G.M. AND H.M.

If Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean and Harmonic mean between two positive numbers a and b are
a+b 2ab
A,G and H respectively then A = , G = ab and H =
2 a+b
(i) AH= G2 (ii) A ³ G ³ H
Ex.21 If the Geometric mean between the two numbers is 4 and Arithmetic mean is 5 then find their Harmonic
mean.
Sol. Q AH = G2 Þ 5H = 42 Þ H = 16/5
1
Ex.22 a, b, c are three positive numbers and abc2 has the greatest value . Then
64
1 1 1 1 1
(1) a = b = ,c = (2) a = b = ,c = (3) a = b = c = (4) None of these
2 4 4 2 3

c c
a+b+ +
2 2 ³ 4 a.b. c . c a + b + c 4 abc2 ( a + b + c )4 abc2 1
Sol.(2) or ³ \ 4
³
4
;or abc2 £ ( a + b + c )4
4 2 2 4 4 4 64

1
2
\ The greatest value of abc = ( a + b + c )4
64
c
Also for the greatest value of abc2 the numbers have to be equal, i.e., a= b=
2
1
Also, given the greatest value = . So a + b + c = 1
64

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 11
METHOD OF DIFFERENCES

A progression in which difference of two consecutive terms are in A.P. or G.P. then we write the given
series and below this series write the given series again by shifting it one-one term and subtract them,
in doing so we get nth term and sum of n terms which is explained below :
Ex.23 Find nth term and sum of n terms of the progression 1 + 6 + 13 + 22 + 33 + .....
Sol. Sn = 1 + 6 + 13 + 22 + 33 + .......... + Tn
again Sn = 1 + 6 + 13 + 22 + 33 + .... + Tn–1 + Tn
By subtracting
0 = 1 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + ......... – Tn
or Tn= 1 + [5 + 7 + 11 + ...... (n – 1)terms]

= 1 +
bn - 1g {2.5 + (n – 2)2}
2

= 1+ (n – 1) (n + 3)
= n2 + 2n – 2

n
Now Sn= å (n2 + 2n - 2)
n =1

= S n2 + 2Sn – 2S1

=
b gb
n n + 1 2n + 1 g + 2.
b g
n n +1
– 2.n
6 2
n
= [2n2 + 9n – 5]
6

E
12 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 If Sn denotes the sum of n terms of a G.P. whose first therm is a and the common ratio r, then the sum
S1 + S3 + S5 + .... + S2n–1 is

2a é 1 - r2n ù 3a é 1 - r2n ù a é 1 - r2n ù

(1) ên - r. ú (2) ên - r. ú (3) ên - r. ú (4) None of these
1 - r ëê 1 - r 2 ûú 1 - r ëê 1 - r2 ûú 1 - r ëê 1 - r2 ûú

Sol.(3) We have Sn =
(
a 1 - rn ) \ S2n -1 =
a é
1 - r2n -1 ù
1-r 1-r ë û

Putting 1, 2, 3, ..., n for n is it and summing up we get S1 + S3 + S5 + .... + S2n-1

a
= [(1+1+.....n term
m ) – (r + r3 + r5 +.... n term )]
1-r

é
( )
ì n üù
ê r í1 - r2 ý ú
þ ú = a é n - r. 1 - r ù
2n
a ê
= n- î ê ú
1-r ê 1 - r2 ú 1-r ê
ë 1 - r2 ûú
ê ú
êë úû

æ1 1 1ö
Ex.2 If a, b and c are positive real numbers, then least value of (a + b + c) ç + + ÷ is
èa b cø

10
(1) 9 (2) 3 (3) (4) none of these
3

Sol.(1) Using A.M. ³ G.M

1
1
1
( a + b + c ) ³ ( abc ) 3 and 1 æç 1 + 1 + 1 ö÷ ³ æç 1 ö÷ 3
3 3 è a b c ø è abc ø

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( a + b + c ). æç + + ö÷ ³ 1 Þ ( a + b + c ) æç + + ö÷ ³ 9
3 3èa b cø èa b cø

Equality will hold when a = b = c

Ex.3
x
( )
If log2, log 2 - 1 and log 2x + 3 ( ) are in A.P. then the value of x is

5
(1) (2) log2 5 (3) log35 (4) log 53
2

x
( ) x
(
Sol.(2) 2log 2 - 1 = log2 + log 2 + 3 Þ 2 x - 1 ) ( )
2
( x
) ( )
= 2. 2 + 3 Þ 2
x
2
x
- 4.2 - 5 = 0

( )( )
Þ 2 x - 5 2x + 1 = 0 Þ x = log2 5, as 2x + 1 ¹ 0

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 13

1 2
Ex.4 The maximum sum of the series 20 + 19 + 18 + 18 + ..... is
3 3
(1) 310 (2) 290 (3) 320 (4) None of these
2
Sol.(1) The given series is arithmetic whose first term = 20, common difference = -
3
As the common difference is negative, the terms will become negative after some stage. So the sum is
maximum if only positive terms are added.
æ 2ö
Now t n = 20 + ( n - 1 ) ç - ÷ ³ 0 If 60 - 2 ( n - 1) ³ 0 or 62 ³ 2n or 31 ³ n
è 3ø
\ The first 31 terms are non-negative
31 ì æ 2 ö ü 31
\ Maximum sum = S31 = í2 ´ 20 + ( 31 - 1) ç - ÷ ý = {40 - 20} = 310
2 î è 3 øþ 2
Ex.5 Let there be a GP whose first terms is a and the common ratio is r. If A and H are the arithmetic mean and
the harmonic mean respectively for the first n terms of the GP, A.H. is equal to
(1) a2rn–1 (2) arn (3) a2rn (4) none of these

Sol.(1) A =
a + ar + ar2 + .....ar n -1 a 1 - r
=
n
;
( )
n n (1 - r )

1 n ( r - 1) r n
H= =
1 1
+ + .... +
a ar
1
ar n -1 a
(
r n
r -1 . )
n
\ A.H. = a2rn–1
¥ ¥
1 p2 1
Ex.6 It is known that å = then å is equal to
2
r =1 (2r - 1)2 8 r =1 r

p2 p2 p2
(1) (2) (3) (4) none of these
24 3 6
1 1 1 p2
Sol.(3) Here + + + .... ¥ =
12 32 52 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
Let + + + .... ¥ = x Then x = + + + .... ¥
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 32
æ 1 1 1 ö æ 1 1 1 ö
=ç + + + .... ¥ ÷ + ç + + + .... ¥ ÷
2 2 2 2 2 2
è1 3 5 ø è2 4 6 ø

p2 1 æ 1 1 1 ö p2 1
= + ç + + + .... ¥ ÷ = + x
8 4 è 12 22 32 ø 8 4

n æ k ö
Ex.7 If å çç å m2 ÷÷ = an4 + bn3 + cn2 + dn + e then
k =1 è m =1 ø

1 1
(1) a = (2) b = (3) r = 0 (4) none of these
12 6

æ k
n ö n k ( k + 1)( 2k + 1)
1 n
Sol.(1) å ç åç
k =1 è m=1
m2
÷ å
÷ =
ø k =1 6
=
6
å 2k3 + 3k2 + k
k =1
( )
E
14 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

1 ïì n ( n + 1) ïü 1 n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1 ) 1 n ( n + 1 )
2

= .í ý + +
3 ïî 2 ïþ 2 6 6 2

1 1
a = coefficient of n4 = . ; b = coefficient of n3 = 1 . 1 + 1 etc.
3 4 3 2 6

Ex.8 If pth, qth and rth terms of an A.P. are equal to corresponding terms of a G.P. and these terms are respectively

x, y, z then x y - z .y z - x .z x - y equals-

(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) none of these

Sol.(2) Let first terms of an A.P. be a common difference be d and first term of a G.P. be A and common ratio be R,
then

( x - a)
a + ( p - 1 ) d = AR p -1 = x Þ p -1 = ..... (1)
d

( y - a)
a + ( q - 1) d = AR q -1 = y Þ q -1 = ..... (2)
d

(z - a)
a + ( r - 1 ) d = AR r -1 = z Þ r -1 = ..... (3)
d

( ) ( AR ) ( AR )
y-z z-x x -y ( p-1)( y -z )+( q -1)( z - x )+( r -1)( x -y )
p-1 q -1 r -1
\ Given expression = AR = A0R

éë ( x - a )( y -z ) +( y -a )( z - x ) +( z -a )( x - y ) ùû
0 d
=A R [By (1), (2) and (3)]

= A 0 R0 = 1

2
n ( n + 1)
Ex.9 The sum of the first n terms of the series 12 + 2.22 + 32 + 2.42 + 52 + 2.62 + ...... is , when n is
2
even. When n is odd the sum is

n2 ( n + 1 ) n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) n ( n + 1)
2
n2 ( n + 1 )
2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 6 2 2

Sol.(1) If n is odd, n – 1 is even. Sum of (n – 1) terms will be

( n - 1)( n - 1 + 1)2 =
n2 ( n - 1)
2 2

n2 ( n - 1 ) n2 ( n + 1 )
The nth term will be n2. Hence the required sum = + n2 =
2 2

Ex.10 If the (m+1)th, (n+1)th, (r+1)th terms of an A.P. are in G.P. and m, n, r are in H.P. then the ratio of common
difference to the first terms in the A.P. is

n 2 -n -2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 n 2 n

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 15
Sol.(4) Let the first term of A.P. be a and common difference be d

Given ( a + md) , ( a + nd) , ( a + rd ) in G.P

2 d 2n - m - r
\ ( a + nd ) = ( a + md )( a + rd ) Þ =
a mr - n2
2mr
But m, n, r in H.P. Þn=
m+r

2mr
2n -
n = 2 æç n - mr ö÷ = - 2
2
d
\ =
a mr - n2 n çè mr - n2 ÷ø n

Ex.11 (3 3
) ( ) ( )
- 23 + 53 - 43 + 73 - 63 + .....10 brackets is

(1) 4960 (2) 4860 (3) 5060 (4) None of these

Sol.(1) Sum = (33 + 53 + 73 + ............ to 10 terms ) – (23 + 43 + 63 + ..............to 10 terms)
= (23 + 33 + 43 + 53 + ...... to 20 terms ) – 2 (23 + 43 + 63 + ..............to 10 terms)
= (13 + 23 + 33 + ............. to 21 terms ) – 13 –2.23 (13 + 23 + 33 + .....to 10 terms)
2 2
ïì 21 ´ ( 21 + 1) ïü ïì10. (10 + 1) ïü
=í ý - 1 - 16. í ý
ïî 2 ïþ ïî 2 ïþ

= 2312 - 2202 - 1 = (231 + 220 )(231 - 220 ) - 1 = 451 ´ 11 - 1 = 4961 - 1 = 4960

Ex.12 Sum of n terms of the series 2 + 5 + 14 + 41 + ..... is

(1)
n 1 n
+ 3 -1
2 4
( ) (2)
n 3 n
+ 3 -1
2 4
( ) (3)
n 1 n
(
+ 3 -1
2 2
) (4) None of these

Sol.(2) Here the series is

2 + ( 2 + 3 ) + (2 + 3 + 9 ) + ( 2 + 3 + 9 + 27 ) + ....

The difference of the consecutive terms being 3, 9, 27, ...

\ t n = 2 + 3 + 9 + 27.... n terms

= 2 + éë3 + 9 + 27 + .... ( n - 1 ) terms ùû

(
3 1 - 3n -1 ) = 2 - 3 1 - 3 = 1 + 1 .3
= 2+
1-3 2
( ) 2 2
n -1 n

1 1
\ S n = St n = S1 + S3n
2 2

( ) n 1 3 1-3
n
( )
1
2
1
= .n + 3 + 32 + 33 + ... + 3n
2
= + .
2 2 1-3
n 3
= + 3n - 1
2 4
( )
Ex.13 The A.M. between two numbers b and c is a and the two G.M. s between them are g1 and g2. If g13 + g23 = kabc ,
then k is equal to
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

b+c
Sol.(2) The A.M. between b and c is a \ = a Þ b + c = 2a
2

E
16 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Again g1 and g2 are two G.M.'s between b and c
\ b, g1, g2, c are in G.P.

1/ 3
æcö
If r be the common ratio, then c = br3 Þ r = ç ÷
èbø

1/ 3 2/3 éæ c ö æ c ö2 ù
æcö 2 æcö \ g13 + g23 = b3 êç ÷ + ç ÷ ú
g1 = br = b ç ÷ and g2 = br = b ç ÷
èbø èbø êëè b ø è b ø úû

cæ cö b+c
= b3 ´ ç 1 + ÷ = b2 c ´
bè bø b

= bc (2a) [ Q b + c = 2a]
= 2abc
Ex.14 If S1 , S2 and S3 denote the sum of first n1 , n2 and n3 terms respectively of an A.P., then

S1 S S
( n2 - n3 ) + 2 ( n3 - n1 ) + 3 ( n1 - n2 ) =
n1 n2 n3

(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) S1S2S3 (4) n1n2n3

Sol.(1) We have ,

n1 2S
S1 = éë2a + ( n1 - 1) d ùû Þ 1 = 2a + ( n1 - 1 ) d
2 n1

n2 2S2
S2 = é2a + ( n2 - 1) d ùû Þ = 2a + ( n2 - 1) d
2 ë n2

n3 2S3
S3 = éë2a + ( n3 - 1) d ùû Þ = 2a + ( n3 - 1) d
2 n3

2S1 2S 2S
\ ( n2 - n3 ) + 2 ( n3 - n1 ) + 3 ( n1 - n2 )
n1 n2 n3

= éë2a + ( n1 - 1) d ùû ( n2 - n3 ) + éë2a + ( n2 - 1 ) d ùû ( n 3 - n1 ) + éë2a + ( n 3 - 1) d ùû ( n1 - n 2 ) = 0

Ex.15 a, b, c are first three terms of a G.P. If HM of a and b is 12 and that of b and c is 36, then a equals to-

1
(1) 24 (2) 8 (3) 72 (4)
3

b 2 ( br ) b 2br
Sol.(2) Let given three terms be br, b, \ 12 = = ..... (1)
r br + b r +1

æbö
2b ç ÷
and 36 = è r ø = 2b ..... (2)
æ b ö r +1
b+ç ÷
èrø

1
(1) ¸ ( 2 ) Þ r = Then from (2) b = 24 \ a = br = 8
3

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 17
3
Ex.16 Let p, q, r Î R+ and 27pqr ³ ( p + q + r ) and 3p + 4q + 5r = 12 then p3 + q4 + r5 is equal to

(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 2 (4) none of these

1
æp+q+rö
Sol.(1) 27pqr ³ ( p + q + r )
3
Þ ( pqr ) 3 ³ç ÷ Þp=q =r
è 3 ø

Also 3p + 4q + 5r = 12 Þ p = q = r = 1

n i j
Ex.17 åå å1 =
i =1 j=1 k =1

2
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) n ( n + 1) æ n ( n + 1) ö n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
(1) (2) (3) çç ÷÷ (4)
6 2 è 2 ø 6
n i j n i n i ( i + 1) 1 én 2 n ù
Sol.(4) åå å1 = å åj = å 2
= êå i +
2 ëê i =1
å iú
i =1 j=1 k =1 i =1 j =1 i =1 i =1 ûú

1 é n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) n ( n + 1) ù n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
= ê + ú =
2 êë 6 2 úû 6

Ex.18 If a r > 0, r Î N and a1,a2 ,a3 ,....,a2n are in A.P. then

a1 + a2n a2 + a2n -1 a3 + a2n-2 an + an +1

+ + + ..... + is equal to-
a1 + a2 a2 + a3 a3 + a 4 a n + a n+1

n ( a1 + a2n ) n -1
(1) n - 1 (2) (3) (4) none of these
a1 + an +1 a1 + an +1

Sol.(2) a1 + a2n = a2 + a2n-1 = ... = an + an +1 = k ( say )

ìï a - a2 a n - a n +1 üï k
Expression = k í 1
ïî a1 - a2
+ .... + ý=
a n - a n +1 ïþ - d
( a1 - a n +1 , )
where d = common difference

k æ a1 - a n +1 ö -nd
= = ( a1 + a2n ) .
- d èç a1 + a n +1 ø÷ -d ( a1 + a n +1 )
Ex.19 If x, y, z are in A.P. and x, y, t are in G.P. then x, x – y, t – z are in
(1) G.P. (2) A.P. (3) H.P. (4) A.P. and G.P. both

Sol.(1) x, y, z are in A.P. Þ 2y = x + z or 2xy = x 2 + xz (multiple with x)

Þ x2 – 2xy = – xz ..... (1)

x, y, t are in G.P. Þ y 2 = xt ..... (2)

Add (1) and (2)

(x2 – 2xy + y2) = – xz + xt or (x – y)2 = x(t – z)
Þ x, x – y,t – z are in G.P.

E
18 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33
Ex.20 Sum up to 16 terms of the series + + + ..... is
1 1+3 1+ 3 +5
(1) 450 (2) 456 (3) 446 (4) None of these

13 + 23 + 33 + .... + n3
Sol.(3) We have , t n =
1 + 3 + 5 + .... upto n terms

2
ïì n ( n + 1) ïü n2 ( n + 1)
2
í ý
îï 2 þï 4 ( n + 1)2 n2 n 1
= = = = + +
n n2 4 4 2 4
2
{2 + 2 ( n - 1)}

1 2 1 1 1 n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 1 n ( n + 1) 1
\ S n = St n = Sn + Sn + S1 = . + . + .n
4 2 4 4 6 2 2 4

16.17.33 16.17 16
\ S16 = + + = 446
24 4 4

æ1 1 1 ö
log 5 ç + + +.....¥ ÷
Ex.21 The value of ( 0.2 ) è 4 8 16 ø

1
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) (4) 4
2

1
1 1 1 4 1
Sol.(4) We have , + + + ....¥ = = = 2-1
4 8 16 1 2
1-
2
æ1 1 1 ö log 5 2-1 -1
æ1ö
( )
log 5 ç + + +....¥ ÷ log 2
\ ( 0.2 ) =ç ÷ log5 ( 2 )
2
-1 1/ 2 5
è 4 8 16 ø
è5ø
= 5 = 52log5 2 = 5 = 22 = 4

2 3
3 1 4 æ1ö 5 æ1 ö
Ex.22 The sum of . + . + . + ..... to n terms is equal to
1.2 2 2.3 çè 2 ÷ø 3.4 çè 2 ÷ø

1 1 1
(1) 1 - (2) 1 - (3) 1 + (4) none of these
( n + 1) 2 n
n.2 n -1
( n + 1) 2n

n +2 æ1ö 2 ( n + 1) - n æ 1 ö
n
1 æ1 ö
n n -1
1 æ1ö
n
Sol.(1) t n = .ç ÷ = .ç ÷ = .ç ÷ - .
n ( n + 1) è 2 ø n ( n + 1) è 2 ø n è2ø n + 1 çè 2 ÷ø

æ 1 æ 1 ö0 1 æ 1 ö1 ö æ 1 æ 1 ö1 1 æ 1 ö2 ö æ 1 æ 1 ö2 1 æ 1 ö 3 ö æ 1 æ 1 ö n -1 1 æ1 ö ö
n

S n = çç 1 ç 2 ÷ - 2 ç 2 ÷ ÷÷ + çç 2 ç 2 ÷ - 3 ç 2 ÷ ÷÷ + ç ç ÷ - ç ÷ ÷ + ... + ç ç ÷ -
ç3è2ø 4 è 2 ø ÷ø çnè2ø
÷
n + 1 çè 2 ÷ø ÷ø
è è ø è ø ø è è ø è ø ø è è

1
= 1-
( n + 1) 2n

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 19

1 1 1 5
Ex.23 If a, x, y, z, b are in AP, then x + y + z = 15 and if a, x, y, z, b are in HP then + + = , Numbers a,b
x y z 3
are
(1) 8, 2 (2) 11, 3 (3) 9, 1 (4) none of these
1 3
Sol.(3) By property of A.P. x + z =a + b and y = (a + b ) Þ x + y + z = ( a + b)
2 2
Þ a + b = 10 ..... (1)
1 1 1 1 1
Also , , , , are in AP, so as above
a x y z b

1 1 1 3æ1 1ö 1 1 10
+ + = ç + ÷ Þ + =
x y z 2èa bø a b 9
Þ ab = 9 ..... (2)
From (1) and (2) a, b are 9, 1
Ex.24 If an > 1 for all n Î N then loga2 a1 + loga 3 a2 + ..... + loga n an -1 + loga1 an has the minimum value
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 0 (4) none of these
log a2 a1 + l o ga3 a2 + .... + log a1 an
Sol.(4) A ³ G Þ ³ n log a2 [Link] a3 a2.....log a1 a n
n
\ loga a1 + loga a2 + ..... + loga an -1 + loga an ³ n
2 3 n 1

x y z
Ex.25 If x, y, z are three real numbers of the same sign then the value of + + lies in the interval.
y z x

(1) ëé2, +¥ ) (2) ëé3,+¥ ) (3) ( 3,+¥ ) (4) ( -¥,3 )

x y z
x + + x y z
Sol.(2) etc. are positive A ³ G Þ y z x ³ 3 x . y . z Þ + + ³ 3
y 3 y z x y z x

E
20 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
NCERT BASED QUESTIONS
1. The Fibonacci sequence is defined by
1 = a1 = a2 and an = an – 1 + an – 2, n > 2.

an +1
Find
an , for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

2. In an A.P., the first term is 2 and the sum of the first five terms is one-fourth of the next five terms. Show
that 20th term is – 112.
3. If the sum of a certain number of terms of the A.P. 25, 22, 19, ...... is 116. Find the last term.
4. The sums of n terms of two arithmetic progressions are in the ratio
5n + 4 : 9n + 6. Find the ratio of their 18th terms.
5. If the sum of n terms of an A.P. is 3n2 + 5n and its mth term is 164, find the value of m.

6. Between 1 and 31, m numbers have been inserted in such a way that the resulting sequence is an
A. P. and the ratio of 7th and (m – 1)th numbers is 5 : 9. Find the value of m.
7. A man starts repaying a loan as first instalment of Rs. 100. If he increases the instalment by
Rs 5 every month, what amount he will pay in the 30th instalment?
8. Find the 12th term of a G.P. whose 8th term is 192 and the common ratio is 2.
9. The 4th term of a G.P. is square of its second term, and the first term is – 3. Determine its 7th term.

10. 7 + 21 +3 7 ... n terms = ?

11

11. Evaluate å (2 + 3 )
k =1
k

39
12. The sum of first three terms of a G.P. is and their product is 1. Find the common ratio and the terms.
10

13. Find four numbers forming a geometric progression in which the third term is greater than the first term by
9, and the second term is greater than the 4th by 18.
14. If the first and the nth term of a G.P. are a and b, respectively, and if P is the product of n terms, prove that
P2 = (ab)n.
15. Show that the ratio of the sum of first n terms of a G.P. to the sum of terms from (n + 1)th to (2n)th term is

1
.
rn
16. The sum of two numbers is 6 times their geometric mean, show that numbers are in the ratio

( 3 + 2 2 ) : (3 - 2 2).
17. The number of bacteria in a certain culture doubles every hour. If there were 30 bacteria present in the culture
originally, how many bacteria will be present at the end of 2nd hour, 4th hour and nth hour?
18. 3 × 12 + 5 × 22 + 7 × 32 + ....+ n term = ?
19. 12 + (12 + 22) + (12 + 22 + 32) + ...n term = ?
20. Find the sum to n terms of the series whose nth terms is given by n2 + 2n
21. If the sum of n, 2n, 3n terms of an A.P. be S1, S2 and S3, respectively, then show that S3 = 3(S2 – S1)
22. Find the sum of all two digit numbers which when divided by 4, yields 1 as remainder.

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 21
23. If f is a function satisfying f (x + y ) = f (x ) f (y ) for all x, y Î N such that

f (1) = 3 and å f ( x)
x =1
= 120, find the value of n.

24. The sum of three numbers in G.P. is 56. If we subtract 1, 7, 21 from these numbers in that order, we obtain
an arithmetic progression. Find the numbers.
25. A G.P. consists of an even number of terms. If the sum of all the terms is 5 times the sum of terms occupying
odd places, then find its common ratio.
26. Let S be the sum, P the product and R the sum of reciprocals of n terms in a G.P. Prove that
P2Rn = Sn.

1 1 1
27. If a, b, c are in A.P.; b, c, d are in G.P. and , , are in A.P. prove that a, c, e are in G.P..
c d e

28. If S1, S2, S3 are the sum of first n natural numbers, their squares and their cubes, respectively, show that
9S22 = S3 (1 + 8S1).
29. A person writes a letter to four of his friends. He asks each one of them to copy the letter and mail to four
different persons with instruction that they move the chain similarly. Assuming that the chain is not broken
and that it costs 50 paise to mail one letter. Find the amount spent on the postage when 8th set of letter
is mailed.
30. A manufacturer reckons that the value of a machine, which costs him Rs. 15625, will depreciate each year
by 20%. Find the estimated value at the end of 5 years.

ANSWER KEY
3 5 8 179
1. 1,2, , and 3. 4 4. 5. 27
2 3 5 321

6. 14 7. Rs 245 8. 3072 9. – 2187

10.
7 (n
( 3 + 1) 32 - 1 ) 11. 22 +
3
2
(311 – 1)
2

5 2 2 5 5 2
12. r= or ; Terms aree ,1, or ,1, 13. 3, – 6, 12, – 24
2 5 5 2 2 5

n n(n + 1)2 (n + 2)
17. 120, 480, 30 (2n) 18. (n + 1)(3n2 + 5n + 1) 19.
6 12

n
20. (n + 1) (2n + 1) + 2(2n – 1) 22. 1210 23. 4 24. 8,16,32
6

25. 4 29. Rs 43690 30. Rs 5120

E
22 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
CHECK YOUR GRASP PROGRESSIONS EXERCISE-I
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 10. If the sum of n terms of an AP is Pn + Qn 2, where
P, Q are constants, then its common difference
1. If 9th and 19th terms of an AP are 35 and 75,
is
then its 20th term is
(1) 78 (2) 79 (1) 2Q (2) P + Q (3) 2P (4) P – Q
(3) 80 (4) 81 11. The sum of all integers between 81 and 719 which
2. If the pth term of an AP is q and its qth term is are divisible by 5 is
p, then its (p+q)th term is (1) 51800 (2) 50800
(1) – p (2) – q (3) 52800 (4) None of these
(3) –(p + q) (4) 0
12. The sum of the numbers divisible by 7 between
3. Which term of the progression 5, 8, 11, 14, .....
the 100 to 300 will be
is 320?
(1) 5586 (2) 5086
(1) 106th (2) 105th
(3) 107th (4) 104th (3) 5588 (4) None of these

4. If a, b, c are in AP, then (a – c)2 equals 13. If the nth term of the series is Tn = 2n - 1 then

( ) ( )
2 2 sum of n terms Sn =
(1) 4 b - ac (2) 4 b + ac
n ( n + 1)
(3) 4b2 – ac (4) b2 – 4ac (1) n2 (2)
2
5. If the pth, qth and rth term of an arithmtic sequaence
are a, b and c respectively, then the value of n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
(3) (4) n + 2
[a (q – r) + b(r – p) + c(p – q)] = 6
(1) 1 (2) – 1 (3) 0 (4) 1/2
14. The sum of n AM’s between a and b is
6. In an arithmetic progression Tm = n and Tn = m
then Tp = n
(1) n(a + b) (2) (a + b)
(1) m + n – p (2) m + n 2

(3) m – n + p (4) m2 + n2 – p2
(n + 1)
7. If a, b, c, d, e are in A.P. then the value of (3) (n + 1)(a + b) (4) (a + b)
2
a – 4b + 6c – 4d + e is-
15. n AM’s are inserted between 7 and 71. If fifth AM
(1) 1 (2) 2
is 27 then n is equal to
(3) 0 (4) None of these (1) 17 (2) 16

1 (3) 15 (4) None of these

8. If nth term of an AP is ( 2n + 1) , then the sum 16. The AM of the series a+(a+d)+(a+2d)+...+(a+2nd)
3
is equal to-
of its 19 term is
(1) 131 (2) 132 (1) a + ( n - 1) d (2) a + nd
(3) 133 (4) 134 (3) a + (n + 1)d (4) None of these
9. If the sum of p terms of an AP is equal to the
17. Given two numbers a and b, let A denotes the single
sum of its q terms, then the sum of its (p+q) terms A.M. and S denotes the sum of n. A.M.’s between
will be a and b then S/A depends on-
(1) p – q (2) p + q
(1) n, a, b (2) n, b
(3) 0 (4) – (p + q)
(3) n, a (4) n
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 23
18. Three numbers are in A.P. whose sum is 33 and 2
27. If 5 GM’s be introduced between 486 and , then
product is 792, then the smallest number from 3
4th GM is
these numbers is-
(1) 6 (2) –6 (3) 12 (4) –12
(1) 4 (2) 8 (3) 11 (4) 14
28. The product of n GM’s between a and b is
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS
(1) nab (2) ab (3) (ab)n/2 (4) (ab)n
19. If x, 2x + 2 and 3x + 3 are in GP, then its 4th
term is- 29. GM of the numbers 3,32 ,33 ,.....,3n is
(1) 27 (2) 13.5 (1) 32/n (2) 3n/2
(3) – 27 (4) – 13.5 (3) 3(n+1)/2 (4) 3(n–1)/2
20. If a, b, c, d are in GP, then
30. Sum of infinite number of terms in G.P. is 20 and
(1) ac = cd (2) ab = cd
sum of their square is 100. The common ratio of
(3) bc = ad (4) ad = bc G.P. is-
21. If (m + n)th term of a G.P. is 9 and (m – n)th term (1) 5 (2) 3/5 (3) 8/5 (4) 1/5
is 4, then m th term will be- 31. If G be the GM between x and y, then the value

1 1
1 of + is equal to
2 2
(1) 6 (2)
6
(3) 6.5 (4) None G -x G - y2
2

22. The sum of the infinite terms of the series 2 1

(1) G2 (2) 2
(3) 2
(4) 3G2
1 1 G G
3+ + + ...... is-
3 3 3 32. Break the numbers 155 into three parts so that
the obtained numbers form a G.P. the first term
3 3 3 3 being less than the third one by 120-
(1) (2) 3 3 (3) (4)
2 2 2 (1) 5, 65, 125 (2) 10, 65, 120
23. The first term of an infinite G.P. is 1 and every (3) 5, 25, 125 (4) none of these
term is equals to the sum of the successive terms, 33. The fractional value of 0.125125125...... is
then its fourth term will be-
124 125
(1) (2)
1 1 1 1 999 999
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 8 4 16
126
(3) (4) None of these
24. Fifth term of a G.P. is 2, then the product of its 999
9 terms is- 34. The fractional value of 0.1232323...... is
(1) 256 (2) 512
63 62
(3) 1024 (4) None of these (1) (2)
495 495
1 1 1
3 9 27 61
25. If y = x .x .x ......¥ then y = (3) (4) None of these
495
(1) x1/3 (2) x2/3 (3) x1/2 (4) x ARITHMETIC-GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS
26. If n GM’s be inserted between a and b, then the
35. The sum of the inf init e ter ms of
corresponding common ratio is
1 / n +1 1/ n +1 4 7 10
æbö æaö 1+ + + + ....... will be-
(1) ç ÷ (2) ç ÷ 5 52 53
èaø èbø

1/ n 1/ n
æ bö æaö 35 16 15 7
(3) ç ÷ (4) ç ÷ (1) (2) (3) (4)
èaø è bø 16 35 16 4
E
24 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
36. If |x| < 1, then the sum of the series 1 + 2x + 3x 2 41. If x > 1, y > 1,z > 1 are in G.P. , th en
+ 4x3 + ....... ¥ will be-
1 1 1
, , are in
1 1 1 + ln x 1 + ln y 1 + ln z
(1) (2)
1- x 1+ x (1) A.P.
(2) H.P.
1 1 (3) G.P.
(3) 2 (4)
(1 + x ) (1 - x )2 (4) None of these

37. 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + ......... + to n terms = RELATION BETWEEN A.M., G.M. AND H.M

(1) 2n+1 – n (2) 2n+1 – n – 2
42. If A, G, H are respectively AM, GM and HM
(3) 2n – n – 2 (4) none of these
between two given unequal positive numbers, then
38. 2 + 4 + 7 + 11 + 16 + ........... to n terms =
(1) A > H > G
1 n
(1) (n2 + 3n + 8) (2) (n2 + 3n + 8) (2) G > A > H
6 6
1 n (3) A > G > H
(3) (n2 – 3n + 8) (4) (n2 – 3n + 8)
6 6
(4) A < G < H
HARMONIC PROGRESSIONS
63
43. For any numbers if A.M. = 16, H.M. = then
39. If pth term of a HP is qr and its qth term is pr, 4
then its rth term is G.M. will be-

1 1 (1) 6 7 (2) 7
(1) pq (2) (3) (4) pqr
pq pqr
(3) 6 3 (4) None of these
40. If the harmonic mean between a and b be H, then
1 1 44. If a, b and c are positive real numbers then
the value of + is-
H-a H-b a b c
+ + is greater than or equal to
b c a
1 1 1 1
(1) a+b (2) ab (3) + (4) –
a b a b (1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 27 (4) 5

CHECK YOUR GRASP ANSWER KEY Exercise-I

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 2 4 1 1 3 1 3 3 3 1
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 1 2 3 2 4 1 4 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 3 2
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 3 3 2 3 1 4 2 2 1 3
Que. 41 42 43 44
Ans. 2 3 1 1
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 25

NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE QUESTIONS EXERCISE-II

æ4ö
1. Let a1, a2, a3, ..... be in harmonic progression with a1 = 6. After striking a floor, a certain ball rebounds ç ÷ th of
è5ø
5 and a20 = 25. The least positive integer n for which an the height from which it has fallen. Then total distance
< 0 is [IIT 2012]
that it travels before coming to rest, if it is gently
2. The sum of the following series dropped from a height of 120 metre, is

1+6 +
(
9 12 + 22 + 32 ) + 12 (1 2
+ 2 2 + 32 + 4 2 ) 22 - 1 32 - 2 42 - 3
7 9 7. If S = + + + .... upto 10 terms,
2 6 12
then S is equal to

+
(
15 12 + 22 + .... + 52 ) + .... up to 15 terms, is :
11 8. If the sum of n terms of the series 23 + 43 + 63 +... n
terms is 3528, then n equals
3. Let a, b and c be the 7th, 11th and 13th terms respectively
of a non-constant A.P. If these are also the three
b+c c+a a+b
9. Minimum value of + + , (for real
a a b c
consecutive terms of a G.P., then is equal to:
c positive number a, b, c) is

4. The product of three consecutive terms of a G.P. is 512.

14243 - 5555........5
999........9 14
4244 3
If 4 is added to each of the first and the second of these 16 digits 8 digits
10. Let N = , then sum
terms, the three terms now form an A.P. Then the sum 9000........04
144244 3
of the original three terms of the given G.P. is 9 digits

5. Find the sum of the products of the ten number ±1, ±2, of digits of N is
±3, ±4 and ±5 taking two at a time.

ANSWER KEY Exercise-II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 25 7820 4 28 –55 1080 10.90 0.33 6 8
E
26 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS PROGRESSIONS EXERCISE-III

¥ ¥ ¥ 8. A man saves Rs. 200 in each of the first three

1. If x = åa n
,y= åb n
,z= å cn where a, months of his service. In each of the subsequent
n =0 n =0 n =0
months his saving increases by Rs. 40 more than
b, c are in A.P. and |a| < 1, |b| < 1,
|c| < 1 then x, y, z are in- [AIEEE 2005]
the saving of immediately previous month. His total
(1) HP saving from the start of service will be Rs. 11040
(2) Arithmetic - Geometric Progression after :- [AIEEE 2011]
(3) AP
(4) GP (1) 20 months (2) 21 months
2. Let a 1, a 2, a 3,....... be terms of an A.P. If
(3) 18 months (4) 19 months
a1 + a 2 + .... + a p p2 a 9. Statement–1 : The sum of the series
=
2
, p ¹ q then 6 equals-
a1 + a2 + ...... + a q q a21 1 + (1 + 2 + 4) + (4 + 6 + 9) + (9 + 12 + 16)
[AIEEE-2006]
+ .... + (361 + 380 + 400) is 8000.
2 11 41 7 n
(1) (2) (3) (4)

3.
7 41
In a geometric progression consisting of positive
11 2 Statement–2 : å( k
k =1
3
)
- (k - 1)3 = n 3 , for any
natural number n. [AIEEE 2012]
terms, each term equals the sum of the next two
(1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false.
terms. Then the common ratio of this progression (2) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true.
equals- [AIEEE-2007] (3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ;
1 Statement–2 is a correct explanation for
(1) 5 (2) 5 Statement–1.
2
1 1 (4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ;
(3) ( 5 -1) (4) (1 - 5 ) Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for
2 2
4. The first two terms of a geometric progression add Statement–1.
up to 12. The sum of the third and the fourth terms 10. If 100 times the 100th term of an A.P. with non-
is 48. If the terms of the geometric progression zero co mmon dif ference equals t he
are alternately positive and negative, then the first 50 times its 50th term, then the 150th term of this
term is [AIEEE 2008] A.P. is : [AIEEE 2012]
(1) –4 (2) –12 (3) 12 (4) 4 (1) zero
5. The sum to infinity of the series (2) –150
2 6 10 14 (3) 150 times its 50th term
1+ + 2 + 3 + 4 + .... is :-
3 3 3 3 (4) 150
[AIEEE 2009]
11. The sum of the series
(1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 2 (4) 3
6. Let a1,a2,a3,.........,a100 be an arithmetic progres- 12 + 2.22 + 32 + 2.42 + 52 + 2.62 + ....... + 2(2m)2
p is :- [AIEEE 2012 (Online)]
sion with a1 = 3 and Sp = å a i ,1 £ p £ 100 . For
i =1 (1) m2(2m + 1) (2) m(m + 2)2
Sm
any integer n with 1 £ n £ 20, let m = 5n. If S (3) m2(m + 2) (4) m(2m + 1)2
n

does not depend on n, then a2 is [IIT 2011]

(1) 3 (2) 9
(3) 9 or 3 (4) None of these
7. The minimum value of the sum of real numbers
a–5, a–4, 3a–3, 1, a8 and a10 with a > 0 is [IIT 2011]

(1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 27
12. The sum of first 20 terms of the sequence 0.7, 0.77, 4
(3) (4) 1
0.777, ......, is : [JEE(MAIN)-2013] 3
7 7 19. If the sum of the first ten terms of the series
(1) (179 - 10 -20 ) (2) (99 - 10 -20 )
81 9
2 2 2 2
7 7 æ 3ö æ 2ö æ 1ö 2 æ 4ö 16
(179 + 10-20 ) ç 1 ÷ + ç 2 ÷ + ç 3 ÷ + 4 + ç 4 ÷ + ..., is m,
-20
(3) (4) (99 - 10 )
81 9 è 5ø è 5ø è 5ø è 5ø 5
13. If x, y, z are in A.P. and tan –1x, tan –1y and then m is equal to :- [JEE(MAIN)-2016]

tan–1z are also in A.P., then [JEE(MAIN)-2013] (1) 99 (2) 102 (3) 101 (4) 100
(1) x = y = z (2) 2x = 3y = 6z 20. If a, b and c be three distinct real numbers in G. P. and
(3) 6x = 3y = 2z (4) 6x = 4y = 3z a + b + c = xb, then x cannot be :
[JEE(MAIN)-2019, January]
14. Three positive numbers form an increasing G.P. If the
middle term in this G.P. is doubled, the new numbers (1) 4 (2) –3 (3) –2 (4) 2
are in A.P. Then the common ratio of the G.P. is : 21. The sum of an infinite geometric series with positive
[JEE(Main)-2014] terms is 3 and the sum of the cubes of its terms
27
(1) 2+ 3 (2) 3 + 2 is . Then the common ratio of this series is :
19
[JEE(MAIN)-2019, January]
(3) 2 - 3 (4) 2 + 3
4 2
15. If (10)9 + 2(11)1 (10)8 + 3(11)2 (10)7 + ......+ 10 (1) (2)
9 9
(11)9 = k (10)9 , then k is equal to : 2 1
(3) (4)
[JEE(Main)-2014] 3 3

121 441 a3 a
(1) (2) 22. Let a1, a2, ....., a10 be a G.P. If = 25 , then 9 equals
10 100 a1 a5
(3) 100 (4) 110 : [JEE(MAIN)-2019, January]

Integer Value Correct Type (only Q.16) (1) 2(52) (2) 4(52) (3) 54 (4) 53
16. The sum of first 9 terms of the series
23. If 19th term of a non-zero A.P. is zero, then its (49th
13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33 term) : (29th term) is :-
+ + + .... is :
1 1+ 3 1+ 3+ 5
[JEE(MAIN)-2019, January]
[JEE(MAIN)-2015]
(1) 3 : 1 (2) 4 : 1
(1) 142 (2) 192
(3) 71 (4) 96 (3) 2 : 1 (4) 1 : 3
17. If m is the A.M. of two distinct real numbers l and n(l,
n > 1) and G1, G2 and G3 are three geometric means 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + k
24. Let Sk = . If
between l and n, then G + 2G + G equals.
4
1
4
2
4
3
k
[JEE(MAIN)-2015]

(1) 4 lmn2 (2) 4 l2m2n2 5

(3) 4 l2mn (4) 4 lm2n S12 + S22 + .... + S10
2
= A , then A is equal to :
12
18. If the 2nd, 5th and 9th terms of a non-constant A.P. are
in G.P., then the common ratio of this G.P. is :- [JEE(MAIN)-2019, January]

[JEE(MAIN)-2016]
(1) 303 (2) 283 (3) 156 (4) 301
7 8
(1) (2)
4 5

E
28 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
25. If the sum of the first 15 terms of the 28. If the sum and product of the first three term in an A.P.
3 3 3 3 are 33 and 1155, respectively, then a value of its 11th
æ3ö æ 1ö 3æ 1ö æ 3ö
series ç ÷ + ç 1 ÷ + ç 2 ÷ + 3 + ç 3 ÷ + .... is term is :-
è4ø è 2ø è 4ø è 4ø
equal to 225 k, then k is equal to : [JEE(MAIN)-2019, April]
[JEE(MAIN)-2019, January]
(1) –25 (2) 25
(1) 9 (2) 27 (3) 108 (4) 54
(3) –36 (4) –35
26. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are in A.P. and
29. The sum
the greatest angle is double the smallest, then a ratio
of lengths of the sides of this triangle is :
+
3
(
3 ´ 13 5 ´ 1 + 2
3

+
) (
7 ´ 13 + 23 + 33 )
+ .......
[JEE(MAIN)-2019, April] 12 12 + 22 12 + 22 + 32
(1) 5 : 9 : 13 (2) 5 : 6 : 7
[JEE(MAIN)-2019, April]
(3) 4 : 5 : 6 (4) 3 : 4 : 5
(1) 660 (2) 620 (3) 680 (4) 600
27. Let the sum of the first n terms of a non-constant A.P.,
30. If a1, a2, a3, ........., an are in A.P. and
n(n - 7) a1 + a4 + a7 + ......... + a16 = 114, then
a1, a2, a3, ..... be 50n + A , wherre A is a
2 a1 + a6 + a11 + a16 is equal to :
constant. If d is the common difference of this A.P., then [JEE(MAIN)-2019, April]
the ordered pair (d, a50) is equal to
(1) 38 (2) 98
[JEE(MAIN)-2019, April] (3) 76 (4) 64
(1) (A, 50+46A) (2) (A, 50+45A)
(3) (50, 50+46A) (4) (50, 50+45A)

PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY Exercise-III

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans. 1 2 3 2 4 3 4 2 3 1 4 3
Que. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Ans. 1 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 1 1
Que. 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 3 1 1 1 3
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 29
QUADRATIC EQUATION & EXPRESSION
QUADRATIC EQUATION :
A quadratic expression f(x) when equated to zero is called Quadratic Equation.
Ex. 3x2– 7x + 5 = 0, – 9x2 + 7x – 5 = 0, –x2 + 2x = 0,2x2 = 0
General form ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a ¹ 0

ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION :

The values of variable x which satisfy the quadratic equation are called as roots (also called solutions or
zeros) of a quadratic equation.

SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

(a) Factorization Method :
Let ax2 + bx + c = a (x – a) (x – b) = 0
Then x = a and x = b will satisfy the given equation.
Hence factorize the equation and equating each to zero give the roots of equation.

1
Ex.1 3x2 – 2x – 1 = 0 Þ (x –1)(3x + 1) = 0 Þ x = 1, –
3

(b) Hindu Method (Sri Dharacharya Method) :

Quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a ¹ 0) has two roots, given by

- b + b2 - 4ac - b - b2 - 4ac
a= and b =
2a 2a

Note : Every quadratic equation has two and only two roots.
Sum and product of roots
If a and b are the roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then

b coefficient of x
(i) Sum of Roots S = a + b = – = –
a coefficient of x 2

c cons tant term

(ii) Product of roots P = ab = =
a coefficient of x 2
Ex.2 In equation 3x2 + 4x – 5 = 0

4 5
Sum of Roots S = – , Product of roots P = –
3 3

NATURE OF ROOTS
(i) If D > 0, roots of the equation are real and distinct.
(ii) If D = 0, roots of the equation are real and equal.
(iii) If D < 0, roots of the equation are imaginary.
(iv) If D is square of a rational number, roots of the equation are rational. (Provided a, b and c are rational
numbers)

Ex.3 The roots of the equation x 2 - 2 2x + 1 = 0 are

(1) Imaginary and different (2) Real and different
(3) Real and equal (4) Rational and different

( )
2
Sol.[2] The discriminant of the equation -2 2 - 4 (1)(1) = 8 - 4 = 4 > 0 and a perfect square, so roots are real
and different but we can’t say that roots are rational because coefficients are not rational therefore.
E
30 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

(2 2 )
2
2 2± -4 2 2 ±2
a, b = = = 2 ± 1 this is irrational
2 2

\ The roots are real and different.

Ex.4 If the roots of the equation x2 + 2x + p = 0 are real then the value of p is
(1) p £ 1 (2) p £ 2 (3) p £ 3 (4) None of these
Sol.[1] Here a = 1, b = 2, c = p
\ discriminant = (2)2 – 4(1) (p) ³ 0 (since roots are real)
= 4 – 4p ³ 0 Þ 4 ³ 4p Þ p £ 1
FORMATION OF AN EQUATION WITH GIVEN ROOTS
A quadratic equation whose roots are a and b is given by

( x - a )( x - b ) = 0
Þ x - ax - bx + ab = 0 Þ x2 - ( a + b ) x + ab = 0
2

i.e., x 2 - (sum of roots)x + Product of roots = 0

TRANSFORMATION OF AN EQUATION :

If a,b are roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then the equation whose roots are

1 1 1
(i) , is cx2 + bx + a = 0 (Replace x by )
a b x

(ii) -a, -b is ax2 - bx + c = 0 (Replace x by –x)

(iii) k + a,k + b is a ( x - k ) + b ( x - k ) + c = 0
2
{Replace x by (x – k)}

( ) ( )
2
(iv) a n , bn (n Î N) is a x1 / n + b x1 / n + c = 0 (Replace x by x1/n)

( ) ( )
2
(v) a1/ n , b1/ n (n Î N) is a xn + b xn + c = 0 (Replace x by xn)

x
(vi) ka,kb is ax2 + kbx + k 2 c = 0 (Replace x by )
k

a b
(vii) , is k2 ax2 + kbx + c = 0 (Replace x by kx)
k k

SYMMETRIC FUNCTION OF THE ROOTS :

A function of a and b is said to be a symmetric function if it remains unchanged when a and b are
interchanged.
For example, a2 + b2 + 2ab is a symmetric function of a and b whereas a2 – b2 + 3ab is not a symmetric
function of a and b
In order to find the value of a symmetric function of a and b, express the given function in terms of
a + b and ab. The following results may be useful.

(i) a2 + b2 = ( a + b ) - 2ab (ii) a 3 + b3 = ( a + b ) - 3ab ( a + b )

2 3

( )
(iii) a + b = a + b ( a + b ) - ab a + b
4 4 3 3 2 2
( ) ( )( )
(iv) a 5 + b5 = a3 + b3 a2 + b2 - a2b2 ( a + b )

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 31

( a + b) (vi) a2 - b2 = ( a + b )( a - b )
2
(v) a - b = - 4ab

(vii) a - b = ( a - b ) é( a + b ) - ab ù
3 3
ë û
2
(
(viii) a 4 - b4 = ( a + b )( a - b ) a2 + b2 )
Ex.5 If a, b are roots of Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 and a 2 , b 2 are roots of x2 + px + q = 0, then p is equal to-

(1)
(B 2
- 2AC ) (2)
(2AC - B ) 2

(3)
(B 2
- 4AC ) (4) (4AC – B2)A2
2 2 2
A A A

B C
Sol.[2] a + b = - , ab =
A A

B2
\ ( a + b) =
2
a2 + b2 = -p, a2b2 = q
A2

B2 2C B 2 2CA - B2
(
Þ a2 + b2 + 2ab = ) A2
Þ -p +
A
=
A2
Þ p =
A2

1
Ex.6 The quadratic equation whose one root is will be
2+ 5

(1) x2 + 4x – 1 = 0 (2) x2 – 4x – 1 = 0 (3) x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 (4) None of these

1
Sol.[1] Given root = = 5 -2
2+ 5

So the other root = – 5 – 2 Then sum of the roots = – 4, product of the roots = –1
Hence the equation is x + 4x – 1 = 0 2

Ex.7 If the equation (k – 2)x2– (k – 4)x – 2 = 0 has difference of roots as 3 then the value of k is-
(1) 1, 3 (2) 3, 3/2 (3) 2, 3/2 (4) 3/2, 1

(k - 4) -2
Sol.(2) a + b = , ab =
(k - 2) k -2

|a – b| = (a + b )2 - 4 ab

2
æk-4ö 8
\ |a – b| = çk -2÷ + k -2
è ø ( )

k2 + 16 - 8k + 8 ( k - 2 )
=
(k - 2)

k 2 + 16 - 8k + 8k - 16
3 =
(k - 2)
Þ 3k – 6 = ± k Þ k = 3, 3/2

E
32 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.8 If a,b are the root of a quadratic equation x2 – 3x + 5 = 0 then the equation whose roots are a2 - 3a + 7 ( )
(
and b2 - 3b + 7 ) is-
(1) x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 (2) x2 – 4x – 1 = 0 (3) x2 – 4x +4 = 0 (4) x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
Sol.[3] Since a,b are the roots of equation x2 – 3x + 5 = 0
So a2 - 3a + 5 = 0 ; b2 - 3b + 5 = 0
\ a2 - 3a = -5 ..... (i)
b2 - 3b = -5 ..... (ii)
Putting the value from (i) and (ii) in a2 - 3a + 7( ) (
and b2 - 3b + 7 )
We get (–5 + 7) and (–5 + 7)
\ 2 and 2 are the roots
\ The required equation is x2 – 4x + 4 = 0
a2 + 2a + 1 b2 + 2b + 1
Ex.9 If a,b are the roots of x2 – p(x + 1) – c = 0 then + is equal to
a2 + 2a + c b2 + 2b + c
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) None of these
Sol.(2) Here the equation is x – p(x + 1) – c = 0
2
\ a + b = p, ab = - ( p + c )

Now ( a + 1)( b + 1) = ab + a + b + 1 = – p – c + p + 1 = 1 – c

( a + 1) ( b + 1)
2 2

Now given expression = + ,

( a + 1 ) - ( 1 - c ) ( b + 1 ) - (1 - c )
2 2

a +1 b +1 a +1 - b -1
Putting value of 1 – c = (a + 1) (b + 1) = + = =1
a -b b-a a-b

ROOTS IN SPECIAL CASES :

ax2 + bx + c º a(x – a) (x – b) (If a and b are root of the equation)

If b2 – 4ac > 0 and Then

a > 0 b > 0 c > 0 a + b < 0, ab > 0 Both roots are negative.

a > 0 b < 0 c > 0 a + b > 0, ab > 0 Both roots are positive.
a > 0 b > 0 c < 0 a + b < 0, ab < 0 Ro ots are oppo sit e in sign.
Magnitude of negative root is
more than the magnitude of
positive root.
a > 0 b < 0 c < 0 a + b > 0, ab < 0 Ro ots are oppo sit e in sign.
Magnitude of positive root is
more than the magnitude of
negative root.

Ex.10 If both the roots of the equation x2 – (p – 4)x + 2e2 ln p – 4 = 0 are negative then p belongs to

(
(1) - 2, 4 ) (2) ( 2, 4 ) (3) -4, 2( ) (
(4) -¥, - 2 )
Sol.(2) Both roots negative Þ sum of roots < 0 and product of roots > 0

Þ p - 4 < 0 and 2e
2ln p 2
- 4 > 0 Þ p < 4 and p > 2 Þ p Î ( 2,4 )
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 33
CONDITION FOR COMMON ROOT(S) :

Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 and dx2 + ex + f = 0 have a common root a(say). Then aa2 + ba + c = 0 and
da2 + ea + f = 0.
Solving for a2 and a, we get
a2 a 1
= =
bf - ce dc - af ae - bd
bf - ce dc - af
i.e. a2 = and a = Þ (dc – af)2 = (bf – ce) (ae – bd)
ae - bd ae - bd
which is the required condition for the two equations to have a common root.
dc - af bf - ce
The common root is given by a = or a =
ae - bd dc - af
Note - 1 : To find the common root of two equations, make the coefficient of second degree terms in
two equations same and subtract them, the value of x so obtained is the required common root.
a b c
Note - 2 : Condition for both the roots to be common is = =
d e f
Ex.11 The value of k, so that the equations 2x2 + kx – 5 = 0 and x2 – 3x – 4 = 0 have one root in common
is-

-27
(1) –2, –3 (2) –3, (2) –5, –6 (4) none of these
4
Sol.(2) Let a be the common root of the two equations then,
2a2 + ka – 5 = 0
a2 – 3a – 4 = 0
Solving these two equations, we get
a2 a 1
= =
-4k - 15 -5 + 8 -6 - k
4k + 15 -3
Þ a2 = and a =
k+6 k +6

2
æ -3 ö 4k + 15
Þ ç ÷ = [Q a2 = (a)2]
èk +6ø k+6
Þ (4k + 15) (k + 6) = 9 Þ 4k2 + 39k + 81 = 0
27
Þ k = –3 or k = -
4

QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS AND ITS GRAPHS :

The expression ax2 + bx + c is said to be a real quadratic expression in x, where a, b and c are real
a ¹ 0. Graph of every quadratic expression is always a parabola. Its nature and position depends upon
'a' and 'D'
Let y = ax2 + bx + c

ìïæ b ö
2
D üï æ D ö æ b ö
2

Þ y =a íç x + - ý Þ y + = a x + ..... (1)
îïè 2a ÷ø 4a 2 ïþ ç
è 4a ÷ø ç
è 2a ÷ø

where D = b2 – 4ac
æ b Dö
Equation (1) represents a parabola with vertex at A ç - , - ÷ , and axis of this parabola is parallel to
è 2a 4a ø
y axis and it is x = –b/2a.

E
34 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Case. 1
Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c, Î R (a ¹ 0), in this case mouth of parabola will open upwards.
For some value of x, f(x) may be positive, negative or zero.
This gives rise to the follwing cases :
(i) If a > 0 and b2– 4ac < 0
Û f(x) > 0, " x Î R
In this case whole of the parabola lies above the x-axis.

(ii) If a > 0 and b2 – 4ac = 0 Û f(x) ³ 0, "x Î R

In this case whole of the parabola lies above the x-axis except at one point where it touches the x–axis,
æ b ö
the point is ç – ,0 ÷
è 2a ø

(iii) If a > 0 and b2 – 4ac > 0

Let f(x) = 0 have two real roots a and b (say a < b) then f(x) > 0, " xÎ(–¥, a) È (b,¥) and f(x) < 0,
" x Î(a, b)

Case. 2
(i) If a < 0 and b2– 4ac < 0
In this case the mouth of parabola will open downwards.
Û f(x) < 0, " x Î R
In this case whole of the parabola lies below the x-axis.

(ii) If a < 0 and b2 – 4ac = 0

Û f(x) £ 0, " x Î R
In this case whole of the parabola lies below the x-axis, except at one point where it touches the x-axis,
æ b ö
the point is ç – ,0 ÷
è 2a ø

(iii) If a < 0 and b2 – 4ac > 0

Let f(x) = 0 have two real roots a and b (a < b).
Then f(x) < 0, " x Î (–¥, a) È (b, ¥) and f(x) > 0, " x Î (a, b)

GREATEST AND LEAST VALUE OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION

(i) If a > 0, then the quadratic expression y = ax2 + bx + c has no greatest value but it has least value
4ac - b2 b
at x = -
4a 2a
(ii) If a < 0, then the quadratic expression y = ax2 + bx + c has no least value but it has greatest value
4ac - b2 b
at x = -
4a 2a
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 35

æ 1ö
Ex.12 If the expression ç mx - 1 + ÷ is non-negative for all positive real x, then the minimum value of m must
è xø
be
-1 1 1
(1) (2) 0 (3) (4)
2 4 2
Sol.(3) We know that ax2 + bx + c ³ 0 if a > 0 and b2 – 4ac £ 0
1 mx 2 - x + 1
So, mx - 1 + ³0Þ ³ 0 Þ mx2 - x + 1 ³ 0 as x > 0
x x
Now mx2 – x + 1 ³ 0 if m > 0 and 1 – 4m £ 0
1
Thus, the minimum value of m is
4
x
Ex.13 The range of the values of for all real value of x is-
x2 + 4
–1 1 –1 1 –1 1
(1) £ y £ (2) £ y £ (3) £ y £ (4) None of these
2 2 4 4 6 6
x
Sol.(2) Let y = 2
x +4
Þ x2y – x + 4y = 0
Now, x Î R Þ B2 – 4AC ³ 0 Þ 1 – 4y. 4y ³ 0 = (4y – 1) (4y + 1) £ 0
-1 1
\ £y £
4 4
LOCATION OF ROOTS (INTERVAL IN WHICH ROOTS LIE)
In some problems we want to find the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 to lie in a given interval.
b c
For this we impose conditions on a, b and c. Since a ¹ 0 we can take f ( x ) = x2 + x+ .
a a
(i) If both the roots are positive i.e., they lie in (0, ¥), then the sum of the roots as well as the product of
the roots must be positive.
b c
> 0 and ab = > 0 with b - 4ac ³ 0 .
2
Þ a+b = -
a a
Similarly, if both the roots are negative i.e. they lie in (–¥, 0) then the sum of the roots must be negative
and the product of the roots must be positive.
b c
i.e. a + b = - < 0 and ab = > 0 with b2 – 4ac ³ 0
a a
Both the roots are of the same sign if a and c are of same sign. Now if b has the same sign as that of
a, both roots are negative or else both roots are positive.
If a and c are of opposite sign then both roots are of opposite sign.
(ii) Both the roots are greater than given number k if the following three conditions are satisfied
b
D ³ 0, – > k and f(k) > 0
2a

(iii) Both the roots will be less than a given number k if the following conditions are satisfied :
b
D ³ 0, - < k and f(k) > 0
2a

E
36 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

(iv) Both the roots will lie in the given interval (k1, k2) if the following conditions are satisfied:
b
D ³ 0, k1 < - < k2 and f ( k1 ) > 0, f ( k2 ) > 0
2a

(v) Exactly one of the root lies in the given interval (k1, k2) if f(k1).f(k2) < 0

(vi) A given number k will lie between the roots if f(k) < 0, D > 0.

In particular, the roots of the equation will be of opposite signs if 0 lies between the roots Þ f(0) < 0
Ex.14 If the roots of the equation x2– 2ax + a2 + a – 3 = 0 are real and less than 3, then
(1) a < 2 (2) 2 £ a £ 3 (3) 3 < a £ 4 (4) a > 4
Sol.(1) Let f(x) = x 2 – 2ax + a2 + a – 3. Since f(x) has real roots both less than 3. Therefore,
Disc > 0 and f(3) > 0
Þ a2 – (a2 + a – 3) > 0 and a2 – 5a + 6 > 0 Þ a < 3 and (a – 2) (a – 3) > 0
Þ a < 3 and a < 2 or a > 3 Þ a < 2.
THEORY OF EQUATIONS :
(i) If p(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a0, where (a0, a1, a2, ....,an Î R and an ¹ 0) then p(x) = 0 has exactly
n roots. (real/complex)
(ii) Imaginary roots always occur in conjugate pairs. If b ¹ 0 and a + ib is a root of p(x), then a – ib is also
a root.
(iii) A polynomial equation in x of odd degree has at least one real root (moreover it has odd no. of real roots).
(iv) If x1,.....,xn are the roots of p(x) = 0, then p(x) can be written in the form p(x) º an(x – x1)...(x – xn).
(v) If a is a root of p(x) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor of p(x) and vice - versa.

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 37
(vi) If x1,....,xn are the roots of p(x) º anxn + ... + a0 = 0, an ¹ 0.
n
a n -1 an -2 ao
Then S x i = - , S xi x j = , x1 x2...xn = (–1)n .
i =1 an 1£ i < j £ n an an
(vii) If equation f(x) = anxn + an–1xn–1 + ... + a1x + a0 = 0 has more than n distinct roots then f(x) is identically
zero.
(viii) If p(a) and p(b) (a < b) are of opposite sign, then p(x) = 0 has odd number of real roots in (a, b), i.e.
it has at least one real root in (a, b) and if p(a) and p(b) are of same sign then p(x) = 0 has either even
number of real roots or no real roots in (a, b).
(ix) If coefficients of p(x) (polynomial in x written in descending order) have ‘m’ changes in signs, then
p(x) = 0 have at the most ‘m’ positive real roots and if p(– x) have ‘t’ changes in sign, then p(x) = 0 have
at most ‘t’ negative real roots. By this we can find maximum number of real roots.
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS :
(i) Every equation of nth degree (n ³ 1) has exactly n roots and if the equation has more than n roots, it
is an identity.
æ a a ö
(ii) If roots of quadratic equations a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 are in the same ratio ç i.e. 1 = 2 ÷
è b1 b2 ø

b12 a1 c1
then =
b22 a2 c2

( k + 1)
2
b2
(iii) If one root is k times the other root of quadratic equation a1x + b1x + c1 = 0 then 2
=
k ac
Ex.15 If the roots of the equations x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 and x2 – x + l = 0 are in the same ratio then the value of l
is given by
2 2 9 7
(1) (2) (3) (4)
7 9 2 2
b12 a1c1
Sol.(2) If roots are in same ratio then =
b22 a2 c2

32 (1) .(2 ) (2 ) 2
= Þ9= Þl=
( -1)
2
(1). ( l ) (l) 9

E
38 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 Let a, b be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and g, d be the roots of px2 + qx + r = 0; and D1, D2 the
respective Discriminants of these equations. If a, b, g, d are in A.P., then D1 : D2

a2 a2 b2 c2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
p2 b2 q2 r2

-b c -q r
Sol.(1) We have a + b = , ab = and g + d = , gd =
a a p p

Now a, b, g, d are in A.P. Þ b – a = d – g; (b – a)2 = (d – g)2

(b + a)2 – 4ab = (g + d)2 – 4gd

b2 4c q 2 4r b2 - 4ac q 2 - 4pr D1 D 2 D1 a 2
- = - Þ = Þ 2
= 2
Þ =
a2 a p2 p a2 p2 a p D2 p2

Ex.2 If the expression x2 –11x + a and x2 – 14x + 2a must have a common factor and a ¹ 0, then the common
factor is-
(1) (x –3) (2) (x – 6) (3) (x – 8) (4) None of these
Sol.(3) Here Let x – a is the common factor
then x = a is root of the corresponding equation \ a2 – 11a + a = 0
a
a2 – 14a + 2a = 0 Subtracting 3a – a = 0 Þ a =
3

a2 a
Hence - 11 + a = 0,a = 0 or a = 24 since a ¹ 0, a = 24
9 3

ì x2 - 11x + 24
\ The common factor of í 2 is clearly (x – 8)
î x - 14x + 48
Ex.3 The value of ‘p’ for which the sum of the square of the roots of 2x2 - 2 ( p - 2 ) x - p - 1 = 0 is least, is

3
(1) 1 (2) (3) 2 (4) – 1
2
Sol.(2) Let a and b be two roots of the equation 2x2 – 2(p – 2)x – p – 1 = 0. Then
-p - 1
a + b = p – 2 and ab =
2
Let S = a2 + b2 = ( a + b ) - 2ab
2

2
æ 3 ö 11
= ( p - 2 ) + p + 1 = p2 - 3p + 5 = ç p - ÷ +
2

è 2ø 4
3
Which is least when p =
2
Ex.4 The equations x2 + b2 = 1 – 2bx and x2 + a2 = 1 – 2ax have one and only one root common. Then
(1) a – b = 2 (2) a – b + 2 = 0
(3) |a – b| = 2 (4) All of these

Sol.(4) ( x + b ) = 1 Þ x = - b ± 1 , (x + a)
2 2
= 1 Þ x = -a ± 1

Clearly, a ¹ b. So, one and only one root common means, –b + 1 = –a – 1 or –b – 1 = –a + 1

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 39
Ex.5 If x2 – 4x + log1/2 a = 0 does not have two distinct real roots, then maximum value of a is

1 1 -1
(1) (2) (3) (4) None of these
4 16 4
Sol.(2) Since x2 – 4x + log1/2 a = 0 does not have two distinct real roots, discriminant £ 0

1
Þ 16 - 4 log1 / 2 a £ 0 Þ log1 / 2 a ³ 4 Þ a £
16

Ex.6 If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are changed by the same quantity then the expression in a, b, c that does
not change is

b2 - 4ac b - 4c b2 + 4ac
(1) (2) (3) (4) None of these
a a a2

Sol.(1) Let a,b are changed by same quantity l then difference of roots will be same

a - b = (a + l ) - (b + l )

b2 - 4ac
So |(a – b)| =
a2
b2 - 4ac
Hence, the expression does not vary in value
a
Ex.7 The equations ax2 + bx + a = 0, x3 – 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 have two roots in common. Then a + b must
be equal to-
(1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 0 (4) None of these
Sol.(3) We have x – 2x + 2x – 1 = 0
3 2

( )
Þ ( x - 1) x 2 - x + 1 = 0 Þ x = 1 or x = –w, – w2

Since ax2 + bx + a = 0 and x3 – 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 have two roots in common, therefore – w and – w2
are common roots. (as either both the roots of a quadratic equation are real or non-real).
2 2
(
Now -w is a root of ax + bx + a = 0 Þ a 1 + w - bw = 0)
Þ a ( -w) - bw = 0 (as 1 + w + w2 = 0 ) Þ a + b = 0

Ex.8 If x2 + ax + b is an integer for every integer x then

(1) ‘a’ is always an integer but ‘b’ need not be an integer
(2) ‘b’ is always an integer but ‘a’ need not be an integer
(3) a+b is always an integer
(4) None of these
Sol.(3) Let f(x) = x2 + ax + b Clearly, f(0) = b Þ b is an integer
Now f(1) = 1 + a + b Þ a is an integer
Ex.9 If the roots of equation x2 + bx + ac = 0 are a, b and roots of the equation x2 + ax + bc = 0 are a, g
then the value of a, b, g respectively
(1) a, b, c (2) b, c, a (3) c, a, b (4) None of these
Sol.(3) From the given two equation
a + b = -b ..... (1) ab = ac ..... (2)
a + g = -a ..... (3) ag = bc ..... (4)
(1) – (3) Þ b – g = a – b ..... (5)

E
40 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
(2 ) Þ b = a
(4) g b
ag
b= ..... (6)
b
putting the value of b in (5)

ag ( a - b) = a - b
-g = a-bÞ g ( ) \ g = b \ b = a and a = c
b b

Ex.10 The value of m for which one of the roots of x2 – 3x + 2m = 0 is double of one of the roots of
x2 – x + m = 0 is
(1) 0, 2 (2) 0, –2 (3) 2, –2 (4) None of these
Sol.(2) Let a be the root of x2 – x + m = 0 and 2a be the root of x2 – 3x + 2m = 0. Then, a2 - a + m = 0

and 4a 2 - 6a + 2m = 0

a2 a 1
Þ = = Þ m 2 = -2m Þ m = 0,m = -2
-m -m 2
Ex.11 If a < b < c < d, then roots of (x – a)(x – c) + 2(x – b) (x – d) = 0 are
(1) real and equal (2) real and unequal (3) imaginary (4) rational

Sol.(2) Here 3x2 - ( a + c + 2b + 2d ) x + ( ac + 2bd ) = 0

\ Discriminant = ( a + c + 2b + 2d ) - 12 ( ac + 2bd )
2

= ëé( a + 2d ) - ( c + 2b ) ûù + 4 ( a + 2d )( c + 2b ) - 12 ( ac + 2bd )
2

= éë( a + 2d ) - ( c + 2b ) ùû + 8 ( c - b )( d - a ) > 0
2

Ex.12 If a1, a2 and b1, b2 are respectively roots of the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and px2 + qx + r = 0, then
the system of equations a1y + a2z = 0 and b1y + b2z = 0 has a non zero solution then

(1) p2 br = a 2 qc (2) b2 pr = q 2 ac (3) r 2 pb = c2 ar (4) None of these

Sol.(2) Obviously

-b c
a1 + a 2 = , a1 a 2 =
a a

-q r
b1 + b2 = , b1b2 =
p p

Since the system of equations a1 y + a2 z = 0 and b1 y + b2 z = 0 has a non zero solution

a1 a2
\ = 0 Þ a1b2 - a2b1 = 0
b1 b2

-b ìcü
a1 a2 a + a2 ìa a ü ïï ïï b2 p2 cp
= Þ 1 = m í 1 2ý \ a = ía ý Þ 2 2 = Þ b2 pr = q 2 ac
b1 b2 b1 + b2 î b1b2 þ -q ï ïr q a ar
p ïî p ïþ

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 41

Ex.13 The value of the expression x2 + 2bx + c will be positive if

(1) b2 – 4c > 0 (2) b2 – 4c < 0 (3) c2 < b (4) b2 < c
Sol.(4) Expression = (x + b)2 – b2 + c = (x + b)2 + (c – b2)
\ expression will be positive if c – b2 > 0 Þ b2 < c

1 1 1
Ex.14 For the equation - = , if the product of roots is zero, then the sum of roots is
x+a x+b x+c

2ab 2bc -2bc

(1) 0 (2) (3) (4)
b+c b+c b+c

1 1 1
Sol.(4) - =
x+a x+b x+c
b-a 1
=
x + ( b + a ) x + ab x + c
2

or x2 + ( a + b ) x + ab = ( b - a ) x + ( b - a ) c

or x2 + 2ax + ab + ca - bc = 0 Since product of the roots = 0

bc
ab + ca – bc = 0 a =
b+c

-2bc
Thus sum of roots = – 2a =
b+c

( )
Ex.15 The real values of a for which the quadratic equation 2x 2 - a 3 + 8a - 1 x + a 2 - 4a = 0 possesses roots
of opposite signs are given by-
(1) a > 5 (2) 0 < a < 4 (3) a > 0 (4) a > 7
Sol.(2) The roots of the given equation will be of opposite signs if they are real and their product is negative.
\ product of roots < 0
a 2 - 4a
Þ <0
2
Þ a – 4a < 0
2

Þ 0 < a < 4
Ex.16 If a, b, c are in G.P., then the equations ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common
d e f
root if , , are in
a b c
(1) A.P. (2) G.P. (3) H.P. (4) None of these
Sol.(1) a, b, c are in G.P Þ b2 = ac
Now the equation ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 can be rewritten as ax 2 + 2 acx + c = 0

( ) c c
2
Þ ax + c =0Þ x=- ,-
a a
c
If the two given equations have a common root, then this root must be - .
a

c c d f 2e c 2e 2e d e f
Thus d - 2e +f=0 Þ + = = = Þ , , are in A.P..
a a a c c a ac b a b c

E
42 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.17 If the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and cx2 + bx + a = 0, a ¹ c have a negative common root then the
value of a – b + c is
(1) 0 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) None of these
Sol.(1) As the coefficients are in reverse order, the roots of ax + bx + c = 0 are a, b, while the roots of
2

1 1
cx2 + bx + a = 0 are , .
a b
One negative root is common
1
Þ ( i ) a = < 0; so, a = -1
a
1 c
or (ii) a = < 0 Þ ab = 1 Þ = 1 Þ c = a (not possible)
b a
1 1
Ex.18 If a, b are roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then the value of + is
( aa + b ) ( ab + b )
2 2

b2 - 2ac b2 - 2ac 2ac - b2 b2

(1) (2) 2 2 (3) (4)
ac a c ac a2 c
Sol.(2) Since a,b are the roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0
2

then aa2 + ba + c = 0 Þ a (aa + b) + c = 0

-c
(aa + b) = ..... (1)
a
Similarly
-c
(ab + b) = ..... (2)
b
1 1 1 1
\ + = +
( aa + b ) ( ab + b )
2 2 2 2
æ -c ö æ -c ö
ç a ÷ ç ÷
è ø è b ø
b2 2c
2 2 2 -
a b (a + b) - 2ab a2 a b2 - 2ac
Þ 2
+ 2 = = =
c c c2 c2 a 2 c2

Ex.19 If a,b be roots of x2 + px + 1 = 0 and g, d are the roots of x2 + qx + 1 = 0 then ( a - g )( b - g )( a + d )(b + d ) =

(1) p2 + q2 (2) p2 – q2 (3) q2 – p2 (4) None of these

a + b = -p; ab = 1ü
Sol.(3) Here ý Þ ab = gd
g + d = -q; gd = 1 þ

Now ( a - g )(b - g )( a + d )(b + d )

{
= ab - g ( a + b ) + g2 }{ab + d ( a + b ) + d } 2
{ 2
}{
= 1 + gp + g 1 - pd + d
2
}
( )
= éë g + 1 + gp ùû éë d + 1 - pd ùû =
2 2
( ) ( -qg + gp )( -qd - pd )
2 2
( 2
= gd q - p = 1. q - p
2
) ( )
Ex.20 If x = 2 + 3 then the value of x3 – 7x2 + 13x – 12 is
(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) –9 (4) 9

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 43
Sol.(3) x = 2 + 3 Þ x – 2 = 3 Þ x2 + 4 – 4x = 3 Þ x2 – 4x = – 1
x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
Now we can write the given equation as
( ) 2
( 2
) (
x 3 - 7x 2 + 13x - 12 = x x 2 - 4x + 1 - 3x 2 + 12x - 12 = x x - 4x + 1 - 3 x - 4x + 1 - 9 )
Now putting the value of x – 4x + 1 = 0 = x(0) – 3(0) – 9 = – 9
2

Ex.21 If r and s are positive, then roots of the equation x2 – rx – s = 0 are

(1) imaginary (2) real and both positive
(3) real and of opposite signs (4) real and both negative
Sol.(3) Here Discriminant
= r2 + 4s > 0 (Q r, s > 0)
Þ roots are real Again a = 1 > 0 and c = –s < 0

Þ roots are of opposite signs

Ex.22 If x2 + px + 1 is a factor of the expression ax3 + bx + c then

(1) a2 + c2 = -ab (2) a2 - c2 = -ab (3) a2 - c2 = ab (4) None of these

( )
Sol.(3) It is a factor if ax 3 + bx + c = x 2 + px + 1 ( ax + c )

= ax3 + ( c + ap ) x 2 + ( pc + a ) x + c
-c b - a
Þ c + ap = 0,pc + a = b Þ p == Þ ab – a2 = –c2 Þ a2 – c2 = ab
a c
Ex.23 If p, q, r be in H.P. and p and r be different having same sign, then the root of the equation
px2 + 2qx + r = 0 will be
(1) real (2) equal (3) imaginary (4) None of these

2pr
Sol.(3) Here p,q,r in H.P. Þ q = ......(1)
p+r

Now D = 4q2 – 4pr

é æ 2pr ö ù
2
é æ p - r ö2 ù
= -4 êpr - ç ÷ ú using (1) = - ( pr ) ê2 ç ÷ ú
êë è p + r ø úû êë è p + r ø úû

Since pr > 0, p ¹ r given, D ¹ 0 and D < 0. Hence the roots are imaginary.

E
44 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
CHECK YOUR GRASP QUADRATIC EQUATION & EXPRESSION EXERCISE-I

ROOTS AND NATURE OF ROOTS 11. If a, b are th e roots of equati on

OF QUADRATIC EQUATION 4 x 2 - 13 x - 7 = 0 , then the value of |a - b| is-
1. The roots of the equation x2 + x = 2(x – 1) are
(1) imaginary (2) rational 5 5 5 5
(3) irrational (4) equal (1) (2) (3) (4) 2 5
4 6 6
2. If the equation x – m (2x – 8) – 15 = 0 has equal
2

roots then m = 12. If the roots of the equation ax2 + x + b = 0 be

(1) 3, –5 (2) –3, 5 real and different then the roots of the equation
(3) 3, 5 (4) –3, –5 x2 – 4 abx + 1 = 0 will be-
(1) Rational (2) Irrational
3. The roots of the equation a2 x2 + ( a + b ) x - b2 = 0
(3) Real (4) Imaginary
are- 13. If the roots of the equation x2 – 5x + 16 = 0 are a,
(1) real and different (2) real and equal b and the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 are
(3) imaginary (4) None of these ab
4. If a, b are roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 (a2 + b2) and , then-
2
q q (1) p = 1 and q = 56 (2) p = 1 and q = –56
then the equation whose roots are , will be
a b (3) p = –1 and q = 56 (4) p = –1 and q = –56
(1) x2 – qx + p = 0 (2) x2 + px + q = 0 14. If (1 – p) is a root of quadratic equation
x2 + px + (1 – p) = 0 then its roots are-
(3) x2 – px – q = 0 (4) qx2 + px + q = 0
(1) 0, – 1 (2) – 1, 1 (3) 0, 1 (4) – 1, 2
5. If the absolute difference between two roots of the
p , then p equals TRANSFORMATION OF EQUATIONS
equation x2 + px + 3 = 0 is

(1) –3, 4 (2) 4 15. If the roots of the equation 2x2 – 3x + 5 = 0 are
reciprocals of the roo ts o f the equation
(3) –3 (4) None of these
ax2 + bx + 2 = 0 , then-
6. If sum of the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (1) a = 2, b = 3 (2) a = 2, b = –3
is equal to the sum of their squares, then- (3) a = 5, b = –3 (4) a = 5, b = 3
(1) 2ac = ab + c (2) 2ac = b(a + b) 16. If a, b are the roots of the equation x2 – 3x + 1 = 0,
(3) a + b = c
2 2 2
(4) a2 + b2 = a + b 1 1
then the equation with roots , will be-
7. If the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are a -2 b -2
reciprocal to each other, then- (1) x2 – x – 1 = 0 (2) x2 + x – 1 = 0
(1) a + c = 0 (2) b = 0 (3) x2 + x + 2 = 0 (4) None of these
(3) a – c = 0 (4) None of these 17. If a and b are roots of x2 – 2x + 3 = 0, then the
8. If one root of the equation x2 – 30x + p = 0 is a -1 b -1
equation whose roots are and will be-
square of the other then p is equal to- a +1 b +1
(1) only 125 (2) 125, – 216 (1) 3x2 – 2x – 1 = 0 (2) 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
(3) 125, 215 (4) only 216
(3) 3x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 (4) x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
9. If the roots of equation x2 + px + q = 0 differ
by 1, then- 18. If roots of x3 + 5x 2 – 7x – 1 = 0 are a, b, g
then the equation whose roots are ab, bg, ga is-
(1) p2 = 4q (2) p2 = 4q + 1
(3) p = 4q – 1
2
(4) None of these (1) x3 – 7x2 + 5x + 1 = 0
10. If p, q are the roots of equation x2 + px + q = 0 (2) x3 + 7x 2 – 5x – 1 = 0
then value of p must be equal to- (3) x3 + 5x 2 + 7x + 1 = 0
(1) 0, 1 (2) 1 (4) none of these
(3) 2 (4) 0, –1
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 45
ROOTS UNDER SPECIAL CASES QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS & IT'S GRAPHS
26. If a, b, c are real & a > 0 then the minimum value
x2 - bx m - 1
19. If the equation = has roots equal of ax2 + bx + c, where x is also real, is-
ax - c m +1
b2 - 4ac 4ac - b2
in magnitude but opposite in sign, then m = (1) (2)
4a 4a
a+b a-b
(1) (2) b2 - 4ac 4ac - b2
a-b a+b (3) (4)
2a 2a
b-a 27. For all real values of x, the maximum value of the
(3) (4) None of these
b+a
x
20. The set of values of p for which the roots of the expression is-
x2 - 5x + 9
equation 3x2 + 2x + p (p – 1) = 0 are of opposite (1) 1 (2) 45
sign is- (3) 90 (4) None of these
(1) (– ¥, 0) (2) (0, 1) (3) (1, ¥) (4) (0, ¥) 28. If x be real then the maximum and minimum value
21. If one root of x(x + 2) = 3 – ax2 tends towards x2 - 3x + 4
of the expression are
infinity then a will tend to- x2 + 3x + 4
1 1
(1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 2 (4) 4 (1) 2, 1 (2) 7, (3) 5, (4) None
7 5
22. If roots of the equation 2x2 + 3(k – 2)x + 4 – k = 15x 29. The expression a2x2 + bx + 1 will be positive for
are negative of each other, then k equals- all x Î R if-
(1) 4 (2) 2 (3) 0 (4) 7 (1) b2 > 4a2 (2) b2 < 4a2
(3) 4b2 > a2 (4) 4b2 < a2
CONDITION FOR COMMON ROOTS
30. For what value of a the curve y = x2 + ax + 25
23. If both the roots of the equations
touches the x-axis-
k(6x2 + 3) + rx + 2x2 –1 = 0
(1) 0 (2) ±5 (3) ±10 (4) none
( )
and 6k 2x2 + 1 + px + 4x 2 - 2 = 0 are common,
LOCATION OF ROOTS
then 2r – p is equal to-
31. The set of values of K for which both the roots of
(1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 2 (4) 0
the equation 4x2 – 20Kx + (25K2 + 15K – 66) = 0,
24. If x – 11x + a and x – 14x + 2a have a common
2 2
are less than 2, is given by-
factor then a is equal to-
(1) (2, ¥) (2) (4/5, 2)
(1) 24 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 12
(3) (– ¥, -1) (4) None of these
25. If t he equation x2 + bx + c = 0 an d 32. All possible values of a, so that 6 lies between
the roots of the equation x2 + 2(a – 3)x + 9 = 0
x2 + cx + b= 0, (b ¹ c) have a common root then-
(1) (–¥, –2) È (2, ¥) (2) (–¥, –3/4)
(1) b + c = 0 (2) b + c = 1 (3) (2, ¥) (4) none of these
(3) b + c + 1 = 0 (4) None of these

CHECK YOUR GRASP ANSWER KEY Exercise-I

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 1 3 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 4 4 1 3 1 3 2 2 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 4 4 1 3 2 1 2 2 3
Que. 31 32
Ans. 3 2
E
46 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE QUESTIONS EXERCISE-II

1. The sum of all real values of x satisfying the equation 5. If one real root of the quadratic equation
x 2 + 4x - 60
(x 2
- 5x + 5 ) =1 is :-
81x2 + kx + 256 = 0 is cube of the other root, then
2. The number of all possible positive integral values
a value of k is
of a for which the roots of the quadratic equation,
6x2–11x+a = 0 are rational numbers, is : 6. The number of integral values of m for which the

quadratic expression
3. Co nsider the quad ratic equati on
(c–5)x2–2cx + (c–4) = 0, c¹5. Let S be the set of
(1 + 2m)x2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + 4(1 + m), xÎR, is always
all integral values of c for which one root of the
positive, is :
equation lies in the interval (0,2) and its other root
lies in the interval (2,3). Then the number of
7. If the equation f (x) = (a + b – c)x2 + (b + c – a)x
elements in S is :
+ (c + a – b) = 0 has only one root equal to one.
3b + a
4. The values of l such that sum of the squares of the Then the value of is
c
roots of the quadratic equation,
8. If p, q Î {1, 2, 3, 4}, the number of equations of
x2 + (3 – l) x + 2 = l has the least value is :
the form px2 + qx + 1 = 0 having real roots is

ANSWER KEY Exercise-II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. 3 3 11 2 –300 7 1 7
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 47
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS QUADRATIC EQUATION & EXPRESSION EXERCISE-III

1. If value of a for which the sum of the squares of 10. Let p and q be real numbers such that p ¹ 0,
the roots of the equation x2 – (a – 2)x – a – 1 = 0 p3 ¹ q and p3 ¹ –q. If a and b are nonzero complex
assume the least value is- [AIEEE-2005] numbers satisfying a + b = – p and a3+b3= q, then
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 0 (4) 1 a b
2. If the roots of the equation x2 - bx + c = 0 be a quadratic equation having and as its
b a
two consecutive integers, then b2 – 4c equals- roots is [IIT 2010]
[AIEEE-2005] 3 2 3 3
(1) (p + q)x – (p + 2q)x + (p + q) = 0
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) –2 (2) (p3 + q)x2 – (p3 – 2q)x + (p3 + q) = 0
3. If both the roots of the quadratic equation (3) (p3 – q)x2 – (5p3 – 2q)x + (p3 – q) = 0
x2 – 2kx + k2 + k - 5 = 0 are less than 5, then (4) (p3 – q)x2 – (5p3 + 2q)x + (p3 – q) = 0
k lies in the interval- [AIEEE-2005] 11. Let a and b be the roots of x2 – 6x – 2 = 0, with
(1) [4, 5] (2) (-¥, 4) a > b. If an = an – bn for n ³ 1, then the value
(3) (6, ¥) (4) (5, 6)
a10 - 2a 8
4. All the values of m for which both roots of the of is [IIT 2011, JEE(MAIN)-2015]
2a 9
equation x2 – 2mx + m2 – 1 = 0 are greater than
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
–2 but less than 4, lie in the interval-
12. Let for a ¹ a1 ¹ 0,
[AIEEE-2006]
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, g(x) = a1x2 + b1x + c1 and
(1) –1 < m < 3 (2) 1 < m < 4
p(x)=f(x) – g(x).
(3) –2 < m < 0 (4) m > 3
If p(x) = 0 only for x = –1 and p(–2) = 2, then the
5. If the roots of the quadrat ic equation
value of p(2) is: [AIEEE-2011]
x2 + px + q = 0 are tan 30° and tan 15°,
(1) 18 (2) 3 (3) 9 (4) 6
respectively then the value of 2 + q – p is- [AIEEE-
13. Sachin and Rahul attempted to solve a quadratic
2006]
equation. Sachin made a mistake in writing down
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
the constant term and ended up in roots (4, 3). Rahul
3x2 + 9x + 17 made a mistake in writing down coefficient of x to
6. If x is real, then maximum value of
3x2 + 9x + 7 get roots (3, 2). The correct roots of equation are:
[AIEEE-2011]
is- [AIEEE-2006]
(1) –4, –3 (2) 6, 1
17 1 (3) 4, 3 (4) –6, –1
(1) 1 (2) (3) (4) 41
7 4 14. The equation esinx – e–sinx – 4 = 0 has :
[AIEEE-2012]
7. If the difference between the roots of the equation
(1) exactly four real roots.
x2 + ax + 1 = 0 is less than 5 , then the set (2) infinite number of real roots.
of possible values of a is :- [AIEEE-2007] (3) no real roots.
(1) (–3, ¥) (2) (3, ¥) (4) exactly one real root.
(3) (–¥, –3) (4) (–3, –2] È [2, 3) 15. If the equat ions x 2 + 2x + 3 = 0 and
8. The quadratic equations x2 – 6x + a = 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0, a, b, c Î R, have a common root,
x2 – cx + 6 = 0 have one root in common. The then a : b : c is : [JEE(MAIN)-2013]
other roots of the first and second equations are (1) 1 : 2 : 3 (2) 3 : 2 : 1
integers in the ratio 4:3. Then the common root is (3) 1 : 3 : 2 (4) 3 : 1 : 2
[AIEEE-2008] 16. Let a and b be th e roots of equation
(1) 1 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 2 px2 + qx + r = 0 , p ¹ 0. If p, q, r are in A.P. and
9. If the roots of the equation bx + cx + a = 0 be
2
1 1
+ = 4 , then the value of |a - b| is :
imaginary, then for all real values of x, the a b
expression 3b2x2 + 6bcx + 2c2 is :- [AIEEE-2009] [JEE(MAIN)-2014]
(1) Greater than –4ab
(2) Less than –4ab 61 2 17
(1) (2)
(3) Greater than 4ab 9 9
(4) Less than 4ab
34 2 13
(3) (4)
9 9
E
48 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
17. If both the roots of the quadratic equation 20. The number of integral values of m for which the
x2 – mx + 4 = 0 are real and distinct and they lie equation
in the interval (1,5), then m lies in the interval: (1 + m2)x2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0
[JEE(MAIN)-2019, January] has no real root is : [JEE(MAIN)-2019, April]

(1) (4,5) (2) (3,4) (1) infinitely many (2) 2

(3) 3 (4) 1
(3) (5,6) (4) (–5,–4)
21. If a,b and g are three consecutive terms of a non-
18. If l be the ratio of the roots of the quadratic
con stan t G. P. such that the equatio ns
equation in x, 3m2x2+m(m–4)x+2 = 0, then the
ax2 + 2bx + g = 0 and x2 + x – 1 = 0 have a
1 common root, then a(b + g) is equal to :
least value of m for which l + = 1 , is :
l [JEE(MAIN)-2019, April]
[JEE(MAIN)-2019, January] (1) bg (2) 0 (3) ag (4) ab
(1) 2 - 3 (2) 4 - 3 2 22. Let p, q Î R. If 2 - 3 is a root of the quadratic
(3) -2 + 2 (4) 4 - 2 3 equation, x2 + px + q = 0, then :
19. If a and b be the roo ts of th e equation [JEE(MAIN)-2019, April]

x 2 – 2x + 2 = 0, then the least value of n for which (1) q2 + 4p + 14 = 0 (2) p2 – 4q – 12 = 0

n
(3) q2 – 4p – 16 = 0 (4) p2 – 4q + 12 = 0
æaö
ç ÷ = 1 is : [JEE(MAIN)-2019, April]
èbø
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5

Previous Year Questions ANSWER KEY Exercise-III

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 4 1 2 1 4 4 4 4 1 2
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 1 2 3 1 4 1 2 3 1
Que. 21 22
Ans. 1 1,2,3
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 49
BINOMIAL THEOREM
BINOMIAL EXPRESSION :

An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a binomial expression.

æ 1ö æ 3ö æ2 1 ö
For example, (a + b), (2x – 3y), ç x + ÷ , ç x + ÷ , ç - ÷ etc. are binomial expressions.
è yø è x ø è x x2 ø

Similarly, an algebraic expression containing three terms is called a trinomial. In general, expressions containing
more than two terms are known as multinomial expression.
The general form of the binomial expression is (x + a) and the expansion of (x + a)n, n Î N is called
the binomial theorem.

BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR POSITIVE INTEGRAL INDEX:

(x + a)n = nC0xna0 + nC1xn–1 a1 + nC2 xn–2 a2 +..........+ nCn x0 an (where n Î N)

nC , nC n!
· 0 1 , nC2,......., nCn are binomial coefficients nC
r =
r!(n - r)!

· If nCx = nCy , then either x = y or x + y = n.

· There are (n+1) terms in the expansion of (x+a)n.
· The sum of powers of a and x in each term of expansion is equal to given index.
· The first and last term being xn and an respectively.
(a) Some important conclusions from the binomial theorem
(i) nC = nC
r n–r , r = 0, 1, 2, ......, n
Þ nC0 = nCn , nC
1 = nCn–1 , nC2 = nCn–2 = .....
So, the coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and the end are equal. These coefficients
are known as the binomial coefficient.
(ii) Putting x = 1 and a = x, in the expansion of (x + a)n, we get :
(1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 + ..... + nCrxr + .....+ nCnxn
n

i.e. (1 + x) n = å
r= 0
n
Cr x r

(b) General term in a binomial expansion

(x + a)n = nC0 xna0 + nC1xn–1a1 + nC2xn–2a2 + ...... + nCr xn–rar + ...... + nCn x0an
We find that :
The first term = nC0 xna0
The second term = nC1 xn–1a1
The third term = nC2 xn–2a2
The fourth term = nC3 xn–3a3 and so on.
Hence, the (r + 1)th term is given by nCr xn–rar
\ Tr+1 = nCr xn–r ar

(c) Term from the end in Binomial Expansion

In expansion of (x + a)n , (r +1)th term from the end is always equal to (n – r +1) th term from beginning.
i.e. Tr +1 (E) = Tn-r +1 (B)

E
50 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
12
æ x 3a ö
Ex.1 The 9th term in the expansion of ç - 2 ÷ is-
èa x ø

(1) 12C4x12a4 38 (2) 12C4x–12a4 38 (3) 12C4x–12a4 (4) None of these

Sol.(2) We know that the (r + 1) term in the expansion of (x + a) is given by Tr+1 = nCr xn–rar
th n

12
æ x 3a ö
\ In the expansion of ç - 2 ÷ , we have
èa x ø

4 8
æ xö
12-8
æ -3a ö
8
12 æ x ö æ -3a ö
= C8 çè a ÷ø çè x2 ÷ø
12
T9 = T8+1 = C8 ç ÷ çè x2 ÷ø
è aø

12 C
a4
= 4 . 38 = (12C4x–12a4)38
x12

25
æ 1 ö
Ex.2 The 11th term from the end in the expansion of ç 2x - ÷ is -
è x2 ø

(1) 25C15 29x–20 (2) 25C15 210x–20 (3) – 25C15 210x–20 (4) None of these
Sol.(3) Clearly the given expansion contain 26 terms. Therefore, 11 term from the end is (26 – 11 + 1)th term
th

from the beginning i.e. 16th term from the beginning

15
25C (2x)25–15 æ -1 ö 25C ( -1)15 210
T16 = T15+1 = 15 ç 2÷ = 15 210 x10 = – 25C
15
èx ø x30 x20

Hence required term = – 25C 210x–20

15

Ex.3 If the second, third and fourth terms in the expansion of (a + b)n are 135, 30 and 10/3 respectively,
then-
(1) n = 3 (2) n = 2 (3) n = 7 (4) n = 5
Sol.(4) T2 = nC1 an–1b = 135 .....(i)
T3 = nC2an–2b2 = 30 .....(ii)
10
T4 = nC3an–3b3 = .....(iii)
3
Dividing (i) by (ii)
n
C1a n -1b 135
n n -2 2
=
C2 a b 30

n a 9
=
n b 2 .....(iv)
(n - 1)
2
a 9
= (n - 1) .....(v)
b 4
Dividing (ii) by (iii)
n(n - 1)
2 a
. =9 .....(vi)
n(n - 1) (n - 2) b
3.2
Eliminating a and b from (v) and (vi) Þ n = 5

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 51
Ex.4 The coefficient of x5 in the expansion of the product (1 + 2x)6 (1 – x) 7 is-
(1) 198 (2) 171 (3) 161 (4) 205
Sol.(2) We have,
(1 + 2x)6 (1 – x)7 = [1 + 6C1 (2x) + 6C
2 (2x)2 + 6C3 (2x)3 + 6C4 (2x)4 + 6C5 (2x)5 + 6C
6 (2x)6]
× [1 – 7C1x + 7C2x2 – 7C3x3 + 7 C x4
4 – 7C5x5 + ...]
= (1 + 12x + 60x2+ 160x3 + 240x4 + 192x5 + ...) × (1 – 7x + 21x2 – 35x3 + 35x4 – 21x5 + ...)
\ Coefficient of x5 in the product
= 1 × (–21) + 12 × 35 + 60 × (–35) + 160 × 21 + 240 × (–7) + 192 × 1
= –21 + 420 – 2100 + 3360 – 1680 + 192 = 171

NUMBER OF TERMS IN THE EXPANSION OF ( x + y + z)n :

(x + y + z)n can be expanded as-
(x + y + z)n = { (x + y) + z}n
= ( x + y)n + nC1 (x + y)n–1 . z + nC2 (x + y)n–2 z2 + .... + nCn zn
= (n +1) terms + n terms + (n –1) terms + ..... + 1 term
\ Total number of terms = ( n +1) + n + ( n –1) + ..... + 1

( n + 1) ( n + 2)
=
2

Ex.5 The number of terms in the expansion of (x + 2y + z)8 are-

(1) 9 (2) 28 (3) 45 (4) None of these
Sol.(3) Since given expression is trinomial

(8 + 1)(8 + 2)
\ Number of terms = = 45
2

MIDDLE TERM OF THE EXPANSION

If n is even, Tæ n is the middle term. So the middle term Tæ n nC xn/2 yn/2

· ö ö= n/2
ç 2 +1 ÷ ç 2 +1 ÷
è ø è ø

· If n is odd, T and Tæ n+ 3 ö are middle terms. So the middle terms are

æ n +1 ö
ç 2 ÷ ç 2 ÷
è ø è ø

n +1 n -1 n -1 n +1
n n
Tæ n +1 ö = Cæ n -1 ö x 2 y 2 and Tæ n +3 ö = Cæ n +1 ö x 2 y 2
ç 2 ÷ ç 2 ÷ ç 2 ÷ ç 2 ÷
è ø è ø è ø è ø

Note: Greatest Binomial Coefficient

n
· If n is even : Then r = i.e. nCn/2 takes maximum value.
2

n -1 n +1 n
· If n is odd : Then r = or i.e. C n-1 = n C n+1 and takes maximum value.
2 2 2 2

E
52 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
9
æ 3 x3 ö
Ex. 6 The middle terms in the expansion of ç 2 - ÷ are -
èx 6ø

189 x2 21 189 x3 21 189 x2 21

(1) ,- x 7 (2) ,- x 6 (3) ,- x5 (4) None of these
8 16 8 16 21 16

Sol.(1) Here n = 9 is odd so two middle term T and T i.e. T5 and T6 .

æ 9 +1ö 9 +3 æ ö
ç ÷ ç 2 ÷
è 2 ø è ø

5 4
æ 3ö æ x ö
3
189 x2
\ T5 = 9C
çè x ÷ø
2 ç - ÷ =
4 è 6ø 8

4 5
æ 3ö æ x ö
3
21
and T6 = 9C
5 çè x 2 ÷ø ç - 6 ÷ = - x7
è ø 16

n
æ 1ö
Ex.7. If the middle term in the expansion of ç x2 + ÷ is 924x6, then n =
è xø
(1) 10 (2) 12 (3) 14 (4) None of these
th
æn ö
Sol.(2) Since n is even therefore ç + 1 ÷ term is middle term,
è 2 ø

n/2
nC
æ1ö
Hence n/2 (x2)n/2 çx÷ = 924x6
è ø
Þ xn/2 = x6 Þ n = 12.
Ex.8 The greatest coefficient in the expansion of (1 + x)2n is
1.3.5..... ( 2n - 1)
(1) .2n (2) 2n
C n -1 (3)
2n
C n +1 (4) None of these
n!
Sol.(1) The greatest coefficient
= the coefficient of the middle term
1.3.5..... ( 2n - 1)
= 2n
Cn = .2n
n!
TO FIND PARTICULAR TERM IN THE EXPANSION:
n
æ b ö
Let xm occurs in (r + 1)th term in the expansion of ç ax a ± ÷ then
è xb ø
r
æ b ö
Tr+1 = nCr (axa)n–r ç ± b ÷ = nCr an–r (±b)r xna–r (a + b)
è x ø
Clearly xm will occur in Tr+1
if na – r (a + b) = m
na - m
\ r=
a+b
n
æ b ö
If xm occurs in rth term in the expansion of ç ax a ± b ÷ then
è x ø
na - m
\ r -1 =
a+b
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 53
9
æ 1 ö
Ex.9 The term independent of x in the expansion of ç 6 x - 3 ÷ is equal to-
è xø
(1) – 9C3 (2) 9C4 (3) 9C2 (4) none of these
r
æ 1 ö
Sol.(1) Tr = 9Cr (6 x )9 -r ç -
+ 1 3 ÷
è xø
9 -r r æ 9 -3r ö
- ç ÷
= 9C
r (–1)r x 6 3 = 9C
r (–1) xè 6 ø
r

9 - 3r
Now, =0 Þ r = 3
6
Þ T4 = – 9C3

15
æ 1 ö
Ex.10 The coefficient of x39 in the expansion of ç x4 - 3 ÷ is -
è x ø
(1) 455 (2) –455 (3) –910 (4) 910
Sol.(2) Here n = 15, a = 4, b = 3, m = 39

15 ´ 4 - 39
\ r = or r = 3 Þ x39 occurs in T4
4+3

3
æ 1 ö 15 ´ 14 ´ 13
Now T4 = 15C (x4)12 ç - ÷ = . ( - x39 )
3 3´ 2´1
è x3 ø

\ Coefficient of x39 = –455

15
æ 2ö
Ex.11 The ratio of the coefficient of x15 to the term independent of x in ç x2 + ÷ is-
è xø
(1) 12 : 32 (2) 1 : 32 (3) 32 : 12 (4) 32 : 1
r
( )
15 - r æ2ö
15
Sol.(2) General term in the expansion is Cr x2 ç x ÷ i.e.,
15
Cr x30-3r .2r
è ø

Coefficient of x15 is 15
C 5 25 ( r = 5 )

Coefficient of constant term is 15

C10 210 ( r = 10 )
Ratio is 1 : 32. (15C5 = 15C )
10

BINOMIAL COEFFICIENT & THEIR PROPERTIES:

In the expansion of (1 + x)n ; i.e. (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x +.........+ nCr xr +.......+nCn xn
The coefficients nC0, nC1,...., nCn of various powers of x, are called binomial coefficients and they are
written as C0, C1, C2,......,Cn
Hence
· (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 +........+ Crxr + .......+ Cnxn .....(1)
n(n - 1)
Where C0 = 1, C1 = n, C2 =
2!
n(n - 1)..........(n - r + 1)
· Cr = , Cn= 1
r!
E
54 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Now, we shall obtain some important expressions involving binomial coefficients-
· sum of coefficient : putting x = 1 in (1), we get
C0 + C1 + C2 +............+ Cn = 2n .....(2)
· Sum of coefficients with alternate signs : putting x = –1 in (1)
We get C0 – C1 + C2 – C3 +...........= 0 .....(3)
· Sum of coefficients of even and odd terms : from (3) , we have
C0 + C2 + C4 +.............= C1 + C3 + C5 +....... .....(4)
i.e. sum of coefficients of even and odd terms are equal.
from (2) and (4)
Þ C0 + C2 +.........= C1 + C3 +..........= 2n–1
· Sum of products of coefficients : Replacing x by 1/x in (1) We get

n
æ 1ö C1 C2 Cn
çè 1 + x ÷ø = C0 + x + 2 + ......... n .....(5)
x x

Multiplying (1) by (5), we get

(1 + x)2n C C
n
= (C0 + C1x + C2x2 +........) (C0 + 1 + 2 + .......)
x x x2

Now, comparing coefficients of xr on both the sides, we get

2nC 2n!
C0Cr + C1Cr+1 +.........+ Cn–r Cn = n–r = .....(6)
(n + r)!(n - r)!

· Sum of squares of coefficients : putting r = 0 in (6)

2n!
We get C02 + C12 + C22 +........+ Cn2 =
n! n!

· putting r = 1 in (6), we get

2nC 2n!
C0 C1 + C1 C2 + C2 C3 +..........+ Cn–1 Cn = n–1 = .....(7)
(n + 1)!(n - 1)!

· putting r = 2 in (6), we get

2nC 2n!
C0 C2 + C1 C3 + C2 C4 +..........+ Cn-2 Cn = n–2 = .....(8)
(n + 2)!(n - 2)!

· Differentiating both sides of (1) w.r.t. x, we get

n(1+ x)n–1 = C1 + 2C2x + 3C3x2 +.........+ nCn xn–1
Now putting x = 1 and x = –1 respectively
C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 +........+ nCn = n.2n–1 .....(9)
and C1 – 2C2 + 3C3 –.........= 0 .....(10)

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 55
· adding (2) and (9)
C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 +..........+ (n + 1)Cn = 2n–1 (n+2) .....(11)
· Integrating (1) w.r.t. x between the limits 0 to 1, we get,
1 1
é (1 + x)n+1 ù é x2 x3 Cn xn+1 ù
ê ú = êC0 x + C1 + C2 + ........ + ú
êë n + 1 úû0 êë 2 3 n + 1 úû
0

C1 C2 C 2n +1 - 1
Þ C0 + + + ......... + n = .....(12)
2 3 n +1 n +1
· Integrating (1) w.r.t. x between the limits -1 to 0, we get,

0 0
é (1 + x)n+1 ù é x2 x3 Cn x n+1 ù
ê ú = êC0 x + C1 + C2 + ........ + ú
êë n + 1 úû -1 êë 2 3 n + 1 úû
-1

C1 C2 C3 ( -1)n+[Link] 1
Þ C0– + - + ......... + = .....(13)
2 3 4 n +1 (n + 1)

C1 C2 C
Ex.12 If C0, C1, C2 .........Cn are binomial coefficients, then C0 + + + ...... n is equal to-
2 3 n +1

2n +1 + 1 2n +1 - 1 2n +1
(1) (2) (3) (4) none of these
n +1 n +1 n +1
Sol.(2) (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + .....+Cnxn
Integrate it with respect to x

(1 + x)n +1 C x2 x3 x n +1
= C0 x + 1 + C2 + ..... + C n +K
n +1 2 3 n +1
1
Put x = 0, then K = , Now put x = 1
n +1

C1 C2 C 2n+1 - 1
C0 + + + ....... + n =
2 3 n +1 (n + 1)

Ex.13 1. n C1 + 2. n C2 + 3. n C3 + .... + n. n Cn is equal to-

n ( n + 1)
(1) .2n (2) 2n +1 - 3 (3) n.2n -1 (4) None of these
4

Sol. (3) We know that r. nCr = n. n–1C

r–1

\ The sum = n
n -1
{ }
C0 + n-1C1 + n-1C2 + ... + n -1Cn-1 = n.2n -1

Ex.14 aC0 + (a + b) C1 + (a + 2b) C2 + .......+ (a + nb) Cn is equal to-

(1) (2a + nb) 2n (2) (2a + nb) 2n–1
(3) (na + 2b) 2n (4) (na + 2b) 2n–1
Sol.(2) a(C0 + C1 + C2 + ......... + Cn) + b(C1 + 2C2 + ...... + nCn)

æ 2a + nb ö
= a.2n + b.n2n–1 = 2n ç ÷ = (2a + nb) 2
n–1
è 2 ø
E
56 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
SOLVED EXAMPLES
n
æ1 ö
Ex.1 The sum of the coefficients in the binomial expansion of ç + 2x÷ is equal to 6561. The constant
èx ø

term in the expansion is-

(1) 8
C4 (2) 16. 8 C4 (3) 6
C4 .24 (4) None of these
Sol.(3) The sum of all the coefficients in an expansion is obtained by putting x = 1 in the expression.

n
æ1 ö
çè 1 + 2.1÷ø = 6561

Þ 3n = 38 \ n =8

8 8- r
æ1 ö æ 1ö
. (2x )
8 r
In ç + 2x÷ , t r +1 = Cr . ç ÷
èx ø è xø

This is a constant if 2r – 8 = 0, i.e., r = 4 \ the constant term = t 5 = 8C4 .24

10
Ex.2 The sum C3 + 11C3 + 12C3 + ..... + 20C3 is equal to-

(1) 21C (2) 21C + 10C (3) 21C – 10C (4) None of these
4 4 4 17 6
Sol.(3) Expression = coefficient of x3 in

{(1 + x) 10
+ (1 + x )
11
+ (1 + x )
12
+ ... + (1 + x )
20
}
(1 + x )10 {1 - (1 + x) } 11

= Coefficient of x3 in
1 - (1 + x )
= Coefficient of x4 in {(1 + x )
21
- (1 + x )
10
}
21
= 21C4 - 10C4 = C17 - 10C6

Ex.3 The sum of the coefficients of even powers of x in the expansion of (1 + x + x2 + x3)5 is equal to-
(1) 510 (2) 512 (3) 1022 (4) 1024
Sol.(2) (1 + x + x2 + x3 )5 = (1 + x)5 (1 + x2 )5
= (1 + 5x + 10x2 + 10x3 + 5x4 + x5) (1 + 5x2 + 10x4 + 10x6 + 5x8 + x10)
Þ Coefficient of even powers of x = (1 + 10 + 5) × 25 = 16 × 32 = 512

Ex.4 The coefficient of x50 in the expansion of (1 + x)41 (1 – x + x2)40 is-

(1) 0 (2) 50C (3) 81C (4) 81C
41 50 49
Sol.(1) (1 + x)41 (1 – x + x2)40 = (1 + x) (1 + x3)40
In the expansion of (1 + x3 )40, degree of all the terms will be multiple of 3. So no terms of degree
49 or 50.
2n
Ex.5 If (1 + x ) = a 0 + a1x + a2 x2 + ... + a2n x2n then

1
(1) a0 + a2 + a4 + ... =
2
(a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + ...) (2) an +1 < a n

(3) an -3 = a n+3 (4) All of these

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 57

Sol.(4) a0 + a1 + a2 + ... = 22n and a0 + a2 + a4 + ... = 22n -1

a n = 2n Cn = the greatest coefficient, being the middle coefficient

a n -3 = 2n Cn -3 = 2n C2n -( n -3) = 2n Cn +3 = an + 3

( )
40
Ex.6 The sum of the coefficients of all the integral powers of x in the expansion of 1 + 2 x is

(1) 340 + 1 (2) 340 –1 (3)

2
(
1 40
3 -1 ) (4)
2
(
1 40
3 +1 )
40
Sol.(4) The coefficients of the integral powers of x are C0 , 40C2 .22 , 40C4 .24 ,..., 40 C 40 .240

(1 + 2 )40 = 40 C0 + 40 C1 .2 + 40C2 .22 + ... + 40 C40 .240

(1 - 2 )40 = 40 C0 -40 C1 .2 + 40C2 .22 - ... + 40C40 .240

Adding, 340 + 1 = 2 ´ (required sum)

\ Required sum =
1 40
2
(
3 +1 )

( )
100
Ex.7 The number of irrational terms in the expansion of 8 5 + 6 2 are-

(1) 97 (2) 98 (3) 96 (4) 99

( 5) ( 2) .
100- r r
Sol.(1) t r +1 = 100Cr 8
. 6

As 2 and 5 are coprime, t r +1 will be rational if 100 – r is a multiple of 8 and r is a multiple of 6. Also
0 £ r £ 100
\ r = 0, 6, 12, .... , 96
\ 100 – r = 4, 10, 16, ... , 100 ..... (1)
But 100 – r is to be a multiple of 8.
So, 100 – r = 0, 8, 16, 24, ....., 96 ..... (2)
The common terms in (1) and (2) are 16, 40, 64, and 88
\ r = 84, 60, 36, 12 give rational terms.
\ The number of irrational terms = 101 – 4 = 97

n
æ 1 ö
Ex.8 The number of terms whose values depend on x in the expansion of ç x2 - 2 + ÷ is-
è x2 ø

(1) 2n + 1 (2) 2n (3) n (4) 2n – 1

n 2n r
æ 2 1 ö æ 1ö 2n -r æ 1 ö r
Sol.(2) çx -2+ 2 ÷ = çx- ÷
2n
Þ t r +1 = C r x . ç - ÷ = ( -1 ) . 2n C r .x 2n -2r
è x ø è xø è x ø

If 2n–2r = 0, the value of the term will not depend on x. So, r = n

\ The required number of terms = (2n + 1) – 1 = 2n

E
58 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
10
2 æ 1ö
Ex.9 The term independent of x in the expansion of (1 - x ) . ç x + ÷ is
è xø

(1) 11
C5 (2) 10
C5 (3) 10 C4 (4) None of these

(1 - 2x + x )(1 + x )
1 10
2 2
Sol.(1) Expression =
x10

(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
1 10 2 10 1 10
2 2 2
= - +
x10 x9 x8

\ The term independent of x = 10 C5 - 2 ´ 0 + 10 C4

log 8 n
æ3 1 ö æ 1 ö 3
Ex.10 The last term in the binomial expansion of ç 2 - ÷ is ç . Then the 5th term from the beginning is-
è 2ø è 3.3 9 ÷ø

1 10
(1) 10C
6 (2) 2. 10C 4 (3) . C4 (4) None of these
2

n log3 8
Sol.(1) The last term = n Cn . æç - 1 ö÷ = æç 1 ö÷ (from the question)
2ø 3
è è 3. 9 ø

n/2 log3 8 5
1ö æ 1 ö
( -1)n . æç æ1ö
= 3-5 / 3.3 log3 2 = 3log3 2 = 2-5 = ç ÷
-5

÷ =ç ÷
è2ø è 35 / 3 ø è2ø

Þ n = 10

4
( ) æ 1 ö
6
So, t 5 = 10 C4 . 21/ 3 .ç - 10 10
÷ = C4 = C10-4
è 2ø

( )
600
Ex.11 The number of terms with integral coefficients in the expansion of 71 / 3 + 51/ 2.x is-

(1) 100 (2) 50 (3) 101 (4) None of these

600 -r r
600
Sol.(3) t r +1 = Cr .7 3 .5 x r
2

r r
Here 0 £ r £ 600 and ,200 - are integers
2 3

\ r should be a multiple of 6

\ r = 0, 6, 12, ... , 600

So number of terms with integral coefficients are = 101

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 59
Ex.12 The sum of the last ten coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)19 when expanded in ascending powers
of x is-
(1) 218 (2) 219 (3) 218 – 19 C
10 (4) None of these

Sol.(1) The required sum = 19 C10 + 19 C11 + ... + 19 C19

= 19 C0 + 19 C1 + 19 C2 + ... + 19 C9 Q n Cr = n Cn-r ( )
19
Adding, 2 ´ (required sum) = C0 + 19 C1 + ... + 19 C19 = 219
\ Required sum = 218

10 n
Cr
Ex.13 The value of å r. n is equal to
r =1 Cr -1

(1) 5(2n–9) (2) 10 n (3) 9(n–4) (4) None of these

Sol.(1) Q
r. n Cr n. n-1Cr -1 ( n - 1) ! ( r - 1) !( n - r + 1) !
= = n. ´ = n - r +1
n
Cr -1 n
Cr -1 ( r - 1) ! ( n - r ) ! n!

10 n 10
Cr
\ å r.
n
= å (n - r + 1)
r =1 Cr -1 r =1

sum = n + ( n – 1) + ... + (n – 9) = 5 (2n – 9)

Ex.14 In the usual notations C1 + 2C2 x + 3C3 x2 + .... + nCn x n -1 is equal to-

n -1
(1) n (1 + x ) (2) n(1 + x)n

(3) (n –1) (1 + x)n–1 (4) (n – 1)(1 + x)n

Sol.(1) (1 + x )n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + C3 x3 + ... + Cn xn
n -1
Differentiating, n (1 + x ) = C1 + 2C2 x + 3C 3 x2 + ... + nC n x n -1

21 22 30
Ex.15 The coefficient of x5 in the expansion of (1 + x ) + (1 + x ) + .... + (1 + x ) is-

(1) 51C (2) 9C5

5

(3) 31C – 21C (4) 30C + 20C

6 6 5 5

Sol.(3) (1 + x )21 + (1 + x )22 + .... + (1 + x )30

æ (1 + x )10 - 1 ö
= (1 + x )
21 ç ÷ = 1 é(1 + x )31 - (1 + x )21 ù
ç (1 + x ) - 1 ÷ x êë úû
è ø
\ Coefficient of x5 in the given expression

é1
ëx
31 21 ù
= Coefficient of x5 in ê (1 + x ) - (1 + x ) ú
û
{ }
= Coefficient of x6 in {(1 + x ) 31
- (1 + x )
21
}= 31
C6 - 21C 6

E
60 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
1 1 1
Ex.16 + + + ... is equal to
1 ! ( n - 1) ! 3 !. ( n - 3 ) ! 5 !. ( n - 5 ) !

2n -1 2n-1 + 1
(1) for even values of n only (2) –1 for odd values of n only
n! n!

2n -1
(3) for all n Î N (4) None of these
n!

Sol.(3) Expression =
1
n!
{ n
C1 + n C3 + n C5 + ... =} 1 n -1
n!
.2 for all n Î N

(1 + x + x )
5 4
Ex.17 The coefficient of x13 in the expansion of (1 - x ) 2
+ x3 is-

(1) 4 (2) –4 (3) 0 (4) None of these

( ) ( ) (1 + x )
4 4 4
Sol.(1) Expression = (1 - x )5 . (1 + x )4 1 + x2 = (1 - x ) 1 - x 2 2

( )
4
= (1 - x ) 1 - x 4

\ So the coefficient of x13 = - 4 C3 ( -1)3 = 4

2n
æ 1 ö
Ex.18 If xm occurs in the expansion of ç x + 2 ÷ , then the coefficient of xm is
è x ø

( 2n) ! (2n ) !
(1) (2)
æ 2n - m ö æ 4n + m ö n! ( 2n - m ) !
çè 3 ÷ø ! çè 3 ÷ø !

(3)
(2n )! 3! 3! (4) None of these
(2n - m ) !
Sol.(1) General term in the expansion is 2n Cr x2n- r 1 = 2n Cr x2n -3r
x2r

2n - m
For xm, 2n – 3r = m Þ r=
3

So coefficient of xm is 2n C 2n -m
3

n
Ex.19 The sum å r. 2n Cr is equal to
r =1

2n -1
(1) n.22n–1 (2) 2 (3) 2n -1 + 1 (4) None of these

Sol.(1) r. 2n Cr = 2n. 2n -1Cr -1

sum = 2n { 2n -1
C0 + 2n -1C1 + ... + 2n -1Cn -1 }
= 2n.2(
2n -1) -1
= n.22n–1

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 61

( )
n
Ex.20 If 1 - x + x2 = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x2 + .... + a 2n x 2n then a0 + a2 + a 4 + .... + a2n equals

3n + 1 3n - 1 1 - 3n n 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) 3 +
2 2 2 2

Sol.(1) Put x = 1 Þ 1 = a0 + a1 + a2 + ... + a2n

Put x = -1 Þ 3n = a 0 - a1 + a 2 - a 3 + .... + a2n

Adding, 3n + 1 = 2 ( a 0 + a2 + a 4 + ... + a 2n )

Ex.21 The coefficients of xp and xq (p and q are positive integers) in the expansion of (1+x)p+q are
(1) equal (2) equal with opposite signs
(3) reciprocals to each other (4) None of these

p+ q p+q
Sol.(1) The coefficients of xp and xq in the expansion of (1+x)p+q are C p and C q respectively

Both of which will be equal.

22 23 2n+1
Ex.22 If Cr stands for nCr, then the value of 2C0 – C1 + C2 + ...... + (–1)n+1 is equal to-
2 3 (n + 1)

(1) 0, if n is even (2) 0, if n is odd

1 1
(3) , if n is even (4) , if n is odd
n +1 n +1

Sol.(2) (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ......+ Cnxn

Integrating with respect to x

(1 + x)n +1 - 1 x2 x3 xn +1
= C 0 x + C1 + C2 + .... + Cn
n +1 2 3 n +1

( -1)n+1 - 1 22 23 ( -2)n +1
Put x = –2 = -2C0 + C1 - C2 + ..... + Cn
n +1 2 3 (n + 1)

If n is odd, then L.H.S. = 0.

n
r -1 n
Ex.23 The sum of the series å ( -1) . Cr ( a - r ) is equal to-
r =1

n -1
(1) n.2 +a (2) 0 (3) a (4) None of these

n n
r -1 n r -1
Sol.(3) Sum = a å ( -1) . C r - å ( -1 ) .r. n C r
r =1 r =1

{ } { }
= a n C1 - n C2 + n C3 - ... - n n -1C0 - n -1C1 + ... (because r. n Cr = n. n -1Cr -1 )

= a.nC0 (Q nC0 - nC1 + nC2 - ... = 0 )

= a
E
62 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
NCERT BASED QUESTIONS
1. Using binomial theorem, evaluate (96)3
2. Show that 9n + 1 – 8n – 9 is divisible by 64, whenever n is a positive integer.
n
3. Prove that å3
r =0
r n
Cr = 4 n

4. The coefficients of the (r – 1)th, rth and (r + 1)th terms in the expansion of (x + 1)n are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5.
Find n and r.
5. Find a positive value of m for which the coefficient of x2 in the expansion (1 + x)m is 6.
6. Find a, b and n in the expansion of (a + b)n if the first three terms of the expansion are 729, 7290 and 30375,
respectively.
7. Find the coefficient of x5 in the product (1 + 2x)6 (1 – x)7 using binomial theorem.

( ) -( )
6 6
8. Evaluate 3+ 2 3- 2 .
9. Find the coefficient of x in the expansion of (1 – 3x + 7x2) (1 – x)16.
10
æ x aö
10. Find the middle term (terms) in the expansion of ç - ÷
è a xø

( ) , if the binomial coefficient of the third term from the end

n
1 1
11. Find the sixth term of the expansion y 2 + x 3
is 45.

12. If the coefficient of second, third and fourth terms in the expansion of (1 + x)2n are in A.P. Show that
2n2 – 9n + 7 = 0.
æ 1ö
2n
1 ´ 3 ´ 5 ´ ...(2n - 1)
13. Show that the middle term in the expansion of çè x - ÷ø is ´ ( -2)n
x n
n
æ3 1 ö
14. Find n in the binomial ç 2 + 3 ÷ if the ratio of 7th term from the beginning to the 7th term from the end
è 3ø
1
is .
6
15. Find the two successive terms in the expansion of (1 + x)24 whose coefficients are in the ratio 1: 4.
10
æ1 ö 7
16. If the middle term of çè + x sin x÷ø is equal to 7
, then find the value of x.
x 8
17. In the expansion of (1 + x)30 find the greatest binomial coefficient.
10
æ 1 2b ö
18. Find the coefficient of a –6
b in the expansion of ç - ÷
4
èa 3 ø
19. If 2515 is divided by 13, then find the remainder

20. Prove that the expression 79 + 97 is divisible by 64.

ANSWER KEY
1. 884736 4. n= 7: r= 3 5. m= 4 6. a= 3; b= 5; n= 6
7. 171 8. 396 6 9. – 19 10. – 252
5 5

11. 252y 2 x 3 14. n= 9 15. 5th, 6th 16. np+(–1)n p/6

1120 –6 4
17. 30
C15 18. a a 19. 12
27
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 63

CHECK YOUR GRASP BINOMIAL THEOREM EXERCISE-I

BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR POSITIVE INTEGRAL 10. The number of distinct terms in the expansion of
INDEX (x +y –z)16 are -
(1) 136 (2) 153 (3) 16 (4) 17
1. (r + 1)th term in the expansion of (x + a)n will be-

(1) n
C r x n a n -r (2)
n
C r x n -r a r
MIDDLE TERMS IN THE EXPANSION

(3) n
Cr x n - r a n (4) n
C r x r a n -r
20
2. The ratio of the coefficient of terms x n -r a r and æ x aö
11. The middle term in the expansion of ç + ÷ is-
è a xø
x r a n -r in the binomial expansion of (x + a )n will be-
(1) x : a (1) 20 x (2) 20 a
C11 C11
(2) n : r a x
(3) x : n
(3) 20 (4) None of these
(4) None of these C10
3. If the coefficient of 7 th and 13th term in the 12. The sum of the coefficients in the expansion of
expansion of (1 + x)n are equal, then n = (x + y)n is 4096. The greatest coefficient in the
(1) 10 (2) 15 (3) 18 (4) 20 expansion is-
4. In the expansion of (1 – x) , coefficient of x5 will be-
5
(1) 1024 (2) 924 (3) 824 (4) 724
(1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 5 (4) –5 13. The coefficient of the middle term in the binomial
5. The number of terms in the expansion of expansion in powers of x of (1 + ax)4 and of
( 1 + 5 2 x)9 + ( 1 – 5 2 x)9 is (1 – ax)6 is the same if a equals-

(1) 5 (2) 7 (3) 9 (4) 10 5 10 -3 3

th (1) - (2) (3) (4)
6. The 7 term from the end in the expansion of 3 3 10 5

10 14. The coefficient of two consecutive terms in the

æ 2ö
çè x - 2 ÷ø is equal to- expansion of (1 + x)n will be equal, if-
x
(1) n is any integer
(2) n is an odd integer
(1) 10 æ 1ö (2) 10C 24
C 4 24 ç ÷ 4 (3) n is an even integer
è x2 ø
(4) None of these
(3) –10C323x (4) None of these 10
æ 1ö
7. If the coefficients of (2r + 1) term & (r –1) term
th th 15. In the expansion of ç x + ÷ the coefficient of
è xø
in the expansion of (1 + x)16 are equal then r =
middle term is-
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 6 (4) 7
(1) 10C4 (2) C4
–10
(3) C5
10
(4) C6
10
8. If for positive integers r > 1, n > 2 the coefficients
of the (3r)th and (r+2)th powers of x in the expansion
of (1+x)2n are equal, then- TO FIND PARTICULAR TERM

(1) n = 2r (2) n = 3r
12
a
(3) n = 2r + 1 (4) n = 2r – 1 16. In the expansion of æç + bxö÷ , the coefficient of
èx ø
9. The number of integral terms in the expansion of
x–10 will be-
( )
256
8 is-
3+ 5 (1) 12a11 (2) 12b11a
(3) 12a11b (4) 12a11b11
(1) 32 (2) 33 (3) 34 (4) 35
E
64 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
14
n 23. C1 + 14 C2 + 14 C3 + ... + 14 C14 =
æ2 3ö
17. If the 4 th
term in expansion of ç x - ÷ is
è3 2x ø (1) 214 (2) 214 – 1 (3) 214 + 2 (4) 214 – 2
24. The sum of the coefficients in the expansion of
independent of x, then n =
(1 + x – 3x2)2163 will be-
(1) 5 (2) 6
(3) 9 (4) None of these (1) 0 (2) 1 (3) –1 (4) 22163

r
18. To make the term 3n
Cr ( -1) x 3n -r free from x, 25. If (1 + x )n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ... + Cn xn , then

necessary condition is- n

the value of C0 - C1 + C2 - C3 + ... + ( -1 ) C n is -
(2) x 3n - r = 0
3n
(1) Cr = 0
(1) 2n (2) 2n – 1 (3) 0 (4) 2n–1
(3) 3n = r (4) None of these
19. The term independent of x in the expansion of 26. If (1 + x )n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ... + Cn xn , then

10 the value of C0 + C2 + C4 + ..... is-

æ 2 3 3ö
çx - 3 ÷ is- (1) 2n–1 (2) 2n – 1 (3) 2n (4) 2n–1 –1
è x ø
n
27. If (1 + x ) = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ... + ...C n x n , then
(1) 153090 (2) 150000
(3) 150090 (4) 153180 C1 2C2 3C3
+ + + ... +
nCn =
C0 C1 C2 Cn -1
11
é æ 1 öù
20. If the coefficient of x7 in ê ax 2 + ç ÷ ú equals the
ë è bx ø û
n ( n - 1) n (n + 2)
(1) (2)
2 2
11
é æ 1 öù
coefficient of x-7 in ê ax - ç 2 ÷ú , then a and b
ë è bx øû n ( n + 1) ( n - 1)( n - 2 )
(3) (4)
2 2
satisfy the relation-
28. The value of 3 nC0 – 8 nC1 + 13 nC2 – 18 nC3 +
a ......... + (n+1) terms is-
(1) ab = 1 (2) =1
b (1) 0 (2) 3n
(3) a + b = 1 (4) a - b = 1 (3) 5n (4) none of these
10 29. C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 + 4C4 + ... + nCn =
æx 3 ö
21. In the expansion of ç - 2 ÷ , the coefficient of
è2 x ø (1) 2n (2) n.2n (3) n.2n–1 (4) n.2n+1
x4 is- 30. In the expansion of (1 + x)n the sum of coefficients
of odd powers of x is-
405 504
(1) (2) (1) 2n + 1 (2) 2n –1 (3) 2n (4) 2n–1
256 259
31. The sum of all the coefficients in the binomial
450 expansion of (x2 + x – 3)319 is-
(3) (4) None of these
263 (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) –1 (4) 0
n
BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS AND 32. If (1 + x ) = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ... + C n x n ,then the
THEIR PROPERTIES
value of C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ... + ( n + 1) Cn will be-
10
22. C1 + 10 C3 + 10 C5 + 10 C7 + 10C9 =
(1) ( n + 2 ) 2 (2) ( n + 1 ) 2
n -1 n

(1) 29 (2) 210

(3) ( n + 1) 2 (4) ( n + 2 ) 2
n -1 n
(3) 210 – 1 (4) None of these

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 65
33. If C0 , C1, C2 , ..... Cn are binomial coefficients of 38. If n Cr denotes the number of combinations of n
different terms in the expansion of ( 1+ x)n then
things taken r at a time, then the expression
C0 – 2.C1 + 3.C2 – 4.C3 + ....+ (–1)n.(n + 1) Cn
equals-
n
Cr +1 + n Cr -1 + 2 ´ n Cr equals
(1) –n.2n–1 (2) 0 (1) n+2Cr (2) n+2Cr+1 (3) n+1Cr (4) n+1Cr+1
(3) 2 . (2–n)
n–1
(4) none of these
6

n 39. The value of 50

C 4 + å 56 -r C3 is
34. If (1 + x ) = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + .... + Cn x n then r =1

56 56 55 55
(1) C4 (2) C3 (3) C3 (4) C4
C 0 C2 C 4
+ + + ...... =
1 3 5 40. 50
C11 + 50 C12 + 51C13 - 52 C13 =

(1) 52
C14 (2) 0
2n 2n 2n
(1) 2 n
(2) (3) (4)
n -1 n +1 n (3) 53
C13 (4) None of these
35. The sum of the coefficients in the expansion of
m
(x + 2y + z)10 is-
(1) 210 (2) 410 (3) 310 (4) 1
41. å n+r
Cn =
r =0

36. If n and r are two positive integers such that n ³ r,

n + m +1 n+ m+ 2
then nCr–1 + nCr = (1) Cn +1 (2) Cn
(1) nCn–r (2) nCr (3) n–1Cr (4) n+1Cr n+ m+ 3
(3) Cn-1 (4) None of these
37. If 8Cr = 8Cr+2, then the value of rC2 is
(1) 8 (2) 3 (3) 5 (4) 2

CHECK YOUR GRASP ANSWER KEY Exercise-I

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 2 4 3 2 1 1 3 3 2 2
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 1 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 1 2 3 3 1 3 1 3 4
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 3 1 2 3 2 4 2 2 1 2
Que. 41
Ans. 1
E
66 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE QUESTIONS EXERCISE-II

16
2403 k æ x 1 ö
1. If the fractional part of the number is , then 5. In the expansion of ç + ÷ , if l1 is the
15 15 è cos q x sin q ø
k is equal to : least value of the term independent of x when

p p
£q£ and l2 is the least value of the term
2. The value of r for which 8 4

p p
20C 20C
r 0 + 20Cr–1 20C1 + 20Cr–2 20C2 + .... 20C0is independent of x when £ q £ , then the value
16 8
maximum, is
l2
of
l1 is :-
3. If nC4, nC5 and nC6 are in A.P., then n can be:
6. The number of distinct terms in the expansion of
200
4. The total number of irrational terms in the binomial æ 3 1 ö
ç x + 3 + 1÷ is
è x ø
( )
60
1/ 5 1/10
expansion of 7 -3 is :
7. The sum of last 3 digits of 3100 is

8. Coefficient of x 79 in t he expansion of
(x + x2 + x4)20 is equal to
10

9. Coefficient of x65 in expansion of Õ (i + x)

i =0
i +1
is

ANSWER KEY Exercise-II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans. 8 20 14 54 16 401 1 0 440
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 67
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS BINOMIAL THEOREM EXERCISE-III

1. For natural numbers m, n if (1 – y)m (1 + y)n æ 1ö

n

8. The middle term in the expansion of ç 1 - ÷

= 1 + a1y + a2y2 +......, and a1 = a2 = 10, then è xø
(m, n) is- [AIEEE 2006] (1 – x)n in powers of x is :- [AIEEE–2012 (Online)]
(1) (45, 35) (2) (35, 45) (3) (20, 45) (4) (35, 20)
(1) – 2n
C n -1 (2) – C n 2n
(3) 2n
Cn (4) 2n
C n -1
2. The sum of the series 20C0 - 20C1 + 20C2 - 20C3
9. If ƒ(y) = 1 – (y – 1) + (y–1)2 – (y–1)3 + .... – (y–1)17
+ .....- ...... + 20C10 is- [AIEEE 2007]
then the coefficient of y2 in it is :-
1 20 1 [AIEEE–2012 (Online)]
(1) C10 (2) 0 (3) 20C0 (4) 20C10
2 2 (1) 17C3 (2) 18C3 (3) 17C2 (4) 18C2
3. In the binomial expansion of (a - b)n, n ³ 5, the 10. The term independent of x in expansion of
10
a æ x +1 x -1 ö
sum of 5th and 6th terms is zero, then equals ç 2 /3 - 1/ 2 ÷ is : [JEE(Main)–2013]
b è x - x +1 x - x ø
1/ 3

[AIEEE 2007,IIT-2001] (1) 4 (2) 120

6 n-5 (3) 210 (4) 310
(1) (2) 11. The coefficients of three consecutive terms of
n-5 6
(1 + x)n+5 are in the ratio 5 : 10 : 14. Then n =
n-4 5
(3) (4) (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8
5 n-4 [JEE (Advanced) 2013]
4. The remainder left out when 82n – (62)2n+1 is divided 12. Coefficient of x 11 in t he expansion of
by 9 is :- [AIEEE 2009] (1 + x2)4(1 + x3)7(1 + x4)12 is - [JEE (Advanced) 2014]
(1) 7 (2) 8 (3) 0 (4) 2 (1) 1051 (2) 1106 (3) 1113 (4) 1120
13. The sum of coefficients of integral powers of x in
10 10
5. Let S1 = å j(j - 1)
j =1
10
C j , S2 = åj
j=1
10
Cj the binomial expansion of 1 - 2 x ( )
50
is :
[JEE(Main)–2015]
10
and S3 = åj 210
Cj . [AIEEE 2010]
(1) (
1 50
3 -1 ) (2) (
1 50
3 -1 )
j =1 2 2
Statement–1 : S3 = 55 × 29.
Statement–2 : S1 = 90 × 28 and S2 = 10 × 28.
(3)
1 50
2
3 +1( (4)
2
)
1 50
3 ( )
14. The co efficient of t 4 in the expansio n of
(1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ;
State ment–2 is a correct explanatio n for 3
æ 1 - t6 ö
çç ÷÷ is [JEE(Main)–2019, January]
Statement–1.
è 1- t ø
(2) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ;
(1) 12 (2) 15 (3) 10 (4) 14
Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for
3
20 æ 20
C i -1 ö k
statement–1. 15. å ç
ç
i =1 è
20
Ci + 20
Ci -1
÷ =
÷
ø 21
, then k equals :
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false.
[JEE(Main)–2019, January]
(4) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true.
(1) 200 (2) 50 (3) 100 (4) 400
6. The coefficient of x 7 in the expansion of 16. If the third term in the binomial expansion of
(1 – x – x2 + x3)6 is :- [AIEEE–2011]
(1 + x )
5
log2 x
equals 2560, then a possible value of
(1) – 144 (2) 132 (3) 144 (4) – 132
7. If n is a positive integer, then x is : [JEE(Main)–2019, January]

1 1
( 3 + 1) - ( 3 - 1)
2n 2n
is : [AIEEE–2012] (1) 2 2 (2) (3) 4 2 (4)
8 4
(1) a rational number other than positive integers
(2) an irrational number
(3) an odd positive integer
(4) an even positive integer

E
68 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
17. The pos itive value o f l for which t he 22. The sum of the series
2.20C0 + 5.20C1 + 8.20C2 + 11.20C3 + ... +62.20C20
10
2æ l ö is equal to : [JEE(Main)–2019, April]
co-efficient of x2 in the expression x ç x + 2 ÷
è x ø (1) 224 (2) 225
is 720, is : [JEE(Main)–2019, January] (3) 226 (4) 223
23. If some three consecutive in the binomial expansion
(1) 5 (2) 4 (3) 2 2 (4) 3
of (x + 1)n is powers of x are in the ratio 2 : 15 : 70,
then the average of these three coefficient is :-
25

18. If å{ 50
}
Cr × 50 -r C25 -r = K ( 50
)
C25 , then K is [JEE(Main)–2019, April]
r =0 (1) 964 (2) 625
(3) 227 (4) 232
equal to : [JEE(Main)–2019,
24. If the coefficients of x2 and x3 are both zero, in the
January]
expansion of the expression
(1) 225 – 1 (2) (25)2 (3) 225 (4) 224 (1 + ax + bx2) (1 – 3x)15 in powers of x, then the
19. The sum of the real values of x for which the middle ordered pair (a, b) is equal to :
8
[JEE(Main)–2019, April]
æ x3 3 ö (1) (28, 315) (2) (–54, 315)
term in the binomial expansion of ç + ÷
è 3 xø (3) (–21, 714) (4) (24, 861)
equals 5670 is : [JEE(Main)–2019, January] 25. The smallest natural number n, such that the
(1) 6 (2) 8 (3) 0 (4) 4 n
æ 1 ö
20. Let (x + 10) + (x – 10) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + .....
50 50 coefficient of x in the expansion of ç x2 + ÷ is
è x3 ø
a2
+ a50 x50, for all xÎR, then
a 0 is equal to:-
n
C23 , is : [JEE(Main)–2019, April]

[JEE(Main)–2019, January] (1) 35 (2) 38

(1) 12.50 (2) 12.00 (3) 12.75 (4) 12.25 (3) 23 (4) 58
21. A ratio of the 5 term from the beginning to the
th

5 th t erm from th e en d in th e binomial

10
æ 13 1 ö
expansion of çç 2 + 1 ÷ is :
è 2(3) 3 ÷ø

[JEE(Main)–2019, January]

1 1
(1) 1 : 4(16) 3 (2) 1 : 2(6) 3

1 1
(3) 2(36) 3 : 1 (4) 4(36) 3 : 1

ANSWER KEY Exercise-III

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 2 1 3 4 3 1 2 3 2 3
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 3 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. 4 2 3 3 3

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 69
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING :
In this article we shall discuss two fundamental principles viz. principle of addition and principle of multiplication.
These two principles will enable us to understand permutations and combinations. In fact these two principles
form the base of permutations and combinations.
(i) Principle of multiplication :
If there are two jobs such that one of them can be completed in m ways, and when it has been completed
in any one of these m ways, second job can be completed in n ways ; then the two jobs in succession can
be completed in m × n ways.
(ii) Principle of addition : If an operation can be performed in ‘m’ different ways and another operation,
which is independent of the first operation, can be performed in ‘n’ different ways. Then either of the two
operations can be performed in (m + n) ways. This can be extended to any finite number of mutually exlusive
operations.
Ex.1 There are 3 candidates for Physics, 5 for Mathematics and 4 for Chemistry scholarship, then in how many
ways can these scholarship be awarded.
(1) 12 (2) 60 (3) 80 (4) 100
Sol.(2) Clearly Physics scholarship can be awarded to any one of the three candidates. So there are 3 ways of
awarding the Physics scholarship. Similary, Mathematics & Chemistry scholarship can be awarded in 5 &
4 ways respectively. So, number of ways of awarding three scholarships = 3 × 5 × 4 = 60 (Using principle
of multiplication)
Ex.2 There are 3 candidates for physics, 5 for mathematics and 4 for chemistry scholarship then in how many
ways can one of these scholarship be awarded.
(1) 12 (2) 60 (3) 80 (4) 100
Sol.(1) Number of ways of awarding one of the three scholarship = 3 + 5 + 4 = 12 (Using principle of addition)
FACTORIALS
If n is a natural number then the product of all natural numbers upto n is called factorial n and it is denoted
by
n ! or n .
Thus n ! = n (n – 1) (n – 2) ...... 3.2.1.
It is obvious to note that
n = n n - 1 = n (n – 1) n - 2 = n (n – 1) (n – 2) n - 3 etc.

Note : 0 ! = 1, 1 ! = 1, 2 ! = 2, 3 ! = 6, 4 ! = 24, 5 ! = 120, 6 ! = 720

PERMUTATIONS :
Each of the arrangements which can be made by taking some or all of the given things is called a permutation.
For example, if there are three objects, a, b and c then the permutations of these objects, taking two at a
time, are
ab, ba, bc, cb, ac, ca
So, the number of permutations of three different things taken two at a time is 6.
Note : It should be noted that in permutations the order of arrangement is taken into account; when the
order is changed, a different permutation is obtained.
Ex.3 The number of permutations of three letters A, B, C taken all at a time are -
(1) 1 (2) 6 (3) 10 (4) 15
Sol.(2) The permutations of three letters A, B, C taking all at a time are :
ABC , ACB , BCA , BAC, CBA, CAB
Clearly, there are 6 permutations.
E
70 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
COUNTING FORMULAS FOR PERMUTATIONS
(a) Without Repetition :
(i) The number of permutations of n different things, taking r at a time is denoted by nPr or P(n, r)
n n!
then Pr = (0 £ r £ n)
(n - r) !
= n(n – 1) (n – 2) ..... (n – r + 1), n Î N and r Î W
(ii) The number of arrangements of n different objects taken all at a time is nPn = n !
Note : nP1 = n, n
Pr = n. n–1Pr–1, n
Pr = (n–r+1). nPr–1, n
Pn = nPn–1
Ex.4 The number of different signals can be made by 5 flags from 8 flags of different colours are -
(1) 56 (2) 6720 (3) 5840 (4) None of these
Sol.(2) The total number of signals is the number of arrangements of 8 flags by taking 5 flags at a time.
Hence required number of signals
8
P5 = 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 = 6720
(b) With Repetition :
(i) The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time when each thing may be repeated
any number of times is nr.
(ii) The number of permutations of n different things taken all at a time when each thing may be repeated
any number of times is nn.
(c) When all thing are not different :
The number of permutations of n things taken all at a time, p are alike of one kind, q are alike of second
n!
kind and r are alike of third kind and the rest n – (p + q + r) are all different is
p! q! r!
Ex.5 In how many ways can 5 prizes be distributed among 4 boys when every boy can take any number of prizes?
(1) 1024 (2) 625 (3) 120 (4) 600
Sol.(1) First prize may be given to any one of the 4 boys, hence first prize can be distributed in 4 ways.
Similarly every one of second, third, fourth and fifth prizes can also be given in 4 ways.
\ the number of ways of their distribution
= 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 45 = 1024
Ex.6 The number of words that can be formed out of the letters of the word 'ALLAHABAD' are -
9! 9! 9!
(1) (2) (3) (4) 9 !
4! 6! 4!2!
Sol.(3) There are 9 letters in the given word 'ALLAHABAD' out of which 4 are A' s, 2 are L's & the rest
are all distinct.
9!
Hence the required number of words =
4!2!
(d) Number of permutations under certain conditions :
· The number of permutation of n different things taken all together when r particular things are to be
placed at some r given places
= n–rPn–r = n - r
· The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time when m particular things are to be
placed at m given places = n–mPr–m.
· Number of permutations of n different things, taken r at a time, when a particular thing is to be always
included in each arrangement, are
r . n – 1Pr – 1
· Number of permutation of n different things, taken r at a time, when a particular thing is never taken
in each arrangement are n – 1Pr
· Number of permutations of n different things, taken all at a time, when m specified things always come
together are
m ! × (n – m + 1) !
· Number of permutations of n different things, taken all at a time, when m specified things never come
together are = n ! – m ! × (n – m + 1) !

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 71

Ex.7 How many different 4-letter words can be formed with the letters of the word ‘DHOLPUR’ when L and P are
always to be included ?
(1) 144 (2) 44 (3) 240 (4) 24
Sol.(3) Since L and P are always to be included so first we select 2 letters from the remaining 5 letters which
can be done in 5C2 = 10 ways. Now these 4 letters can be arranged in 4! = 24 ways.
Hence the required number of words = 10 × 24 = 240
Ex.8 How many different 4-letters words can be formed with the letters of the word ‘DHOLPUR’ when L and P
are always to be excluded ?
(1) 24 (2) 120 (3) 144 (4) 240
Sol.(2) After leaving L and P we are left with 5 different letters which are to be used for forming 4-letter words.
Hence the required number of words = 5P4 = 5 × 4 × 3× 2 = 120
CIRCULAR PERMUTATIONS :
So far we have discussed permutations of objects (or things) in a row. This type of permutations are generally
known as linear permutations. If we arrange the objects along a closed curve viz a circle, the permutations
are known as circular permutations. As we have seen that every linear arrangements has a beginning and
an end, but there is nothing like beginning or end in a circular permutation. Thus, in a circular permutation,
we consider one object as fixed and the remaining objects are arranged as in case of linear arrangements.

Proof

a1, a2, a3, .................... an–1, an

a2, a3, a4, ................... an, a1
a3, a4, a5 ................... an, a1, a2
---------- ---------- ------------
---------- ---------- ------------
an, a1, a2, a3 .......... an–1
Thus, each circular permutation give n linear permutation. But there are x circular permutations. So, total
number of linear permutations is xn. But the number of linear permutations of n distinct objects is n!
n!
xn = n ! Þ x = = (n – 1)!
n
Note : In the above theorem the clockwise and anticlockwise order of arrangement are considered as distinct
permutations.
Difference between Clockwise and Anticlockwise arrangements : Consider the following circular
permutations. We observe that in both, the order of the circular arrangement is a1, a2, a3, a4 In fig.(i) the order
is anti-clockwise whereas in other fig.(ii) the order is clockwise. Thus, the number of circular permutation of
n things in which clockwise and anti-clockwise arrangements gives rise to different permutations is (n – 1)!.
For example the number of permutations of 5 persons seated around a table is (5 – 1)! = 4!. Because with
respect to the table, the clockwise and anti-clockwise arrangements are distinct.

fig(i) fig(ii)
If anti-clockwise and clockwise order of arrangements are same e.g. arrangements of beads in a necklace,
1
arrangements of flowers in a garland etc., then the number of circular permutations of n distinct items is {(n – 1)!}
2
E
72 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
(iii) Number of circular permutations of n different things taken r at a time :
Case I : If clockwise and anticlockwise orders are taken as different, then the required number of
circular permutations = (nPr)/r.
Case II : If clockwise and anticlockwise orders are taken as not different, then the required number of
circular permutations = (nPr) /(2r).
(iv) Restricted Circular Permutations
When there is a restriction in a circular permutation then first of all we shall perform the restricted part
of the operation and then perform the remaining part treating it similar to a linear permutation.
Ex.9 The number of ways in which 10 persons can sit round a circular table so that none of them has the
same neighbours in any two arrangements, is
1 1
(1) 9 (2) 9 (3) 10 (4) 10
2 2
Sol.(2) 10 persons can sit round a circular table in 9 ways. But here clockwise and anticlockwise orders will give
1
the same neighbours. Hence the required number of ways = 9
2
Ex.10 In how many ways can 5 boys and 5 girls be seated at a round table so that no two girls may be together?
1 1
(3) ( 5 ) (4) ( 5 ´ 4 )
2
(1) 5 ´ 5 (2) 5 ´ 4
2 2
Sol.(2) Leaving one seat vacant between two boys, 5 boys may be seated in 4 ways. Then at remaining 5 seats,
5 girls any sit in 5 ways. Hence the required number = 4 ´ 5
Ex.11 In how many ways can 4 beads out of 6 different beads be strung into a ring-
(1) 45 (2) 24 (3) 360 (4) 180
Sol.(1) In this case a clockwise and corresponding anticlockwise ordered will give the same circular permutation.
6
P4 [Link]
So the required number = = = 45
4.2 4.2
COMBINATIONS :
Each of the different selections made by taking some or all of a number of objects, irrespective of their
arrangements is called a combination.
For example
(i) Different combinations formed of three letters A, B, C taken two at a time are AB , AC , BC i.e. 3
combinations
(ii) The different combinations formed of three letters A, B, C taken all at a time is ABC i.e. one combination
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION :
Problems of Permutations Problems of Combinations
1. Arrangements Selections, choose
2. Standing in a line, seated in a row Distributed group is formed
3. Problems on digits Committee
4. Problems on letters forming a word Geometrical problems
COUNTING FORMULAS FOR COMBINATION :
(1) Selection of objects without Repetition
æ nö
The number of combinations of n differnt things taken r at a time is denoted by nCr or C (n, r) or ç ÷
è rø
n n !
Then Cr = ; (0 £ r £ n)
r! (n - r)!
n
Pr n(n - 1)(n - 2)....(n - r + 1)
= = ; n Î N and r Î W
r! r(r - 1)(r - 2).....2.1
If r > n, then nCr = 0.
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 73
Some important results :
n
Pr
(i) Cn = 1, nC0 = 1,
n
(ii) n
Cr =
r!
(iii) nCr = nCn–r, (iv) if nCx = nCy Þ x + y = n or x = y
n n–1
(v) nCr + nCr–1 = Cr
n+1
(vi) nCr = . Cr–1,
r
1
(vii) nCr = (n – r + 1) nCr–1, (viii) nC1 = nCn–1 = n
r
Ex.12 In how many ways can a committee of 6 members be formed from 5 men and 4 women, if committee
contains 3 men and 2 women ?
(1) 100 (2) 60 (3) 80 (4) 160
Sol.(2) No. of ways to select 3 men out of 5 men are 5C3 . Similarly no. of ways to select 2 women out of
4 women are 4C2 .
So requied number of ways = 5C3 × 4C2 = 60
Ex.13 If nC15= nC8, then the value of nC21 is-
(1) 220 (2) 253 (3) 310 (4) None of these
Sol.(2) n
C15 = C8 Þ n =(15 + 8) = 23 [ Cx = Cy Þ x + y = n]
n n n

\ nC21 = 23C21 = 23C23- 21 [Q nCr = nCn - r ]

= C2 = 253
23

Ex.14 From 4 gentlemen and 6 ladies a committee of five is to be selected. The number of ways in which the
committee can be formed so that gentlemen are in majority is
(1) 66 (2) 156 (3) 60 (4) None of these
Sol.(1) The committee will consist of 4 gentlemen and 1 lady or 3 gentlemen and 2 ladies
\ The number of committees = C4 ´ C1 + C3 ´ C2 = 66
4 6 4 6

(4) Selection of one or more items :

(a) Selection from Identical Items :
(i) The number of ways of selecting r items out of n identical items is 1.
(ii) The total number of ways of selecting zero or more items from a group of n identical items is
(n + 1)
(iii) The total number of ways of selecting one or more i.e. at least one items from a group of n identical
items is n.
(b) Selection from Different Items :
(i) The number of ways of selecting zero or more items from a group of n distinct item is 2n.
(ii) The number of ways of selecting one or more items from a group of n distinct item is 2n - 1.
(iii) The total number of selections of some or all out of p + q + r items where p are alike of one kind,
q are alike of second kind and rest are alike of third kind is [(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1)] - 1
(c) Selection of items from a group containing both identical and different items : The total number
of ways of selecting one or more items from p identical items of one kind, q identical items of second
kind, r identical items of third kind and n different items are (p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) 2n – 1
Ex.15 Ramesh has 6 friends. In how many ways can he invite one or more of them at a dinner?
(1) 61 (2) 62 (3) 63 (4) 64
Sol.(3) He can invite one, two, three, four, five or six friends at the dinner. So total number of ways of his invitation
= 6 C1 + 6 C2 + 6 C3 + 6 C4 + 6 C5 + 6 C6 = 26 – 1 = 63
Ex.16 A bag contains 3 one rupee coins, 4 fifty paise coins and 5 ten paise coins. How many selections of money
can be formed by taking atleast one coin from the bag-
(1) 120 (2) 60 (3) 119 (4) 59
Sol.(3) Here are 3 things of first kind, 4 things of second kind and 5 things of third kind so the total number
of selections = (3 + 1) (4 + 1)(5 + 1) –1 = 119
E
74 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.17 There are n different books and p copies of each in a library. The number of ways in which one or more
than one book can be selected is
(1) pn + 1 (2) (p + 1)n–1 (3) (p + 1)n – P (4) pn
Sol.(2) Total cases = p + 1 (if selected or not)
Required number of ways
= ( p + 1)( p + 1) ......n times - 1 = ( p + 1) - 1
n

DIVISION AND DISTRIBUTION OF OBJECTS :

(1) The number of ways in which (m + n) different things can be divided into two groups which contain m and
n things respectively is
m+n (m + n)!
· Cm . n Cn = , m ¹ n (When order of group is not considered)
m! n!
(m + n)!
· ´ 2 (When order of group is considered)
m! n!
Particular case :
When m = n, then total number of combination is
(2m)!
· when order of groups is not considered.
2! (m!)2
(2m)!
· when order of groups is considered.
(m!)2
(2) The number of ways in which (m + n + p) different things can be divided into three groups which contain
m, n and p things respectively is
m +n + p (m + n + p)!
· Cm .n +p C n .p Cp = , m ¹ n ¹ p (When order of groups is not considered)
m! n! p!
(m + n + p)!
· ´ 3 (When order of groups is considered)
m! n! p!
Particular case :
When m = n = p, then total number of combination is
(3m)!
· when order of groups is not considered.
3! (m!)3
(3m) !
· when order of groups is considered.
(m !)3
(3) Total number of ways to divide n identical things among r person such that each get zero or more thing is
Cr–1
n + r–1

Also total number of ways to divide n identical things among r persons so that each gets atleast one is
n–1
Cr–1
Ex.18 In how many ways can a pack of 52 cards be divided equally into four groups ?

52! 52! 52!

(1) (2) (3) (4) None of these
(13!)4 (13!)4 4! (13!)4 3!

52!
Sol.(2) The number of ways to divide 52 cards into four equal groups of 13 cards each are =
(13!)4 4!

Ex.19 In how many ways 20 identical mangoes may be divided among 4 persons and if each person is to be
given atleast one mango, then number of ways will be
(1) 969 (2) 996 (3) 1771 (4) none of these
Sol.(1) If each person is to be given atleast one mango, then number of ways will be
20–1
C4–1 = 19C3 = 969.

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 75
DERANGEMENT THEOREM :
Any change in the given order of the thing is called a Derangement.
(i) If n items are arranged in a row, then the number of ways in which they can be rearranged so that no one

é 1 1 1 1 1ù
of them occupies the place assigned to it is n! ê1 - + - + - .... + ( -1)n ú
ë 1! 2! 3! 4! n! û

(ii) If n things are arranged at n places then the number of ways to rearrange exactly r things at right places
is

n! é 1 1 1 1 1 ù
1 - + - + - .... + ( -1)n -r
r! êë 1! 2! 3! 4! (n - r)! úû

Ex.20 There are 6 letters and 6 directed envelops, then the number of ways in which all letters are put in
the wrong envelopes are-
(1) 265 (2) 9 (3) 45 (4) None of these
Sol.(1) The required number of ways

é 1 1 1 1 1 1ù
= 6! ê1 - + - + - + ú
ë 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! û

6! 6! 6! 6! 6!
= – + – +
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
= 360 – 120 + 30 – 6 + 1 = 265
Ex.21 There are 4 balls of different colour and 4 boxes of colours same as those of the balls. Then the number
of ways to place two balls in boxes with respect to their colour is :
(1) 6 (2) 4 (3) 2 (4) none of these

4! é 1 1ù é 1ù
Sol.(1) The required number of ways =
2! ê1 - 1! + 2! ú = 4.3 ê1 - 1 + 2 ú = 6
ë û ë û
DIVISIBILITY OF NUMBERS :
The following table shows the conditions of divisibility of some numbers
Divisible by Condition
2 whose last digit is even
3 sum of whose digits is divisible by 3
4 whose last two digits number is divisible by 4
5 whose last digit is either 0 or 5
6 which is divisible by both 2 and 3
8 whose last three digits number is divisible by 8
9 sum of whose digits is divisible by 9
25 whose last two digits are divisible by 25

APPLICATION OF PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS IN GEOMETRY :

If there are n points in a plane of which m(< n) are collinear, then
· Total number of different straight lines obtained by joining these n points is nC2 – mC2 + 1
· Total number of different triangles formed by joining these n points is nC3 – mC3

n(n - 3)
· Number of diagonals in polygon of n sides is nC2 – n i.e.
2

E
76 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
· If m parallel lines in a plane are intersected by a family of other n parallel lines. Then total number of parallelograms

mn(m - 1)(n - 1)
so formed is mC2 × nC2 i.e.
4

Ex.22 There are 10 points in a plane and 4 of them are collinear. The number of straight lines joining any two
of them is
(1) 45 (2) 40 (3) 39 (4) 38
Sol.(2) A straight line can be drawn joining two points, so there will be 10
C2 straight lines joining 10 points.
But 4 of them are collinear, so we shall get only one line joining any two of these 4 points. Hence the
total number of lines = 10
C2 – 4C2 + 1 = 40
Ex.23 There are 8 points in a plane, out of these 4 are collinear. The number of triangle obtained by joining
these is :
(1) 56 (2) 52 (3) 64 (4) 48
Sol.(2) 8
C3 – 4C3 = 52
Ex.24 If 5 parallel straight lines are intersected by 4 parallel straight lines, then the number of parallelograms
thus formed, is
(1) 20 (2) 60 (3) 101 (4) 126
Sol.(2) Number of parallelograms = C2 × C2 = 60
5 4

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 77
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The total number of eight digit numbers in which all digits are different is
99
(1) 9 9 (2) (3) 9 (4) None of these
2
Sol.(2) There are ten digits 0, 1, 2, ....., 9. Permutations of these digits taken eight at a time = 10P8 which include
permutations having 0 at the first place. When 0 is fixed at the first place, then number of such permutations
10 10 9 9 9
= 9P7 . So required number = P8 - 9 P7 =
- =
2 2 2
Ex.2 The number of ways in which a couple can sit around a table with 6 guests if the couple take consecutive
seats is
(1) 1440 (2) 720 (3) 5040 (4) None of these
Sol.(1) A couple and 6 guests can be arranged in (7–1)! ways. But the two people forming the couple can be arranged
among themselves in 2! ways.
\ The required number of ways = 6! × 2! = 1440
Ex.3 How many numbers greater than 10 lac be formed from 2, 3, 0, 3, 4, 2, 3?
(1) 420 (2) 360 (3) 400 (4) 300
Sol.(2) A number greater than 10 lacs contains atleast 7 digits. So every number which is formed using all the
given 7 digits will be greater than 10 lacs. But in given digits 2 occurs twice and 3 occurs thrice and 0 is
7 6
also there. Hence the required number of numbers = - = 420 - 60 = 360
2 3 2 3
Ex.4 The number of words each containing 3 consonants and 2 vowels that can be formed out of 5 consonants
and 4 vowels, is
(1) 600 (2) 720 (3) 7200 (4) 300
Sol.(3) 3 consonants and 2 vowels from 5 consonants and 4 vowels can be selected in 5 C3 ´ 4 C2 = 60 ways. But

total number of words with 3+2=5 letters can be arranged in 5 = 120 ways.
\ The required number of words = 60 × 120 = 7200
Ex.5 In an examination, there are 3 multi-choice questions and each question has 4 alternatives. If a student is
declaired pass only when he attempts all questions correctly, then number of ways in which he can fail is
(1) 1 (2) 12 (3) 27 (4) 63
Sol.(4) Since every question can be attempted in 4 ways and each question has only one correct answer, hence
number of required ways = (4 × 4 × 4) – 1 = 63
Ex.6 The number of 5 digit numbers that can be made using the digits 1 and 2 and in which at least one digit
is different, is
(1) 30 (2) 31 (3) 32 (4) None of these
Sol.(1) Total number of numbers without restriction = 25
Two numbers have all the digits equal. So, the required number of numbers = 25 – 2 = 30
Ex.7 The number of numbers less than 1000 that can be formed out of the digits 0,1, 2, 4 and 5, no digit being
repeated, is
(1) 69 (2) 68 (3) 130 (4) none of these
Sol.(1)
C1 + 4 C1 ´ 4 C1 + 4 C1 ´ 4 C1 ´ 3 C1 = 5 + 16 + 48 = 69
5

Ex.8 The number of ways in which 20 different pearls of two colours can be set alternately on a necklace, there
being 10 pearls of each colour, is
(1) 9! × 10! (2) 5 (9!)2 (3) (9!)2 (4) None of these
1
Sol.(2) Ten pearls of one colour can be arranged in . (10 - 1) ! ways. The number of arrangements of 10 pearls
2
of the other colour in 10 places between the pearls of the first colour = 10!
1
\ The required number of ways = ´ 9!´ 10! = 5 (9 !)2
2
E
78 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.9 How many numbers can be formed with the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1 so that the odd digits always occupy
the odd places?
(1) 17 (2) 18 (3) 19 (4) 20
Sol.(2) There are 4 odd digits (1, 1, 3, 3) and 4 odd places (first, third, fifth and seventh). At these places the odd

4
digits can be arranged in = 6 ways
22

3
Then at the remaining 3 places, the remaining three digits (2, 2, 4) can be arranged in = 3 ways
2

\ The required number of numbers = 6 × 3 = 18

Ex.10 Total number of ways in which six ‘+’ and four ‘–’ signs can be arranged in a line such that no two ‘–’
signs occur together, is
(1) 35 (2) 18 (3) 15 (4) 42
Sol.(1) First we write six ‘+’ signs at alternate places i.e., by leaving one place vacant between two successive ‘+’
signs. Now there are 5 places vacant between these signs and there are two places vacant at the ends. If
we write 4 ‘–’ signs at these 7 places then no two ‘–’ will come together. Hence total number of ways
= 7C4 = 35
Ex.11 If 3n different things can be equally distributed among 3 persons in k ways then the number of ways to
divide the 3n things in 3 equal groups is

k
(1) k × 3! (2) (3) (3!)k (4) None of these
3!
Sol.(2) (The number of ways of dividing in 3 equal groups) × (3!)

k
= The number of ways to distribute equally among 3 persons = k Þ required ways =
3!
Ex.12 The number of 6 digit numbers that can be made with the digits 1, 2, 3 and 4 and having exactly two pairs
of digits is
(1) 480 (2) 540 (3) 1080 (4) None of these
Sol.(3) The number will have 2 pairs and 2 different digits

6!
The number of selections = 4C2 × 2C2, and for each selection, number of arrangements = . Therefore,
2!2!

6!
The required number of numbers = 4 C2 ´ 2 C2 ´ = 1080
2!2!
Ex.13 In how many ways can a committee of 5 be made out of 6 men and 4 women containing atleast one woman?
(1) 246 (2) 222 (3) 186 (4) None of these
Sol.(1) A committee of 5 out of 6+4=10 can be made in C5 = 252 ways.
10

If no woman is to be included, then number of ways = 6C5 = 6

\ The required number = 252 – 6 = 246
Ex.14 Total number of 6 digit numbers in which all the odd digits and only odd digits appear, is

5 1
(1) (6!) (2) 6! (3) ( 6!) (4) None of these
2 2
Sol.(1) Clearly, one of the odd digits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 will be repeated
The number of selections of the sixth digit = 5C1 = 5
6!
\ The required number of numbers = 5 ´
2
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 79

Ex.15 Four couples (husband and wife) decide to form a committee of four members. The number of different
committees that can be formed in which no couple finds a place is
(1) 10 (2) 12 (3) 14 (4) 16
Sol.(4) The number of committees of 4 gentlemen = 4C4 = 1
The number of committees of 3 gentlemen, 1 wife = 4 C3 ´ 1C1
(Q after selecting 3 gentlemen only 1 wife is left who can be included)

The number of committees of 2 gentlemen, 2 wives = 4 C2 ´ 2 C2

The number of committees of 1 gentleman, 3 wives = 4 C1 ´ 3 C3

The number of committees of 4 wives = 1
\ The required number of committees = 1 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 1 = 16
Ex.16 The number of different ways in which 8 persons can stand in a row so that between two particular persons
A and B there are always two persons, is
(1) 60(5!) (2) 15(4!) × (5!) (3) 4! × 5! (4) None of these
Sol.(1) The number of selections of 4 persons including A, B = C2 6

Considering these four as a group, number of arrangements with the other four = 5!
But in each group the number of arrangements = 2! × 2!
\ The required number of ways = 6C2 × 5! × 2! × 2! = 60(5!)
Ex.17 There are 10 points in a plane of which no three points are collinear and 4 points are concyclic. The number
of different circles that can be drawn through at least 3 points of these points is
(1) 116 (2) 120 (3) 117 (4) None of these

Sol.(3) The number of circles = ( 10

)
C3 - 4 C3 + 1 = 117

Ex.18 If a denotes the number of permutations of (x + 2) things taken all at a time, b the number of permutations
of x things taken 11 at a time and c the number of permutations of (x – 11) things taken all at a time such
that a = 182 bc, then the value of x is
(1) 15 (2) 12 (3) 10 (4) 18

x!
Sol.(2) x +2
Px + 2 = a Þ a = ( x + 2 ) ! ; x
P11 = b Þ b = and x -11
Px -11 = c Þ c = ( x - 11)!
( x - 11) !
x!
\ a = 182bc ( x + 2 ) ! = 182 ( x - 11) !
( x - 11) !
Þ ( x + 2 )( x + 1) = 182 = 14 ´ 13 \ x + 1 = 13 \ x = 12
Ex.19 There are three coplanar parallel lines. If any p points are taken on each of the lines, the maximum number
of triangles with vertices at these points is
(1) 3p2(p – 1) + 1 (2) 3p2(p – 1) (3) p2(4p – 3) (4) None of these
Sol.(3) The number of triangles with vertices on different lines = p C1 ´ p C1 ´ p C1 = p3
The number of triangles with 2 vertices on one line and the third vertex on any one of the other two lines

p ( p - 1)
3
C1 { p
}
C2 ´ 2p C1 = 6p.
2
\ The required number of triangles = p3 + 3p2(p – 1) = p2 (4p – 3)
Ex.20 In a club election the number contestants is one more than the number of maximum candidates for which
a voter can vote. If the total number of ways in which a voter can vote be 62 then the number of candidates
is
(1) 7 (2) 5 (3) 6 (4) None of these

E
80 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.21 In an examination of 9 papers a candidate has to pass in more papers than the number of papers in which
he fails in order to be successful. The number of ways in which he can be unsuccessful is
(1) 255 (2) 256 (3) 193 (4) 319
Sol.(2) The candidate is unsuccessful if he fails in 9 or 8 or 7 or 6 or 5 papers.
\ The number of ways to be unsuccessful
9
= C9 + 9 C8 + 9 C7 + 9 C6 +9 C5 = 9 C0 + 9 C1 + 9 C2 + 9 C3 + 9 C4
1 9 1
=
2
( )
C0 + 9 C1 + ..... + 9 C 9 = .29 = 28 = 256
2
Ex.22 The number of ways of arranging six persons (having A, B, C and D among them) in a row so that A,
B, C and D are always in order ABCD (not necessarily together) is-
(1) 4 (2) 10 (3) 30 (4) 720
Sol.(3) The number of ways of arranging ABCD is 4!. For each arrangement of ABCD, the number of ways of
6!
arranging six persons is same. Hence required number is = 30
4!
Ex.23 The total number of ways of selecting five letters from letters of the word 'INDEPENDENT' is
(1) 72 (2) 3320 (3) 120 (4) None of these
Sol.(1) There are 11 letters in the given word which are as follows (NNN)(EEE)(DD)IPT
Five letters can be selected in the following manners:
(i) All letters different : 6C5 = 6
(ii) Two similar and three different : 3
C1 . 5 C3 = 30
(iii) Three similar and two different : 2
C1 . 5 C2 = 20
2
(iv) Three similar and two similar : C1 . 2 C1 = 4
(v) Two similar, two similar and one different : 3 C2 . 4 C1 = 12
\ Total selections = 6 + 30 + 20 + 4 + 12 = 72
Ex.24 Five balls of different colours are to be placed in three boxes of different sizes. Each box can hold all five
balls. The number of ways in which we can place the balls in the boxes (order is not considered in the box)
so that no box remains empty is
(1) 150 (2) 300 (3) 200 (4) None of these
Sol.(1) One possible arrangement is 2 2 1
Three such arrangements are possible. Therefore, the number of ways is ( 5
C2 )( 3
C2 )( 1
)
C1 ( 3 ) = 90
The other possible arrangements 1 1 3
Three such arrangements are possible. In this case, the number of ways is ( 5
C1 )( 4
C1 )( 3
)
C 3 ( 3 ) = 60
Hence, the total number of ways is 90 + 60 = 150.

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 81

NCERT BASED QUESTIONS

1. How many 5-digit telephone numbers can be constructed using the digits 0 to 9 if each number starts with 67
and no digit appears more than once?
2. From a committee of 8 persons, in how many ways can we choose a chairman and a vice chairman assuming
one person can not hold more than one position?
3. Find r if (i) 5Pr = 2 6Pr – 1 (ii) 5Pr = 6Pr – 1.
4. How many words, with or without meaning can be made from the letters of the word MONDAY, assuming
that no letter is repeated, if -
(i) 4 letters are used at a time.
(ii) all letters are used at a time.
(iii) all letters are used but first letter is a vowel.
5. Determine n if
(i) 2nC3 : nC3 = 12 : 1 (ii) 2nC3 : nC3 = 11 : 1
6. Determine the number of 5 card combinations out of a deck of 52 cards if there is exactly one ace in each
combination.
7. How many words with or without meaning, each of 2 vowels and 3 consonants can be formed from the
letters of the word DAUGHTER ?
8. If the different permutations of all the letter of the word EXAMINATION are listed as in a dictionary, how
many words are there in this list before the first word starting with E ?
9. How many 6-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 which are divisible by 10 and
no digit is repeated ?
10. From a class of 25 students, 10 are to be chosen for an excursion party. There are 3 students who
decide that either all of them will join or none of them will join. In how many ways can the excursion
party be chosen ?
11. Out of 18 points in a plane, no three are in the same line except five points which are collinear. Find the
number of lines that can be formed joining the point.
12. We wish to select 6 persons from 8, but if the person A is chosen, then B must be chosen. In how many
ways can selections be made?
13. How many automobile license plates can be made if each plate contains two different letters followed by
three different digits?
14. Find the number of permutations of n distinct things taken r together, in which 3 particular things must
occur together.
15. Find the number of different words that can be formed from the letters of the word ‘TRIANGLE’ so that no
vowels are together.
16. Find the number of integers greater than 7000 that can be formed with the digits 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9 where no
digits are repeated.
17. If 20 lines are drawn in a plane such that no two of them are parallel and no three are concurrent, in how
many points will they intersect each other?
18. In a certain city, all telephone numbers have six digits, the first two digits always being
41 or 42 or 46 or 62 or 64. How many telephone numbers have all six digits distinct?
19. A convex polygon has 44 diagonals. Find the number of its sides.
20. How many number of 5-digit telephone numbers be formed having atleast one of their digits repeated ?

ANSWER KEY
1. 336 2. 56 3. (i) 3, (ii) 4
4. (i) 360, (ii) 720, (iii) 240 5. (i) 5, (ii) 6 6. 778320
22
7. 3600 8. 907200 9. 120 10. C7 + 22C10
n–3
11. 144 12. 22 13. 4,68000 14. Cr–3 (r – 2)!3!
15. 14400 16. 192 17. 190 18. 8400
19. 11 20. 69760
E
82 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
CHECK YOUR GRASP PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS EXERCISE-I
PERMUTATIONS 12. In how many way can the letters of the word
1. There are 5 roads leading to a town from a village. 'SIMPLETON' be rearranged ?
The number of different ways in which a villager (1) 9! (2) 9! – 1
can go to the town and return back, is (3) 9! – 2 (4) 8! – 1
(1) 25 (2) 20 (3) 10 (4) 5 13. The number of ways to arrange six examination
2. There are 6 letters and 3 post-boxes. The number papers so that best and the worst paper never
of ways in which these letters can be posted is appear together, are :-
(1) 63 (2) 36 (1) 120 (2) 480
(3) 6C3 (4) 6P3 (3) 240 (4) None of these
3. The number of ways in which 8 distinct toys can 14. How many number less than 10000 can be made
be distributed among 5 children are - with the eight digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0 (digits
(1) 58 (2) 85 (3) 8P5 (4) 40 may repeat)
4. The number of five digits numbers that can be (1) 256 (2) 4095
formed without any restriction is (3) 4096 (4) 4680
(1) 990000 (2) 100000 15. A lock consist of three rings each marked with
(3) 90000 (4) None of these 10 different letters. The number of unsuccessful
5. The total number of permutations of the letters of attempts to open the lock is-
the word BANANA is- (1) 310–1 (2) 93
(1) 60 (2) 120 (3) 10P3 – 1 (4) 103 – 1
(3) 720 (4) 24 16. Numbers greater than 1000 but not greater than
6. The number of arrangements of the letters of the 4000 which can be formed with the digits 0, 1,
word 'CALCUTTA' 2, 3, 4 (repetition of digits is allowed), are
(1) 350 (2) 375 (3) 450 (4) 576
(1) 2520 (2) 5040
17. A five digit number divisible by 3 has to formed
(3) 10,080 (4) 40, 320
using the numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 without
7. ( n - r + 1) n Pr -1 = repetition. The total number of ways in which this
can be done is
(1) n–1Pr (2) n+1Pr
(1) 216 (2) 240
(3) nPr (4) nPr+1
(3) 600 (4) 3125
8. How many words comprising of any three letters 18. Total number of four digit odd numbers that can
of the word 'UNIVERSAL' can be formed be formed using 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 are
(1) 504 (2) 405 (1) 192 (2) 375
(3) 540 (4) 450 (3) 400 (4) 720
9. How many even numbers of 3 different digits can 19. How many ways are there to arrange the letters
be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, in the word 'GARDEN' with the vowels in
9 (repetition is not allowed) alphabetical order?
(1) 120 (2) 240
(1) 224 (2) 280
(3) 360 (4) 480
(3) 324 (4) None of these
10. The number of words from the letters of the word
CIRCULAR PERMUTATIONS
'BHARAT' in which B and H will never come
together, is 20. The number of ways that 8 beads of different
(1) 360 (2) 240 colours be string as a necklace is
(3) 120 (4) None of these (1) 2520 (2) 2880
(3) 5040 (4) 4320
11. In how many ways 5 red, 4 blue and 1 green balls
21. In how many ways can 5 keys be put in a ring
can be arranged in a row
(1) 1260 (2) 2880 1 1
(1) 4! (2) 5! (3) 4! (4) 5!
2 2
(3) 9! (4) 10!
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 83
22. The number of ways in which 5 male and 2 female 31. A student is to answer 10 out of 13 questions in an
members of a committee can be seated around a examination such that he must choose at least 4
round table so that the two female are not seated from the first five question. The number of choices
together is available to him is
(1) 480 (2) 600 (1) 140 (2) 196
(3) 720 (4) 840 (3) 280 (4) 346
23. The number of ways in which 6 men and 5 women
can dine at a round table if no two women are to DIVISION INTO GROUPS
sit together is given by
32. The number of ways of dividing 52 cards amongst
(1) 6! × 5! (2) 30
four players equally, are
(3) 5 ! × 4 ! (4) 7! × 5!
52! 52!
(1) (2)
COMBINATIONS (13!) 4
(13!)2 4!
24. In how many ways can 6 persons be selected from
4 officers and 8 constables, if at least one officer 52!
(3) (4) None of these
is to be included (12!)4 ( 4!)
(1) 224 (2) 672
33. The number of ways in which 11 identical pencils
(3) 896 (4) None of these
can be distributed among 6 kids, each one receiving
25. There are 14 players of cricket out of which 5 are
at least one is
bowlers. In how many ways a team of eleven be
(1) 168 (2) 308
selected from them so as to include at least
(3) 252 (4) none of these
4 bowlers ?
34. In how many ways can 10 different balls be divided
(1) 265 (2) 263
between two boys, one receiving two and the other
(3) 264 (4) None of these
eight balls
26. There are 15 persons in a party and each person
(1) 45 (2) 75
shake hand with another, then total number of hand
(3) 90 (4) None of these
shakes is
35. The number of ways in which thirty five apples can
(1) 15P2 (2) 15C2
be distributed among 3 boys so that each can have
(3) 15! (4) 2(15!)
any number of apples, is
27. In how many ways a team of 10 players out of 22
(1) 1332 (2) 666
players can be made if 6 particular players are
(3) 333 (4) None of these
always to be included and 4 particular players are
always excluded
IMPORTANT RESULTS
(1) 22C10 (2) 18C3
(3) 12C4 (4) 18C4 36. The number of triangles that can be formed by
28. There are 10 lamps in a hall. Each one of them 5 points in a line and 3 points on a parallel line
can be switched on independently. The number of is
ways in which the hall can be illuminated is (1) 8C3 (2) 8C3 – 5C3
(1) 102 (2) 1023 (3) 8C3 – 5C3 – 1 (4) None of these
(3) 2 10
(4) 10! 37. The number of diagonals in a octagon will be
29. The number of divisors of 9600 including 1 and (1) 28 (2) 20
9600 are (3) 10 (4) 16
(1) 60 (2) 58 38. The number of straight lines that can be formed
(3) 48 (4) 46 by joining 20 points no three of which are in the
30. Number of divisors of n=38808 (except 1 and n) same straight line except 4 of them which are in
is the same line
(1) 70 (2) 68 (3) 72 (4) 74 (1) 183 (2) 186 (3) 197 (4) 185
E
84 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
39. The number of triangles formed by joining 41. The number of parallelograms that can be formed from
10 coplanar points if 5 of them are collinear is- a set of four parallel lines intersecting another set of
(1) 100 (2) 110 three parallel lines is
(3) 120 (4) 180 (1) 6 (2) 18
40. Out of 10 points in a plane 6 are in a straight line. (3) 12 (4) 9
The number of triangles formed by joining these
points are
(1) 100 (2) 150
(3) 120 (4) None of these

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 4
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 2 3 1
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Ans. 2 1 3 3 2 3 2 4 2 1 2
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 85

NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE QUESTIONS EXERCISE-II

1. Let Tn be the number of all possible triangles formed 5. The number of three-digit numbers having only two
consecutive digits identical is
by joining vertices of an n-sided regular polygon. If

Tn+1 – Tn = 10, then the value of n is : 6. How many six-digit numbers are there in which no
digit is repeated, even digits appear at even places,

2. Let n > 2 b an integer. Take n distinct points on odd digits appear at odd places and the number is
divisible by 4?
a circle and join each pair of points by a line

segment. Colour the line segment joining every pair 7. The number of ways of arranging 6 players to throw
the cricket ball so that the oldest player may not
of adjacent points by blue and the rest by red. If
throw first is
the number of red and blue line segments are equal,
8. Number of ways in which 6 distinct objects can be kept
then the value of n is
into two identical boxes so that no box remains empty
is
3. Consider a class of 5 girls and 7 boys. The number

of different teams consisting of 2 girls and 3 boys 9. The number of arrangements of all digits of 12345
such that at least 3 digits will not come in its position
that can be formed from this class, if there are two
is
specific boys A and B, who refuse to be the members

of the same team, is:

4. The number of natural numbers less than 7,000

which can be formed by using the digits 0,1,3,7,9

(repitition of digits allowed) is equal to :

ANSWER KEY Exercise-II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans. 5 5 300 375 162 1440 600 31 109

E
86 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS EXERCISE-III

1. At an election, a voter may vote for any number of 4. From 6 different novels and 3 different dictionaries,
candidates, not greater than the number to be 4 novels and 1 dictionary are to be selected and
elected. There are 10 candidated and 4 are to be arranged in a row on a shelf so that the dictionary
elected. If a voter votes for at least one candidates, is always in the middle. Then the number of such
then the number of ways in which he can vote is arrangements is :- [AIEEE 2009]

[AIEEE-2006] (1) At least 750 but less than 1000

(1) 385 (2) 1110 (2) At least 1000

(3) 5040 (4) 6210 (3) Less than 500

2. The set S = {1, 2, 3,.....,12} is to partitioned into (4) At least 500 but less than 750
three sets A, B, C of equal size. Thus,A È B ÈC =S,
5. There are two urns. Urn A has 3 distinct red balls
A Ç B = B Ç C = C Ç A = f, then number of ways
and urn B has 9 distinct blue balls. From each urn
to partition S are- [AIEEE-2007]
two balls are taken out at random and then
transferred to the other. The number of ways in
12! 12!
(1) (2) which this can be done is :- [AIEEE 2010]
3!(3!) 4
(4!)3
(1) 3 (2) 36 (3) 66 (4) 108

6. Statement-1 :
12! 12!
(3) (4)
(3!)4 3!(4!)3 The number of ways of distributing 10 identical balls
in 4 distinct boxes such that no box is empty is 9C3.
3. In a shop there are five types of ice–creams Statement-2 :
available. A child buys six ice–creams. [AIEEE 2008]
The number of ways of choosing any 3 places from
Statement –1 : The number of different ways 9 different places is 9C3. [AIEEE–2011]

the child can buy the six ice–creams is 10

C5. (1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.

Statement –2 : The number of different ways the (2) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
child can buy the six ice–creams is equal to the (3) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true;
number of different ways of arranging 6 A’s and Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
4 B’s in a row. Statement-1

(4) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true;

(1) Statement –1 is false, Statement –2 is true
Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
(2)Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement-1.
State ment–2 is a correct explanation for 7. There are 10 points in a plane, out of these
Statement–1 6 are collinear. If N is the number of triangles
formed by joining these points, then : [AIEEE–2011]
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true;
(1) N > 190
Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for
(2) N < 100
Statement–1
(3) 100 < N < 140
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false
(4) 140 < N < 190

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 87
8. Assuming the balls to be identical except for 13. Let A and B be two sets containing 2 elements and
difference in colours, the number of ways in which 4 elements respectively. The number of subsets of
one or more balls can be selected from 10 white, A × B having 3 or more elements is
9 green and 7 black balls is :- [AIEEE–2012] [JEE (Main)-2013]

(1) 879 (2) 880 (1) 256 (2) 220

(3) 629 (4) 630 (3) 219 (4) 211

14. Six cards and six envelopes are numbered
9. If seven women and seven men are to be seated
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and cards are to be placed in
around a circular table such that there is a man
envelopes so that each envelope contains exactly
on either side of every woman, then the number
one card and no card is placed in the envelope
of seating arrangements is : [AIEEE–2012 (Online)]
bearing the same number and moreover the card
(1) 7! (2) 6! 7! numbered 1 in always placed in envelope numbered
(3) (6!)2 (4) (7!)2 2. Then the number of ways it can be done is -
[JEE(Advanced)-2014]
10. The number of arrangements that can be formed
(1) 264 (2) 265
from the letters a, b, c, d, e, f, taken 3 at a time
withou t repetition an d each arran gement (3) 53 (4) 67
containing at least one vowel, is :- Interger type question (only Q. 15)
[AIEEE–2012 (Online)] 15. Let n1 < n2 < n3 < n4 < n5 be positive integers
(1) 72 (2) 96 such that n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5 = 20. The the
nu mber o f such dist in ct arrang emen ts
(3) 24 (4) 128
(n1,n2,n3,n4,n5) is [JEE(Advanced)-2014]
11. Statement-1 : Let A and B be two sets having
16. The number of integers greater than 6000 that can
p and q elements respectively, where q > p. Then
be formed, using the digits 3,5,6,7 and 8 without
the total number of functions from set A to set B
repetition, is : [JEE (Main)-2015]
is qp.
(1) 120 (2) 72
Statement-2 : The total number of selection of
(3) 216 (4) 192
p different objects out of q objects is qCp.
17. If all the words (with or without meaning) having five
[AIEEE–2012 (Online)] letters, formed using the letters of the word SMALL
(1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and and arranged as in a dictionary; then the position
Statement-2 is the correct explanation of of the word SMALL is :
Statement-1. [JEE (Main)-2016]
(1)58th (2) 46th
(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and
(3) 59th (4) 52nd
Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
statement-1. 18. There are m men and two women participating in
a chess tournament. Each participant plays two
(3) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
games with every other participant. If the number
(4) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true of games played by the men between themselves
12. The total number of ways in which 5 balls of exceeds the number of games played between the
different colours can be distributed among 3 men and the women by 84, then the value of m
persons so that each person gets at least one ball is : [JEE (Main)-2019, January]

is - [IIT–2012] (1) 9 (2) 11

(1) 75 (3) 12 (4) 7
(2) 150
(3) 210
(4) 243
E
19. All possible numbers are formed using the digits 1, 22. Suppose that 20 pillars of the same height have
1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4 taken all at a time. The number been erected along the boundary of a circular
of such numbers in which the odd digits occupy even stadium. If the top of each pillar has been connected
places is : [JEE (Main)-2019, April] by beams with the top of all its non-adjacent pillars,
(1) 175 (2) 162 then the total number beams is :
(3) 160 (4) 180 [JEE (Main)-2019, April]
20. The number of four-digit numbers strictly greater (1) 210 (2) 190
than 4321 that can be formed using the digits (3) 170 (4) 180
0,1,2,3,4,5 (repetition of digits is allowed) is :
[JEE (Main)-2019, April]
(1) 288 (2) 306
(3) 360 (4) 310
21. A committee of 11 members is to be formed from
8 males and 5 females. If m is the number of ways
the committee is formed with at least 6 males and
n is the number of ways the committee is formed
with at least 3 females, then :
[JEE (Main)-2019, April]
(1) m = n = 78 (2) n = m – 8
(3) m + n = 68 (4) m = n = 68

Previous Years Questions ANSWER KEY Exercise-III

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 1 2 1 2 4 3 2 1 2 2
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 2 3 3 7 4 1 3 4 4
Que. 21 22
Ans. 1 3
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 89

PROBABILITY
SOME BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS :
(1) An Experiment : An action or operation resulting in two or more outcomes is called an experiment.
Example: (i) Tossing of a coin is an experiment. There are two possible outcomes head or tail.
(ii) Drawing a card from a pack of 52 cards is an experiment. There are 52 possible outcomes.
(2) Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called the sample space,
denoted by S. An element of S is called a sample point.
Example :
(i) Consider tossing of a coin. The possible outcomes of this experiment are H and T. Thus, the sample
space associated with the random experiment of tossing a coin is S = {H, T}
(ii) When two coins are tossed together, the possible outcomes of the experiment are HH, HT, TH and
TT. So, the sample space is given by S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
(iii) When we throw a die then any one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 will come up.
So the sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(3) Event : A subset of sample space associated with a random experiment is called an event.
Example:
(i) If the experiment is done throwing a die which has faces numbered 1 to 6, then S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Then A = {1, 3, 5}, B {2, 4, 6}, the null set f and S itself are some events with respect to S.
The null set f is called the impossible event or null event.
(ii) Getting 7 when a die is thrown is called a null event.
The entire sample space is called the certain event.
(4) Simple Event : An event is called a simple event if it is a singleton subset of the sample space S.
Example :
(i) When a coin is tossed, sample space S = {H, T}
Let A = {H} = the event of occurrence of head. and B = {T} = the event of occurrence of tail.
Here A and B are simple events.
(ii) When a die is thrown, sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},
Let A = {5} = the event of occurrence of 5.
B = {2} = the event of occurrences of 2.
Here A and B are simple events.
(5) Compound Events : It is the joint occurrence of two or more simple events.
Example:
The event of at least one head appears when two fair coins are tossed is a compound event i.e.
A = {H T, T H, H H}.
(6) Equally Likely Events : Events are equally likely if there is no reason for an event to occur in preference
to any other event. If an unbiased die is rolled, then each outcome is equally likely to happen, i.e., all
elementary events are equally likely.
(7) Exhaustive Events : The total number of possible outcomes of a random experiment in a trial is known
as the exhaustive number of cases.

E
90 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Example :
(i) In throwing of a die the exhaustive number of cases is 6, since any one of the six faces marked with
1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, may come uppermost
(ii) If pair of dice is thrown, then the exhaustive number of cases is 36, since any one of the six numbers
1, 2, 3.....,6 on one die can be associated with any one of the six numbers on the other die.
52
(iii) In drawing 3 cards from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards, the exhaustive number of cases are C3,
since 3 cards can be drawn out of 52 cards in 52C3 ways.
(8) Mutually Exclusive Events : Events are said to be mutually exclusive or incompatible if the occurrence
of any one of them prevents the occurrence of all the others, i.e., no two or more of them can occur
simultaneously in the same trial.
Example: (i) Tossing a coin and getting head or tail are mutually exclusive events.
(ii) Throwing a dice and getting 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 are mutually exclusive events.

(9) Complement of an Event : The complement of an event A, denoted by A or A' or AC, is the set of all sample
points of the space other than the sample points in A.
Example: In the experiment of casting a fair die, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
If A = {1, 3, 5, 6}, then AC = {2, 4}
Note : (a) A È AC = S (b) A Ç AC = f.

DEFINITION OF PROBABILITY :

If there are n-elementary events associated with a random experiment and m of them are favourable to
an event A, then the probability of happening of A is denoted by P(A) and is defined as the ratio
m/n.

m
Thus, P(A) =
n

m
Clearly, 0 £ m £ n, therefore 0 £ £ 1, so that 0 £ P (A) £ 1.
n

Since the number of cases in which the event A will not happen is n - m , therefore if A denotes not

happening of A, then the probability P( A ) of not happening of A is given by

n-m m
P( A ) = = 1 - = 1 - P(A) Þ P(A) + P( A ) = 1
n n

If P (A) = 1, then A is called certain event and A is called an impossible event if P ( A ) = 0.

Ex.1 Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. The probability that both of them are king is-

2 1 1 30
(1) (2) (3) (4)
13 169 221 221

Sol.(3) Favourable events = 4C2 , Exhaustive events = 52

C2
4 52
So required probability = C2/ C2 = 1/221

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 91
Ex.2 Words are formed with the letters of the word PEACE. Find the probability that 2 E’s come together

5
Sol. Total number of words which can be formed with the letters P, E, A, C, E = = 60
2

Number of words in which 2 E’s come together = 4 = 24

24 2
\ Required probability = =
60 5

Ex.3 A bag contains 5 red and 4 green balls. Four balls are drawn at random then find the probability that two
balls are of red and two balls are of green colour.
Sol. n(s) = the total number of ways of drawing 4 balls out of total 9 balls : 9C4
If A1 = the event of drawing 2 red balls out of 5 red balls then n (A1) = 5C2
A2 = the event of drawing 2 green balls out of 4 green balls then n (A2) = 4C2
5 4
\ n(A) = n(A1) . n (A2) = C2 × C2

5´4´4´3
n(A) 5
C2 ´ 4 C2 2´2 10
\ P(A) = = = =
n (s ) 9
C4 9 ´ 8 ´ 7´ 6 21
4´3´2

Ex.4 Two dice are thrown at a time. Find the probability of the following
(i) these numbers shown are equal (ii) the difference of numbers shown is 1
Sol. The sample space in a throw of two dice
s = { 1 , 2 , 3, 4 , 5 , 6 } × { 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
\ total no. of cases n (s) = 6 × 6 = 36.
(i) Here E1 = the event of showing equal number on both dice
= { (1 , 1) ( 2 , 2) ( 3 , 3) ( 4 , 4) ( 5 , 5) ( 6 , 6) }

n ( E1 ) 6 1
\ n ( E1 ) = 6 \ P(E1) = = =
n ( s) 36 6

(ii) Here E2 = the event of showing numbers whose difference is 1.

= { (1, 2) (2 , 1) ( 2 , 3) (3, 2) (3 , 4) ( 4 , 3) (4, 5) (5, 4) ( 5 , 6) ( 6 , 5) }

n ( E2 ) 10 5
\ n (E2) = 10 \ p (E2) = = =
n ( s) 36 18

ODDS AGAINST AND ODDS IN FAVOUR OF AN EVENT :

Let there be n equally likely, mutually exclusive and exhaustive cases out of which an event A can occur
m
in m cases and does not occur in (n – m) cases. Then by definition of probability of occurrences P(A) =
n
(n - m)
The probability of non-occurrence P(A' ) =
n
\ P(A) : P(A' ) = m : (n – m)
Thus the odd in favour of occurrences of the event A are defined by m : (n – m) i.e. P(A) : P(A' );
and the odds against the occurrence of the event A are defined by (n – m) : m i.e. P(A' ) : P(A).

E
92 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.5 Find the odds in favours of getting a king when a card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards
52
Sol. Exhaustive cases n = C1 = 52

Favourable cases m = 4C1 = 4

\ odds in favour 4 : (52 – 4) = 1 : 12

Ex.6 In a single cast with two dice find the odds against drawing 7

Sol. n = 36

m = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}

= 6

\ odds in against (36 – 6) : 6 = 5 : 1

ADDITION THEOREM :

· If A and B are any events in S, then

P(A È B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A Ç B)

Since the probability of an event is a nonnegative number, it follows that

P(A È B) £ P(A) + P(B)

For three events A, B and C in S we have

P( A È B È C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A Ç B) – P(B Ç C) – P(C Ç A) + P(A Ç B Ç C).

GENERAL FORM OF ADDITION THEOREM :

For n events A1, A2, A3, ...... An in S, we have

P(A1 È A2 È A3 È A4 ........ È An)

å P( å P( å
n– 1
= A i)- Ai Ç A j ) + P( A i Ç A j Ç A k ) ............+ (–1) P(A1 Ç A2 Ç A3 ..... Ç An)
i = 1 i < j i < j < k

· If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A Ç B) = 0

so that P(A È B) = P(A) + P(B)

[Special Addition rule]

Generalizing if A1, A2, A3, ......, An are n mutually exclusive events,

then P(A1 È A2 È ..... È An) = P(A1) + P(A2) + ....... + P(An).

· If A is any event in S, then

P(A') = 1 – P(A)

Q A È A' = S

and A Ç A' = f.

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 93
Ex.7 Two cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that either both are red or both
are kings ?
52
Sol. Out of 52 cards, two cards can be drawn in C2 ways.
52
So, exhaustive number of cases = C2.

Consider the following events :

A = Two cards drawn are red cards,

B = Two cards drawn are kings.

Required probability = P(A È B) = P(A) + P(B) - P (A Ç B)....(i)

Now we shall find P(A), P(B) and P(A Ç B).

26
There are 26 red cards, out of which 2 red cards can be drawn in C2. ways.

26
C2
\ P (A) = 52
C2

Since there are 4 kings, out of which 2 kings can be drawn in 4C2 ways.

4
C2
\ P(B) = 52
C2

There are 2 cards which are both red and kings., therefore P (A Ç B) = Probability of getting 2 cards which
are both red and kings.
2
C2
= Probability of getting 2 red kings = 52
C2
From (i), Required probability = P(A) + P(B) - P(A Ç B)

2
26
C2 4
C2 C2
= + - 52
52
C2 52
C2 C2

325 1 1 55
= + – =
1326 221 1326 221

Ex.8 A bag contains 6 white, 5 black and 4 red balls. Find the probability of getting either a white or a black
ball in a single draw.

Sol. Let A = event that we get a white ball,

B = event that we get a black ball

So, the events are mutually exclusive

6 5
C1 C1
P(A) = 15
, P (B) = 15
C1 C1

6 5 11
So, P ( A + B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) = + =
15 15 15

E
94 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
PROBABILITY EXERCISE
1. A basket contains 3 mangoes and 3 apples. In 9. One card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. The
drawing of two fruits the probability of getting one probability that it is a queen or heart is-
mango and one apple is- 1 3 4 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 3 26 26 13 13
(1) (2) 10. Three coins are tossed together, then the probability
3 5
of getting at least one head is-
1
(3) (4) none of these 1 3 1 7
3 (1) (2) (3) (4)
2 4 8 8
2. The probability that an ordinary or a non-leap year
11. A card is drawn at random from a pack of cards. The
has 53 sunday is-
probability of this card being a red or a queen is-
(1) 2/7 (2) 1/7
(1) 1/13 (2) 1/26 (3) 1/2 (4) 7/13
(3) 3/7 (4) none of these
12. A doctor fix the date for a patient in November.
3. A bag contains 5 white, 7 black and 4 red balls.
The probability that the date is multiple of 5 or 6,
Three balls are drawn from the bag at random. The
is-
probability that all the three balls are white is-
1 4 1 2
3 3 1 1 (1) (2) (3) (4)
5 15 3 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
16 5 60 56 13. Seven white balls and three black balls are randomly
4. There are 10 bulbs in a room, 4 of them are fused. placed in a row. The probability that no two black
The probability that the room will be lighted on balls are placed adjacently equals-
(1) 1/2 (2) 7/15
pressing the switches of any three, is- (3) 2/15 (4) 1/3
1 29 3 14. If two coins are tossed 5 times, then the probability
(1) (2) (3) (4) None of getting 5 heads and 5 tails is-
30 30 5
5. Among 15 players, 8 are batsmen and 7 are 63 1 2 9
(1) (2) (3) (4)
bowlers. Find the probability that a team is chosen 256 1024 205 64
of 6 batsmen and 5 bowlers- 15. A committee consists of 9 experts taken from three
8 institutions A, B and C, of which 2 are from A,
C6 ´ 7 C5 8
C6 + 7C5
(1) 15 (2) 15 3 from B and 4 from C. If three experts resign,
C11 C11
then the probability that they belong to different
15 institutions is-
(3) (4) none of these
28 1 1 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6. Two dice are thrown. The probability that the sum 729 24 21 7
of the digits will be 7 is- 16. Three identical dice are rolled. The probability that
the same number will appear on each of them is
5 6 7 8
(1) (2) (3) (4) 1 1
36 36 36 36
(1) (2)
6 36
7. If four cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards
then the probability that all the cards are heart is- 1 3
(3) (4)
18 28
1 1 3 11
(1) (2) (3) (4) 17. Out of 13 applicants for a job, there are 5 women
4 52 13 4165
and 8 men. It is desired to select 2 persons for the
8. From a pack of 52 cards one card is drawn at
random, the probability that it is either a king or job. The probability that at least one of the selected
a queen is- persons will be women is-

1 2 3 4 25 14 5 10
(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)
13 13 13 13 39 39 13 13

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 95
18. In a lottery there were 90 tickets numbered 1 to 23. A die is thrown. Let A be the event that the num-
90. Five tickets were drawn at random. The ber obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the event
probability that two of the tickets drawn numbers that the number obtained is less than 5. Then
15 and 89 is-
P ( A È B) is
2 2
(1) (2) (1) 3/5 (2) 0
801 623
(3) 1 (4) 2/5
1 1
(3) (4) 24. In a non-leap year, the probability of having
267 623
53 tuesdays or 53 wednesdays is
19. A bag contains 4 red, 5 white and 6 black balls.
Three balls are drawn at random. The probability 1 2
(1) (2)
7 7
of being their different colours is-

23 24 3
(1) (2) (3) (4) None of these
91 91 7
25 25. Three numbers are chosen from 1 to 20. Find the
(3) (4) none of these
91 probability that they are not consecutive :-
20. Two dice are thrown thrice. The probability that first
186 187
throw shows sum of digit 10, second 11 and third (1) (2)
190 190
12 will be-

188 18
1 1 (3) (4)
(1) (2) 190
20
C3
216 432
26. While shuffling a pack of 52 playing cards, 2 are
1 1 accidentally dropped. Find the probability that the
(3) (4)
7776 648 missing cards to be of different colours

21. If 4 cards are drawn one after the other from a pack 29 1
of 52 cards, the probability that one will be from (1) (2)
52 2
each suit, is-
26 27
13 13 13 13 (3) (4)
(1) ´ ´ ´ 51 51
52 39 26 13
27. Seven persons are to be seated in a row. The
13 13 13 13 probability that two particular persons sit next to
(2) ´ ´ ´ ´ 24
52 51 50 49 each other is :-

13 13 13 13 1 1
(3) ´ ´ ´ ´ 24 (1) (2)
52 39 26 13 3 6
13 13 13 13
(4) ´ ´ ´ 2 1
52 51 50 49 (3) (4)
7 2
22. Four boys and three girls stands in a queue for an
28. Without repetition of the numbers, four digit
interview, probability that they will in alternate
numbers are formed with the numbers 0, 2, 3, 5.
position is-
The probability of such a number divisible by 5 is

1 1 1 1 1 4 1 5
(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)
34 35 17 68 5 5 30 9

E
96 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
29. 6 boys and 6 girls sit in a row at random. The 30. A single letter is selected at random from the word
probability that all the girls sit together is ‘PROBABILITY’. The probability that it is a
vowel is
1 12
(1) (2)
432 431 1 4 2 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 11 11 11
1
(3) (4) None of these
132

CHECK YOUR GRASP ANSWER KEY Exercise

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 2 2 4 2 1 2 4 2 3 4
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 3 2 1 4 2 1 1 2 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 4 3 2
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 97
COMPLEX NUMBERS
IMAGINARY NUMBERS
Numbers which has no existance are called imaginary numbers. For example : 1/4 ,
-5 , (–3) -1 and
(–ve) p/2q , where p is odd and q is any non-zero integer. -1 is represented by i.
So -1 = i
(i) Integral powers of i
Q i = 2 3 4
-1 Þ i = –1 Þ i = – i Þ i = 1

1 1 1
and i–1 = = – i, i–2 = = = –1
i i 2 -1

1 1 1 1
i–3 = = = i , i–4 = = = 1
3 -i 4 1
i i
So i2 = –1, i3 = –i, i4 =1, i–1 = – i, i–2 = –1, i–3 =i, i–4 = 1
Q i4 = 1 Þ (i4)n = 1n Þ i4n = 1, i4n+1 = i4n. i = i
i4n+2 = i4n . i2 = 1(–1) = –1 ; i4n + 3 = i4n i3 = 1.(–i) = –i
i4n–1 = i4n . i–1 = 1.(–i) = –i ; i4n–2 = i4ni–2 = 1.(–1) = –1
i4n–3 = i4n . i–3 = 1.(i) = i ; i4n – 4 = i4n i–4 = 1.1= 1
So i4n = 1, i4n +1 = i, i4n+2 = –1, i4n+3 = –i

i 4n -1 = - i, i 4n -2 = -1, i 4n - 3 = i, i 4n - 4 = 1
To calculate im, we divide given power by 4 and then according to remainder power we calculate im .
(ii) Negative numbers in radical sign
The square root of a negative real number is called an imaginary quantity or an imaginary number.
If a, b are positive real numbers, then -a ´ -b = - ab

Proof: We have -a = -1 ´ a = -1 ´ a = i a

and - b = - 1 ´ b = -1 ´ b = i b

Therefore -a ´ - b = (i a ) (i b )

= i2 ( a ´ b ) = -1( ab ) = – ab

Note. (i) For any two real numbers a ´ b = ab is true only when at least one of a and b is either positive
or zero. In other words, a ´ b = ab is not valid if a and b both are negative.
(ii) For any positive number a, we have
-a = - 1´ a = -1 ´ a = i a

i4n + 3 + (-i)8n -3
Ex.1 , n Î N is equal to -
( -i)12n -1 - i2-16n
(1) 1 + i (2) 2i (3) –2i (4) –1 – i
i3 + (-1)(i)-3 -i - i
Sol.(4) Given expression = -1 2
=
( -i) - (i) i+1

-2i 1-i -2i - 2

= × = = –1 – i
1+ i 1-i 1+1
E
98 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
200
Ex.2 If i2 = –1, then the value of å i n is-
n =1
(1) 50 (2) –50 (3) 0 (4) 100
200 i(1 - i200 )
Sol.(3) å i = i + i + i + ...... + i
n 2 3 200
= (since G.P.)
n =1
1- i

i (1 - 1)
= =0
1-i

COMPLEX NUMBERS
Numbers which can be written in the form of x + iy ; x, y Î R are called complex numbers which
can be represented by C.
C = {x + iy ; x, y Î R, i = -1 }
1
For example : 4 + 5i, –p + ei, 3 + i, 0 + 0i, 0 + i etc. are complex numbers.
4
If z = x + iy Î C then x is called the real part of z and y is called imaginary part of z which are
represented by R (z) and I(z) respectively.
So R(z) = x, I(z) = y
Q x = x + 0.i, so all real numbers are complex number and i.y = 0 + i.y, So all imaginary numbers
are also complex numbers so number system begins with N and ends with C.
N ÌW ÌI Ì Q Ì R Ì C
(a) Equality of two complex numbers
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 are two complex numbers then
z1 = z 2 Û x1 = x2, y1 = y2
For example if a + ib = 5 – 6i then a = 5,b = – 6
Note: Inequality relation does not hold good in case of complex numbers having non-zero imaginary parts.
For example the statement 8 + 5i > 5 + 3i makes no sense.
(b) Zero Complex Number
Let z = x + iy Î C then z = 0 Û x = 0, y = 0
(c) Algebra of Complex Numbers
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 are two complex numbers then their
(i) Addition
z1 + z 2 = (x 1 + x2) + i (y1 + y2)
(ii) Subtraction
z1 – z 2 = (x 1 – x2) + i (y1 – y2)
(iii) Multiplication
z1 . z 2 = (x 1x2 – y1y2) + i (x1y2 + x2y1)
(iv) Division

z1 æx x +y y ö æx y -x y ö
= ç 1 2 1 2
÷ + iç 2 1 1 2
÷
z2 ç x + y
2 2 ÷ø ç 2 2 ÷ , z2 ¹ 0
è 2 2 è x 2
+ y 2 ø

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 99
REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
(i) Cartesian Representation : A complex number z = x + iy can be Imaginary
axis
represented by a point P whose cartesian coordinates are (x, y) P(x, y)
referred to axes OX and OY, usually called the real and imaginary
axes respectively. The plane of OX and OY is called the Argand y
plane or the complex plane and corresponding to every point in q
x Real axis
O M
this plane there exists a complex number. Since the origin O lies
on both OX and OY, the corresponding complex number z = 0 is
both purely real and imaginary.

Note: (i) |z|= x 2 + y2 , Thus modulus of complex number denotes the distance of point P(z) from origin.

(ii) The angle q which OP makes with the positive direction of real axis is known as the amplitude or
argument of the complex number z.
-1 y
q = arg(z) = tan
x
(ii) Polar Representation : If z = x + iy is a complex number then z = r(cos q + i sin q) is a polar form

-1 y
of complex number z where x = r cos q, y = r sin q; r = x 2 + y2 = |z| and q = tan
x
(where q is the principle argument of z, i.e. – p < q £ p)

(iii) Vector Representation : If z = x + iy is a complex number such that it represent point P(x, y) then
®
its vector representation is z = OP

(iv) Exponential form: If z = x + iy is a complex number then its exponential form is z = reiq , where r
is modulus & q is amplitude of complex number.

Ex.3 If (x + iy) (2 –3i) = 4 + i, then

(1) x = – 14/3, y = 5/13 (2) x = 5/13. y = 14/13
(3) x = 14/13, y = 5/13 (4) x = 5/13, y = –14/13
4+i (4 + i)(2 + 3i) 5 + 14i
Sol.(2) x + iy = = =
2 - 3i 13 13
\ x = 5/13, y = 14/13

Ex.4 If a + ib = c + id, then

(1) a – c = i (b – d) (2) a – ib = c – id (3) a = d, b = c (4) None of these
Sol.(2) If a + ib = c + id. Equating real and imaginary parts,
we get a = c and b = d Þ –b = –d.
Therefore a – ib = c – id
5p
Ex.5 Let z be a complex number such that |z| = 4 and arg(z) = , then z equals-
6
(1) -2 3 + 2i (2) 2 3 + 2i (3) 2 3 - 2i (4) - 3 + i
5p
Sol.(1) Let z = r (cosq + isinq). Then r =4, q =
6
æ 5p 5p ö æ 3 iö
\ z = 4 ç cos + i sin ÷ = 4 çè - + ÷ = -2 3 + 2i
è 6 6ø 2 2ø

E
100 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
3 + 2i sin q
Ex.6 will be purely imaginary, if q =
1 - 2i sin q
p p p
(1) 2np ± (2) np + (3) np ± (4) None of these
3 3 3
3 + 2i sin q
Sol.(3) will be purely imaginary, if the real part vanishes, i.e.,
1 - 2i sin q
3 - 4 sin 2 q
= 0 Þ 3 – 4 sin2 q = 0 (only if q be real)
1 + 4 sin 2 q
3 æ pö
Þ sin q = ± = sin ç± 3 ÷
2 è ø
æ pö p
Þ q = np + (–1)n çè ± 3 ÷ø = np ± .
3

CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER Imaginary

Axis
In a complex number if we replace i by –i, we get conjugate
of complex number. If a + ib is a complex number it’s conjugate
is a – ib. Here both numbers will be conjugate to each other.
Z
It is represented by z and z is mirror image of z in real axis
on Argand plane. Real Axis
O
Properties of conjugate Z
(i) |z| = | z | (ii) z z =|z|2
(iii) (z1 + z2 ) = ( z1 )+ ( z 2 ) (iv) (z1 – z2 ) = ( z1 ) – ( z 2 )

æz ö (z )
(v) (z1 z2 ) = ( z1 ) ( z 2 ) (vi) ç 1 ÷ = 1 (z2 ¹ 0)
z
è 2ø ( z2 )

(vii) ( z ) = z (viii) If w = f(z), then w = f ( z )

(ix) |z1 + z2|2 = (z1 + z2) (z1 + z 2 ) = (z1 + z2) ( z1 + z 2 ) = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 z 2 + z1 z2
1
Ex.7 The conjugate of is-
3 + 4i

1 1
(1) (3 – 4i) (2) (3 + 4i) (3) (3 – 4i) (4) None of these
25 25

1 3 - 4i 1
Sol.(2) = = (3 –4i)
3 + 4i (3 + 4i)(3 - 4i) 25

1 1
Þ conjugate of = (3 + 4i)
3 + 4i 25
z-z
Ex.8 If z = x + iy then the value of is -
z+z
y ix ix iy
(1) (2) - (3) (4)
ix y y x
z-z 2iy iy
Sol.(4) = =
z+z 2x x

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 101
MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Modulus of a complex number z = x + iy is denoted as mod (z) or | z |, is defined as |z| = x2 + y2 ,

where x = R(z), y = I(z). Sometimes, |z| is called absolute value of z.

For example, if z = 3 + 4i, then |z| = 32 + 42 = 5 .

Note: Modulus of every complex number is a non-negative real number.

Properties of modulus
(i) |z| ³ 0 and |z| = 0 if and only if z = 0, i.e., x = 0, y = 0
(ii) |z| = | z | = |– z| = |– z |.

(iii) z z = |z|2
(iv) – |z| £ Re (z) £ | z| and – |z| £ Im(z) £ |z|
(v) |z1z2| = |z1| |z2|

z1 |z1 |
(vi) = (provided z2 ¹ 0)
z2 |z 2 |

(vii) |z1 ± z2| £ |z1| + |z2|

(viii) |z1 – z2| ³ | | z1| - |z2| |
(ix) |z2| = |z|2 or |zn| = |z|n also |z1z2 .... zn| = |z1| |z2| ...... |zn|
(x) |z1 + z2|2 + |z1 – z2|2 = 2(|z1|2 + |z2|2)

(xi) |z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2 Re (z1 z2 )

(xii) |z1 – z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 – 2 Re (z1 z2 )

(3 + 4 i ) (5 - 7 i )
Ex.9 If z = then | z | = ?
(7 + 5i ) (4 - 3i )

(1) 5 (2) 4 (3) 1 (4) None of these

| (3 + 4i ) | | (5 - 7i) |
Sol.(3) |z| =
| (7 + 5i) | | (4 - 3i) |

9 + 16 25 + 49
= = 1
49 + 25 16 + 9

Ex.10 If z - i = 1 , then locus of z is

z+i

(1) x-axis (2) y-axis (3) x = 1 (4) y = 1

z -i x + i ( y - 1)
Sol.(1) We have, = 1Þ =1
z+i x + i ( y + 1)

x + i ( y - 1)
2

= 1 Þ x2 + ( y - 1) = x 2 + ( y + 1)
2 2
Þ
x + i ( y + 1)
2

Þ 4y = 0 Þ y = 0, which is x-axis

E
102 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
z1
Ex.11 If z1, z2, Î C are such that | z1 + z 2 |2 = |z 1 | 2 + | z2 |2 then z is -
2

(1) Zero (2) Purely real (3) Purely imaginary (4) Complex
Sol.(3) Q | z 1 + z 2 |2 = | z1 |2 + | z2 | 2
Þ |z 1 | 2 + | z 2 | 2 + 2 R ( z1z 2 ) = | z 1 | 2 + | z2 | 2
Þ R ( z1z 2 ) = 0 Þ z1z 2 is imaginary

z1 z1 z2 imaginary
Now = = = imaginary
z2 z 2 z2 |z 2 |2

AMPLITUDE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

The amplitude or argument of a complex number z is the inclination of the directed line segment rep-

æ yö Y
resenting z, with real axis. If z = x + iy then amp(z) = tan -1 ç ÷
è xø
x < 0, y > 0 x > 0, y > 0
The argument of any complex number is not unique. –1 y –1 y
q =p -tan x q = tan x
2np + q (n integer) is also argument of z for various values of n. X
x < 0, y < 0 O x > 0, y < 0
The value of q satisfying the inequality –p < q £ p is called –1 y –1 y
q = -p +tan x q= -tan x

the principle value of the argument.

For finding the principle argument of any complex number first check that the complex number is in
which quadrant and then find the angle q and amplitude using the adjacent figure.

Note : (a) If a complex number is multiplied by iota(i) its amplitude will be increased by p/2 and if multiplied
by (–i) then will be decreased by p/2.

(b) Amplitude of complex number in I and II quadrant is always positive and in III and IV is always negative.

(c) Argument of zero is not defined.

Y
(d) Let z1,z2 ,z3 be the affixes of P, Q, R respectively in the R(z3) Q(z2 )

Argand Plane. Then from the figure the angle between

q
PQ and PR is P(z1 )

uuur uuur æz -z ö q1 q2
q = q2 - q1 = arg PR - arg PQ = arg ç 3 1 ÷ X
è z 2 - z1 ø O

æ z3 - z 1 ö
(i) If z1, z2, z3 are collinear, then q = 0° therefore ç is purely real.
è z2 - z1 ÷ø

æ z3 - z1 ö
(ii) If z1, z2, z3 are such that PR ^ PQ, then q = 90°,so ç is purely imaginary.
è z2 - z1 ÷ø

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 103
Properties of Amplitude :-

(i) arg (z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2) (ii) arg(z1/z2) = arg(z1) – arg(z2)

(iii) arg(zn) = n arg(z) (iv) If arg (z) = 0 Þ z is a positive real number

(v) arg(z) + arg( z ) = 0 (vi) arg(z – z ) = ± p/2

(vii) arg(z) = p Þ z is a negative real number (viii) arg( z ) = – arg (z) = arg(1/z)

(ix) arg(–z) = arg(z) ± p (x) arg(i y) = p/2 if y > 0

= – p/2 if y < 0 (where y ÎR)

a + ib
Ex.12 The amplitude of is -
a – ib

æ 2ab ö æ 2ab ö æ 2ab ö æ a2 - b2 ö

(1) tan–1 ç 2 (2) tan –1 ç 2 (3) tan –1 ç 2 (4) tan –1 ç ÷
è a + b ÷ø è b + a ÷ø è a - b ÷ø
2 2
è 2ab ø
2

æ a + ib ö æ a + ib ö
Sol. (3) amp ç = amp çè a + ib ÷ø = amp (a + ib) – amp (a + ib )
è a – ib ÷ø
æ bö ìï –1
b üï
= tan–1 ç ÷ – í – tan ý
è aø îï a ïþ

b æ 2ab ö
= 2tan –1 = tan –1 ç a 2 – b 2 ÷
a è ø

p æ pö
Ex.13 The amplitude of sin + i ç1 - cos ÷
5 è 5ø

p 2p p p
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 5 10 15

p æ pö p p p p æ p pö
Sol.(3) sin + i ç 1 - cos ÷ = 2sin cos + i 2sin2 = 2sin ç cos + i sin ÷
5 è 5ø 10 10 10 10 è 10 10 ø

p
sin p
For amplitude, tan q = 10 = tan p Þ q= .
p 10 10
cos
10

Ex.14 The polar form of (–1 + i) is-

(1) 2 (cosp/4 + i sinp/4) (2) 2 (cos5p/4 + i sin5p/4)

(3) 2 (cos3p/4 + i sin3p/4) (4) 2 (cosp/4 – i sinp/4)

Sol.(3) Q | –1 + i | = 2 , amp (–1 + i) = p – p/4 = 3p/4

\ –1 + i = 2 (cos3p/4 + i sin3p/4)

E
104 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
COMPLEX NUMBERS EXERCISE
1. i 57 + 1/ i125 equals
(2 + i)
(1) 0 (2) –2 i (3) 2i (4) 2 12. (1 + i) =
(3 + i)

2. If i = -1 , then 1 + i + i – i + i is equal to-

2 3 6 8
(1) –1/2 (2) 1/2 (3) 1 (4) –1
(1) 2 – i (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) –1
cosq - isinq
13. Modulus of is
3. (i10 + 1) (i9 + 1) (i8 + 1) ...... (i + 1) equals sinq - icosq
(1) – 1 (2) 1 (3) 0 (4) i (1) 0 (2) 2 q
4. i + i + i + ..... upto (2n + 1) terms =
2 4 6
(3) p – 2q (4) none of these
(1) i (2) –i (3) 1 (4) –1
1+ 3 i
5. Which of the following is the correct statement ? 14. Amplitude of is
3+i
(1) 2i > 1 (2) 2i + 1 > –2i + 1

(3) 1 – i < 1 + i (4) none of these p p p

(1) (2) (3) 0 (4)
6. i +i
n n+1
+i +i
n+2 n+3
(n Î N) is equal to- 3 2 6

(1) 4 (2) 1 (3) 0 (4) 2 15. If amp(z) = a, then amp(i z) is equal to

7. (1 + i)8 + (1 – i)8 = (1) p – a (2) (p/2) + a
(1) 16 (2) –16 (3) 32 (4) –32 (3) (p/2) – a (4) – a
8. If the conjugate of (x + iy) (1 – 2i) be 1 + i then x 16. Multiplying a complex number by i rotates the vector
and y are representing the complex number through an angle
(1) 3/5, 4/5 (2) 3/5, 1/5 of

(3) –3/5, 1/5 (4) none of these (1) 180° (2) 90° (3) 60° (4) 360°

17. If modulus and amplitude of a complex number

1 1 are 2 and 2p/3 respectively, then the number is
9. If z1 = , a ¹ 0 and z2 = , b ¹ 0 are such
a+i 1 + bi
(1) 1 – i 3 (2) 1 + i 3
that z1 = z 2 then

(1) a = 1, b = 1 (2) a = 1, b = –1 (3) –1 + i 3 (4) –1 – i 3

(3) a = –1, b = 1 (4) a = –1, b = –1

18. If 2 sin q – 2i cos q = 1 + i 3 , then value of q is
10. If z1, z2 Î C, then wrong statement is

p 5p p p
(1) z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 (2) |z1 z2 |= |z 2 ||z1 | (1) (2) (3) (4)
6 6 3 2

(3) z1 z 2 = z 2 z1 (4) |z1 + z 2 |= |z1 - z 2 |

100
æ 1 – iö
19. If ç = a + ib then
11. The modulus of (1 + i) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i) is equal to è 1 + i ÷ø

(1) 10 (2) 5
(1) a = 2, b = –1 (2) a = 1, b = 0
(3) 5 (4) 10 (3) a = 0, b = 1 (4) a = – 1, b = 2

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 105
26. sinx + i cos 2x and cos x – i sin 2x are conjugate to
4 4
20. Expression + is each other for
1 + 3i 1 - 3i
æ 1ö p
(1) a rational number but not integer (1) x = np (2) x = çè n + ÷ø
2 2
(2) an irrational number
(3) x = 0 (4) No value of x
(3) a purely imaginary number 27. The real value of a for which the expression
(4) an integer 1 - i sin a
is purely real is
21. a + i b < c + id is meaningful if 1 + 2i sin a

(1) a2 + b2 = 0 (2) b2 + c2 = 0 p p
(1) (n + 1) (2) (2n + 1)
(3) a2 + c2 = 0 (4) b2 + d2 = 0 2 2

æ x yö (3) np (4) None of these, where n Î N

çè p + q ÷ø
22. If z = x – iy and z = p + iq, then 2
1/3
is equal 28. The value of (z + 3) (z + 3) is equivalent to
(p + q 2 )
to- (1) z + 3 2 (2) z - 3
(1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 2 (4) –2
(3) z2 + 3 (4) None of these
23. If z 1, z 2, z 3 are complex numbers such that 29. A real value o f x sati sfie s th e equati on

1 1 1 æ 3 - 4ix ö
|z 1| = |z 2| = |z 3|= + + = 1 , then çè ÷ =a – ib, (a,b Î R) if a2 + b2 =
z1 z2 z3 3 + 4ix ø

(1) 1 (2) – 1
|z1 + z2 + z3| is
(3) 2 (4) – 2
(1) equal to 1 (2) less than 1
30. The value of arg (x) when x < 0 is
(3) greater than 3 (4) equal to 3

24. If arg(z) < 0, then arg(–z) – arg(z) = p

(1) 0 (2)
2
(1) p (2) – p (3) – p/2 (4) p/2
(3) p (4) None of these

1
25. The conjugate of a complex number is , then
i -1

that complex number is-

-1 1
(1) (2)
i -1 i +1

-1 1
(3) (4)
i +1 i -1

Answ er-Key Exercise

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 1 1 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 4
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 3 4 4 2 2 3 2 2 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 4 4 1 1 3 4 3 1 1 3

E
106 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

Important Notes

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 107

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF TWO SETS :
Given two non-empty sets A and B. The cartesian product A × B is the set of all ordered pairs of the form
(a, b) where the first entry comes from set A & second comes from set B.
A × B = {(a, b) | a Î A, b Î B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3} B = {p, q}
A × B = {(1, p),(1, q), (2, p), (2, q), (3, p), (3, q)}
Ex.1 If (x + 1, y – 2) = (3, 1), find the values of x and y.
Sol. Since the ordered pairs are equal, the corresponding elements are equal.
Therefore x + 1 = 3 and y – 2 = 1.
Solving we get x = 2 and y = 3.
Ex.2 If P = {a, b, c} and Q = {r}, from the sets P × Q and Q × P.
Are these two products equal ?
Sol. By the definition of the cartesian product,
P × Q = {(a, r), (b, r), (c, r)} and Q × P = {(r, a), (r, b), (r, c)}
Since, by the definition of equality of ordered pairs, the pair (a, r) is not equal to the pair (r, a), we conclude
that P × Q ¹ Q × P.
However, the number of elements in each set will be the same.
Ex.3 Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4} and C = {4, 5, 6}. Find
(i) A × (B Ç C) (ii) (A × B) Ç (A × C)
(iii) A × (B È C) (iv) (A × B) È (A × C)
Sol. (i) By the definition of the intersection of two sets, (B Ç C) = {4}.
Therefore, A × (B Ç C) = {(1,4), (2,4), (3,4)}.
(ii) Now (A × B) = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,3), (3,4)}
and (A × C) = {(1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)}
Therefore, (A × B) Ç (A × C) = {(1,4), (2,4), (3,4)}.
(iii) Since, (B È C) = {3, 4, 5, 6} we have
A × (B È C) = {(1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)}
(iv) Using the sets A × B and A × C from part (ii) above, we obtain
(A × B) È (A × C) = {(1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)}.
Ex.4 If P = {1, 2}, form the set P × P × P.
Sol. We have, P × P × P = {(1,1,1), (1,1,2), (1,2,1), (1,2,2), (2,1,1 ) (2,1,2), (2,2,1), (2,2,2)}.
Ex.5 If R is the set of all real numbers, what do the cartesian products R × R and R × R × R represent?
Sol. The Cartesian product R × R represents the set R × R = {(x, y) : x, y Î R} which represents the coordinates
of all the points in two dimensional space and the cartesian product R × R × R represents the set
R × R × R = {(x, y, z) : x, y, z Î R} which represents the coordinates of all the points in three-dimensional
space.
Ex.6 If A × B = {(p, q), (p, r), (m, q), (m, r)}, find A and B.
Sol. A = set of first elements = {p, m}
B = set of second elements = {q, r}.

2. DEFINITION :
Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from A to B is a subset of A × B.
thus, R is a relation from A to B Û R Í A × B.
Ex.7 If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b, c}, then R = {(1, b), (2, c), (1, a), (3, a)} being a subset of A × B, is a relation from
A to B. Here (1, b), (2, c), (1, a) and (3, a) Î R, so we write 1 Rb, 2Rc, 1Ra and 3Ra. But (2, b) Ï R, so we
write 2 R b
3. Total Number of Relations : Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets consisting of m and n elements
respectively. The n A × B consists of mn ordered pairs. So, total number o f subsets of
A × B is 2mn.
·  Number of Non-empty subsets 2mn–1
E
108 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
4. Domain and Range of a relation : Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then the set of all first
components or coordinates of the ordered pairs belonging to R is called to domain of R, while the set of all
second components or coordinates of the ordered pairs in R is called the range of R.
Thus, Dom (R) = {a : (a, b) Î R}
and, Range (R) = {b : (a, b) Î R}
It is evident from the definition that the domain of a relation from A to B is a subset of A and its range is a
subset of B.
Ex.8 Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8} be two sets and let R be a relation from A to B defined by the phrase
"(x, y) Î R Û x > y". Under this relation R, we have
3R2, 5R2, 5R4, 7R2, 7R4 and 7R6
i.e. R = {(3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 4), (7, 2), (7, 4), (7, 6)}
\ Dom (R) = {3, 5, 7} and Range (R) = {2, 4, 6}
5. Inverse Relation : Let A, B be two sets and let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then the inverse of
R, denoted by R–1, is a relation from B to A and is defined by
R–1 = {(b, a) : (a, b) Î R}
Clearly, (a, b) Î R Û (b, a) Î R–1
Also, Dom(R) = Range(R–1) and Range (R) = Dom (R–1)
Ex.9 Let A be the set of first ten natural numbers and let R be a relation on A defined by (x, y) Î R Û x + 2y = 10,
i.e. R = {(x, y) : x Î A, y Î A and x + 2y = 10}. Express R and R –1 as sets of ordered pairs. Determine also (i)
domain of R and R–1 (ii) range of R and R–1

10 - x
Sol. We have (x, y) Î R Û x + 2y = 10 Û y = , x, y Î A
2

where A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

10 - 1 9
Now, x=1Þy= = Ï A.
2 2

This shows that 1 is not related to any element in A. Similarly we can observe. that 3, 5, 7, 9 and 10 are not
related to any element of A under the defined relation
Further we find that :

10 - 2
For x = 2, y = = 4 ÎA \ (2, 4) Î R
2

10 - 4
For x = 4, y = = 3 ÎA \ (4, 3) Î R
2

10 - 6
For x = 6, y = = 2 ÎA \ (6, 2) Î R
2

10 - 8
For x = 8, y = = 1 ÎA \ (8, 1) Î R
2

Thus R = {(2, 4), (4, 3), (6, 2), (8, 1)}

Þ R–1 = {(4, 2), (3, 4), (2, 6), (1, 8)}
Clearly, Dom(R) = {2, 4, 6, 8} = Range(R–1)
and Range (R) = {4, 3, 2, 1} = Dom(R–1)
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 109
6. FUNCTION
Function (f) is a rule / correspondence that associate each element of A with unique element of B. If a Î A
and b Î B then f : A ® B represent function from A into B.
Here b is called the image of a and a is called the pre-image of b under f.
Imp. Note-1 :
If number of elements in A = n and the number of elements in B = m, then number of function from A to B
is mn
Note-2 :
(i) Every element of A should be associated with B but vice-versa is not essential.
(ii) Every element of A should be associated with a unique (one and only one) element of B but any element
of B can have two or more relations in A.
6.1 Representation of Function : It can be done by three methods
(a) By Arrow Diagram/Mapping

Df = {a, b, c, d}
Co-domain = {p, q, r, s, t, u}
Rf = {p, q, t}
We can Write f(b) = q f(c) = q etc.

It shows the graphical aspect of the relation of the elements of A with the elements of B

A B

a w
b x
eg. f1 : f2 : c y
d z

[It is a function by note (i)] [It is a function by note (ii)]

A B A B

a l a u
b m
f3 : f4 : b v
n
c o c w

[It is not a function as 'c' has 2 images] [It is not a function as b dosen't keep any image]
(b) Algebraic Method : It shows the relation between the elements of two sets in the form two variables x
and y where x is independent variable and y is dependent variable.
If A and B be two given sets A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {5, 7, 9} then f : A ® B, y = f(x) = 2x + 3
(c) In the from of ordered pairs : A function f : A ® B can be expressed as a set of ordered pairs in
which first element of every ordered pair is a member of A and second element is the member of B.
So f is a set of ordered pairs (a, b) such that &
(i) a is an element of A
(ii) b is an element of B
(iii) Two ordered pairs should not have the same first element.

E
110 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.10 Which of the following is a function ?
(1) {(2, 1) , (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)} (2) {(1, 4), (2, 5), (1, 6), (3, 9)}
(3) {(1, 2), (3, 3), (2, 3), (1, 4)} (4) {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2)}
Sol.(4) We know that for a relation to be function every element of first set should be associated with one and only
one element of second set but elements of first set can have same f-image in second set which is given in (4)

6.2 Testing for a function : A relation f : A ® B is a function or not, it can be checked by following methods.

(a) By rules : By the defination of the function, when can cheek function.
Ex.11 Is y = x is a function for x Î R ?
Sol. y is available for all real values in x Î R. so it is a function.
Ex.12 Is y = x - 1 is a function for x ³ 1 ?
Sol. Yes it is a function.

Ex.13 Is y = x – |x| is a function for (a) x ³ 1, (b) x Î R

for
(a) it is a function
(b) it is not a function as for negative values it is not defined
(b) Vertical Line Test : If we are given a graph of the relation then we can check whether the given relation is
function or not. If it is possible to draw a vertical line means line parallel to Y-axis which cuts the given curve
at more than one point then given relation is not a function and when this vertical line cuts the curve at only
one point then it is a function. See following examples to understand vertical line test.

Ex.14 y2 = x X vertical line cuts at 2 point. Not a function

O

Ex.15 y = x vertical line cuts at 1 point. So it is a function

X
O

Ex.16 y = 9 + x2 vertical line cuts at 1 point. So it is a function

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 111
Ex.17 If X = {a, b, c, d, e} and Y = {p, q, r, s, t} then which of the following subset(s) of X × Y is/are a function from
X to Y
(1) {(a, r) (b, r) (b, s) (d, t) (e, q) (c, q)} (2) {(a, r) (b, p) (c, t) (d, q)}
(3) {(a, p) (b, t) (c, r) (d, s) (e, q)} (4) {(a, r) (b, r)(c, r) (d, r) (e, r)}
Sol.(3,4)
Let us check every option for the two condition of the function
(1) Q b has two outputs (images) namely r and s
\ Not a function
(2) Q e Î X does not have any image
\ it is not a function
(3) Q every element of X has one and only one output
\ it is a function
(4) Q every element's output is r
\ it is a function
Hence correct options are (3) and (4)
Ex.18 If A = {a, b} and B = {0, 1, 2} then number of functions defined from A to B is-
(1) 9 (2) 8 (3) 6 (4) none of these
Sol.(1) Here we have to count all the functions whose domain is A and co domain is B

\ We have 9 function. Hence (1) correct

Remember :
In general, if A has n elements and B has m elements then number of functions from A to B is m n (This will
be proved in the chapter "Permutation and Combination")
6.3 Values of function : Since we denote function by y = f(x) so when x is changed, y has to change according
by. Here x is independent variable and y is dependant variable
If y = f(x) is any function defined in R, then for any given values of x = a, the values of function can be
expressed by substituting x = a in to function and it is denoted by f(a)

E
112 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

2x
Ex.19 If f(x) = , then f(tanq) equals-
1 - x2

(1) cot2q (2) tan2q (3) sec2q (4) cos2q

2x 2 tan q
Sol.(2) f(x) = 2
then f(tanq) = = tan2q
1- x 1 - tan2 q

x f(a / b)
Ex.20 If f(x) = , then =
x +1 f(b / a)

(1) ab (2) a/b (3) b/a (4) 1

a
æaö a
Sol.(2) f ç ÷ = b =
èbø a a+b
+1
b

b
æbö a b
fç ÷ = =
èaø b a+b
+1
a

æaö
fç ÷
Þ è bø = a × a+b = a
æbö a+b b b
fç ÷
èaø

Ex.21 If f(x) = 2cosx + sin2x, then f(2p – x) equals-

(1) – f(x) (2) f(x) (3) – 2f(x) (4) 2f(x)
Sol.(2) f(x) = 2cosx + sin2 x
f(2p – x) = 2cos(2p – x) + sin2(2p – x)
= 2cosx + sin 2x = f(x)

ì4x + 3 0 < x < 1

Ex.22 If f(x) = í then find f(1/2) and f(2)
î6 - 2x 1 £ x < 4

Sol. f(1/2) = 4. 1/2 + 3 = 5, f(2) = 6 – 2.2 = 2

n
Ex.23 If f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), f(1) = 7 then find summation of å f(r)
n =1

Sol. f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)

f(2) = f(1 + 1) = f(1) + f(1) = 7 + 7 = 14 = 7.2
f(3) = f(2 + 1) = f(2) + f(1) = 14 + 7 = 21 = 7.3
f(4) = f(3 + 1) = f(3) + f(1) = 21 + 7 = 28 = 7.4

n 7n(n + 1)
Þ Sn = [7 + 7n] =
2 2
Here 7 = first term ; 7n = last term

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 113
Ex.24 If f(x + y, x – y) = x.y then find A.M. of f(x, y) and f(y, x)
Sol. f(x + y, x – y) = x.y
Þ let x + y = p
x–y=q
p+q p-q
Þ x= ,y=
2 2
so f(x + y, x – y) = x.y

p+q p-q p2 - q 2
f(p, q) = . =
2 2 4

x2 - y 2
Þ so f(x, y) =
4
y2 - x2
f(y, x) =
4

x2 - y2 y2 - x2
+
Þ A.M. of f(x, y) & f(y, x) = 4 4 =0
2

1+ x æ a+b ö
Ex.25 If f(x) = ln then f ç ÷ =
1- x è 1 + ab ø

f(a)
(1) f(a) – f(b) (2) f(a) + f(b) (3) (4) f(a) f(b)
f(b)

a+b
1+
æ a+b ö 1 + ab 1 + ab + a + b (1 + a) (1 + b) 1+ a 1+ b
Sol.(2) f ç
1 + ab ÷ = ln = ln = X (say) = ln = ln + log = f(a) + f(b)
è ø a+b 1 + ab - a - b (1 - a) (1 - b) 1- a 1-b
1-
1 + ab

1+a 1+ b æ 1+ a 1 - b ö
(1) f(a) – f(b) = ln – ln = ln ç ´ ÷ ¹X \ (1) is wrong
1-a 1- b è 1-a 1+ b ø

1+ a 1+ b (1 + a) (1 + b)
(2) f(a) + f(b) = ln + ln = ln =X \ is correct
1- a 1- b (1 - a) (1 - b)
(3) and (4) are obviously wrong
\ only correct option is (2)
7. DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION :
Let ƒ : A ® B, then the set A is known as the domain of ƒ & the set B is known as co-domain of ƒ . The
set of ƒ images of all the elements of A is known as the range of ƒ .
Domain of ƒ = {a ½ a Î A, (a, ƒ (a)) Î ƒ }
Range of ƒ = {ƒ (a) ½ a Î A, ƒ (a) Î B}
(a) If only the rule of function is given then the domain of the function is the set of those real numbers,
where function is defined.
(b) For a continuous function, the interval from minimum to maximum value of a function gives the range
(c) It should be noted that range is a subset of co-domain.
Note :
(i) The complete set of all positive real numbers is denoted by R+ .
(ii) The complete set of all negative real numbers is denoted by R– .
(iii) The complete set of all real numbers other then zero is denoted by R0.
(iv) The complete set of all integers is denoted by Z.

E
114 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.26 Find the domain of following functions :

1
(i) y = 5 - 2x (ii) y =
x- | x |

5
Sol. (i) 5 – 2x > 0 Þ x £ \ Domain is (–¥,5/2]
2
(ii) x – |x| > 0 Þ |x| < x Þ x cannot take any real values \ Domain is f

8. IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS :

(a) Polynomial Function :
If a function ƒ is defined by ƒ (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn-1 + a2 xn-2 + ....... + an-1 x + an where n is a non
negative integer and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0 ¹ 0, then ƒ is called a polynomial function
of degree n. If n is odd, then polynomial is of odd degree, if n is even, then polynomial is of even degree.
Note :
(i) Range of odd degree polynomial is always R.
(ii) Range of even degree polynomial is never R.
(iii) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear function.
i.e. ƒ (x) = ax , a ¹ 0
(iv) ƒ (x) = ax + b, a ¹ 0 is a linear polynomial
(v) ƒ (x) = c is non linear polynomial (its degree is zero)
(vi) ƒ (x) = 0 is a polynomial but its degree is not defined
(vii) There are two polynomial functions, satisfying the relation ;
ƒ (x) . ƒ (1/x) = ƒ (x) + ƒ (1/x). They are :
(a) ƒ (x) = xn + 1 & (b) ƒ (x) = 1 - xn, where n is a positive integer.
(b) Algebraic Function :
A function ‘f’ is called an algebraic function if it can be constructed using algebraic operations (such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking radicals) within polynomials.

x 4 - 16x 2
Example : f(x) = x + 1 ; g(x) =
2
+ (x – 2) 3
x +1
x+ x
y is an algebraic function of x, if it is a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of the form
P0 (x) yn + P1 (x) yn-1 + ....... + Pn-1 (x) y + Pn (x) = 0. Where n is a positive integer and P0 (x), P1 (x).......
are Polynomials in x. e.g. x3 + y3 – 3xy = 0.
Note :
(i) All polynomial functions are Algebraic but not the converse.
(ii) A function that is not algebraic is called Transcendental Function.
Basic algebraic function :
y
(i) y = x2 y=x
2 Domain : R
Range : R + È {0} or [0, ¥)
o x

y
y = 1/x
1
(ii) y = Domain : R – {0} or R 0
x x
o
Range : R – {0}

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 115
y
1
(iii) y = y = 1/x
2
Domain : R 0
x2
o x Range : R + or (0, ¥)

y y=x
3

1
(iv) y = x3 Domain : R
o x
1
Range : R

(c) Rational function :

g(x)
A rational function is a function of the form y = f(x) = , where g(x) & h(x) are polynomials &
h(x)
h(x) ¹ 0, Domain : R–{x | h(x)=0}
Any rational function is automatically an algebraic function.
(d) Trigonometric functions :

Y
(–3p/2,1) (p/2,1)
(i) Sine function

o p
f(x) = sin x X

Domain : R
(–p /2,–1) (3p/2,–1)
Range : [–1, 1], period 2p

(ii) Cosine function Y

(0,1)

f(x) = cos x
Domain : R o p/2 X
Range : [–1, 1], period 2p
(–p,–1) (p,–1)

(iii) Tangent function Y

f(x) = tan x
-p p p/2

ì (2n + 1) p ü –3p/2 O p/2 3 X

Domain : R - í x | x = , n Î Iý
î 2 þ
Range : R , period p
Y

(iv) Cosecant function y=1

(–3p/2,1) (p/2,1)

f(x) = cosec x
o X
Domain : R – {x|x = np, n ÎI}
(–p/2,–1)
Range : R – (–1, 1), period 2p
y=–1

x=–2 p x=-p x= p x=2p

E
116 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
(v) Secant function Y

f(x) = sec x (–2p,1) (0,1)

y=1

o X
Domain : R – {x|x = (2n + 1) p/2 : n Î I} (-p ,-1) (p , -1)
y=-1

Range : R – (–1, 1), period 2p

3p p p 3p
x=– x=– x= x=
2 2 2 2

(vi) Cotangent function Y

f(x) = cot x O
Domain : R – {x|x = np, n ÎI} X
p
(– 3p ,0) (– p ,0) ( ,0) ( 3 p ,0)
Range : R, period p 2 2 2 2

x=–2p x=–p x=p x=2p

(e) Exponential and Logarithmic Function :

A function f(x) = a x (a > 0), a ¹ 1, x ÎR is called an exponential function. The inverse of
the exponential function is called the logarithmic function, i.e. g(x)= log a x.
Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other & their graphs are as shown. (If functions are
mirror image of each other about the line y = x)
Domain of a x is R Range R +
+
Domain of log a x is R Range R

y y
+¥ +¥

(0,1)
x
f(x)=a, a>1 (0,1) f(x)=ax, a Î(0,1)
45°
(1,0) x (1,0) x

x x g(x)=logax
y= y=

g(x)=loga x

y y = log2x

y = log3x
1 y = log5x
y = log10x

0 1 x

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 117

y y
–x
y=e
x
y=e

x x
O O

Y
–x x
y=2–x y=4 y=10 –x y=10 y=4
x
y=2x Domain : R

a>1 Range : R +

0<a<1
X
O

Note-1 : f(x) = a 1/x , a > 0 Domain : R – {0} Range : R + – {1}

1
Note-2 : f(x) = log x a = Domain : R + – {1} Range : R – {0}
log a x
(a > 0) (a ¹ 1)
(f) Absolute Value Function :
y
A function y = ƒ (x) = ½x½ is called the absolute value function
y=–x y=x
or Modulus function. It is defined as :

é x if x ³ 0
y = ½x½= ê
ë - x if x < 0
x
For ƒ (x) = |x|, domain is R and range is [0,¥) o

1
For ƒ (x) = , domain is R – {0} and range is R+.
|x|
(g) Signum Function : y
y = 1 if x > 0
A function y= ƒ (x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows :

é 1 for x > 0 O y = sgn x

x

y = ƒ (x) = ê 0 for x = 0
ê
êë -1 for x < 0 y = –1 if x < 0

It is also written as Sgn x = |x|/ x ; x ¹ 0 ;

= 0; x = 0
Note : ƒ (x) = (sgn(x))x Þ ƒ (x) = |x|
Domain : R
Range : {–1, 0, 1}

E
118 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
(h) Greatest integer or step up function :
The function y = f(x) = [x] is called the
y
greate st int eger f un ction wh e re [x] Graph of y = [x] 3
denotes the greatest integer less than or
equal to x. Note that for : 2

1
x [x]

[–2,–1) –2 x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
[–1,0) –1 –1
[0,1) 0
–2
[1,2) 1
–3

Domain : R
Range : I
Properties of greatest integer function :
(i) [x] £ x < [x] + 1 and x – 1 < [x] £ x, 0 £ x – [x] < 1
(ii) [x + m] = [x] + m, if m is an integer.

ì0, x Î I
(iii) [x] + [–x] = í
î-1, x Î
/I

Ex.27 If y = 2[x] + 3 & y = 3[x – 2] + 5, then find [x + y] where [ . ] denotes greatest integer
function.
Sol. y = 3[x – 2] + 5 = 3[x] – 1
so 3 [x] – 1 = 2 [x] + 3
[x] = 4 Þ 4 £ x < 5
then y = 11
so x + y will lie in the interval [15, 16)
so [x + y] = 15

é1 ù é1 1 ù é1 2946 ù
Ex.28 Find the value of ê ú + ê + + ...... ê + where [ . ] denotes greates t integer
ë 2 û ë 2 1000 ûú ë 2 1000 ûú

function ?

é1 ù é1 1 ù é 1 499 ù é 1 500 ù é 1 1499 ù é 1 1500 ù

Sol. êë 2 úû + êë 2 + 1000 úû + ...... êë 2 + 1000 úû + êë 2 + 1000 úû + ...... êë 2 + 1000 úû + êë 2 + 1000 úû + ......

é1 2499 ù é 1 2500 ù é1 2946 ù

+ ê + + + + ...... ê +
ë 2 1000 úû êë 2 1000 úû ë 2 1000 úû

= 0 + 1 × 1000 + 2 × 1000 + 3 × 447 = 3000 + 1341 = 4341 Ans.

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 119

y
(j) Identity function :
graph of y=x
The function ƒ : A ® A defined by ƒ (x) = x " x Î A is called the identity 1
of A and is denoted by IA. It is easy to observe that identity function defined on x
1
R is a bijection.
(k) Constant function :
y
A function ƒ : A ® B is said to be a constant function if every element of A (0,c) graph of y=c
has the same f image in B. Thus ƒ : A ® B ; ƒ (x) = c ,
x
" x Î A , c Î B is a constant function. Note that the range of a constant
function is a singleton.

A B

9. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS :

If f & g are real valued functions of x with domain set A, B respectively, f + g, f – g, (f. g) & (f/g) as
follows :
(a) (f ± g)(x) = f(x) ± g(x) domain in each case is A Ç B
(b) (f. g)(x) = f(x).g(x) domain is A Ç B

æfö f(x)
(c) ç ÷ (x) = domain A Ç B – {x|g(x) = 0}
ègø g(x)

Ex.29 Find the domain of the following function :

æ æ 1 ö ö
(i) y = log(x–4) (x2 – 11x + 24) (ii) f(x) = log2 ç - log1/ 2 ç 1 + ÷ -1÷
4
è è xø ø
Sol. (i) y = log(x–4)(x2 – 11x + 24)
Here 'y' would assume real value if,
x – 4 > 0 and ¹ 1, x2 – 11x + 24 > 0 Þ x > 4 and ¹ 5, (x – 3) (x – 8) > 0
Þ x > 4 and ¹ 5, x < 3 or x > 8 Þ x > 8 Þ Domain (y) = (8, ¥)

æ æ 1 ö ö
(ii) We have f(x) = log 2 ç - log1/ 2 ç 1 + 4 ÷ -1÷
è è xø ø

æ 1 ö
f(x) is defined if - log1/ 2 ç 1 + ÷ -1 > 0
è 4
xø

æ 1 ö æ 1 ö -1
or if log1/ 2 ç 1 + ÷ < -1 or if ç 1 + 4 ÷ > (1/ 2)
è 4
xø è xø

1 1
or if 1+ > 2 or if 4
> 1 or if x1/4 < 1 or if 0 < x < 1
4
x x
\ D(f) = (0, 1)
E
120 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.30 Find the range of following functions :

1
(i) f(x) =
8 - 3sin x
(ii) f(x) = log 2
( 2 - log2 (16 sin 2 x + 1) )
1
Sol. (i) f(x) =
8 - 3sin x
–1 £ sinx £ 1

é 1 1ù
\ Range of f =
êë 11 , 5 úû

(ii) f(x) = log 2

( 2 - log2 (16 sin 2 x + 1) )
1 £ 16 sin2 x + 1 £ 17
\ 0 £ log2 (16 sin2x +1) £ log2 17
\ 2 – log2 17 £ 2 – log2 (16 sin2 x + 1) £ 2
Now consider 0 < 2 – log2 (16 sin2x + 1) £ 2

\ –¥ < log 2 [2 - log 2 (16sin 2 x + 1)] £ log 2 2 = 2

\ the range is (–¥, 2]
10. EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTION :
Two function f & g are said to be equal if :
(a) The domain of f = the domain of g
(b) The co-domain of f = co-domain of g and
(c) f(x) = g (x), for every x belonging to their common domain (i.e. should have the same graph)

Ex.31 If A = {0, 2}, B = {0, 4}, then find whether f : A ® B, f(x) = 2x and g : A ® B, g(x) = x2 are equal functions
or not.
Sol. f = {(0, 0), (2, 4)} and g = {(0, 0), (2, 4)}
Now domain of f = domain of g
co-domain of f = domain of g
f(0) = 0, f(2) = 4 and g(0) = 0, g(2) = 4
\ f(x) = g(x), " x Î A.
\ f = g (f and g are equals function)
Ex.32 Let f(x) = logx2 16 and g(x) = logx4 then f(x) = g(x) holds, then find the interval of x
Sol. Domain of f = R – {±1, 0}
Domain of g = (0, ¥) – {1}
for Equal function
Domain of f = Domain of y.
Þ f(x) = g(x) if x Î (0, ¥) – {1}
Ex.33 Which pairs of function is identical
(a) f(x) = x2 g(x) = x
(b) f(x) = sin2x + cos2x g(x) = 1
x
(c) f(x) = g(x) = 1
x
Sol. For checking equal function
(a) Domain of f(x) = R but range = [0, ¥)
Domain of g(x) = R range = R
Domain same but range is different so it is not an equal function
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 121
(b) Domain of f(x) Þ R
Domain of g(x) Þ R
Domain and range both same so it is an equal function
(c) Domain of f(x) = R – {0}
Domain of g(x) = R
Not equal function as Domain is different

Ex.34 The functions f(x) = log (x – 1) – log (x – 2) and g(x) = log ç

æ x - 1 ö are identical when x lies in the interval
÷
è x-2 ø

(1) [1, 2] (2) [2, ¥) (3) (2, ¥) (4) (–¥, ¥)

Sol.(3) Since f(x) = log (x – 1) –log (x – 2).
Domain of f(x) is x > 2 or x Î (2, ¥) .....(i)

g(x) = log ç
æ x - 1 ö is defined if x - 1 > 0 Þ x Î (–¥, 1) È (2, ¥) .....(ii)
÷ x -2
è x-2 ø

From (i) and (ii), x Î (2, ¥).

Do yourself - 1
(i) Are the following functions identical ?

x x2
(a) f(x) = & f(x) = (b) f(x) = x & f(x) = x 2 (c) f(x) = log10x2 & f(x) = 2log10|x|
x2 x

Ans. : (i) (a) no (b) no (c) yes

11. HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS :

A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each of its terms is of the
same degree with respect to those variables.
For examples 5x2 + 3y2 – xy is homogenous in x & y. Symbolically if, f(tx, ty) = tn f(x, y) then f(x, y) is
homogeneous function of degree n.

Ex.35 Which of the following function is not homogeneous ?

xy 2x - y + 1
(1) x3 + 8x2y + 7 y3 (2) y2 + x2 + 5xy (3) (4)
x + y2
2 2y - x + 1

Sol.(4) It is clear that (D) does not have the same degree in each term.

12. BOUNDED FUNCTION :

A function is said to be bounded if there exists a finite M such that ½ƒ (x)½ £ M, " x Î Dƒ .
13. IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT FUNCTION :
A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an implicit function.
e.g. the equations x3 + y3 = 1 & xy = yx, defines y as an implicit function. If y has been expressed in terms
of x alone then it is called an Explicit function.

E
122 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.36 Which of the following function is implicit function ?

x2 + ex + 5 x 2 log x
(1) y = (2) y = x2 (3) xy – sin(x + y) = 0 (4) y =
1 - cos -1 x sin x
Sol.(3) It is clear that in (C) y is not clearly expressed in x.

Do yourself - 2 :

x2
(i) Find the boundness of the function f(x) =
x4 + 1
(ii) Which of the following function is implicit function ?
(1) xy – cos(x + y) = 0 (2) y = x3
(3) y = log(x2 + x + 1) (4) y = |x|
(iii) Convert the implicit form into the explicit function :
(a) xy = 1 (b) x2y = 1.

é 1ù 1 1
Ans. : (i) ê 0, ú (ii) A (iii) (a) y = (b) y =
ë2 û x x2

14. ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS :

Consider a function ƒ (x) such that both x and –x are in its domain then

ìƒ(- x) = ƒ(x) then ƒ is said to be an even function

If í
îƒ(- x) = -ƒ(x) then ƒ is said to be an odd function
Note :
(i) ƒ (x) - ƒ (-x) = 0 Þ ƒ (x) is even & ƒ (x) + ƒ (-x) = 0 Þ ƒ (x) is odd.
(ii) A function may neither be odd nor even.
(iii) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd at the same time is ƒ (x)=0.
(iv) Every constant function is even function.
(v) Inverse of an even function is not defined.
(vi) Every even function is symmetric about the y-axis & every odd function is symmetric about the origin.
Special Note : If a function ƒ(x) is defined as ƒ(a + x) = ƒ(a – x) then this function is symmetric about line x=a
(vii) Every function which has '–x' in it's domain whenever 'x' is in it's domain, can be expressed as the sum of
an even & an odd function .

ƒ(x) + ƒ(-x) ƒ(x) - ƒ( -x)

i.e. ƒ(x) = +
2
E55555555 2 F
F E5555555
EVEN ODD

(viii) If ƒ (x) is odd and defined at x = 0, then ƒ (0) = 0.

ƒ(x) g(x) ƒ (x) + g(x) ƒ(x) – g(x) ƒ (x) . g(x) ƒ (x)/g(x) (goƒ ) (x) (ƒog)(x)
odd odd odd odd even even odd odd
even even even even even even even even
odd even neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even
even odd neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 123
Ex.37 Which of the following functions is (are) even, odd or neither :

2
ex + e -x
(i) f(x) = x sinx (ii) f(x) = sinx – cosx (iii) f(x) =
2
Sol. (i) f(–x) = (–x)2 sin(–x) = –x2 sinx = –f(x). Hence f(x) is odd.
(ii) f(–x) = sin(–x) – cos(–x) = –sinx – cosx.
Hence f(x) is neither even nor odd.

e - x + e - ( - x) e - x + e x
(iii) f(–x) = = = f(x). Hence f(x) is even
2 2
Ex.38 Identify the given functions as odd, even or neither :

x x
(i) f(x) = + +1 (ii) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y Î R
e -1 2
x

x x
Sol. (i) f(x) = + +1
e -1 2
x

Clearly domain of f(x) is R ~ {0}. We have,

-x x -e x .x x (e x - 1 + 1)x x
f(–x) = - x - + 1 = - + 1 = - +1
e -1 2 1 - ex 2 (e x - 1) 2

x x x x
= x+ - +1 = x + + 1 = f(x)
e -1 2
x
e -1 2
Hence f(x) is an even function.
(ii) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y Î R
Replacing x, y by zero, we get f(0) = 2f(0) Þ f(0) = 0
Replacing y by –x, we get f(x) + f(–x) = f(0) = 0 Þ f(x) = –f(–x)
Hence f(x) is an odd function.

Do yourself - 3
(i) Which of the following functions is (are) even, odd or neither :
2 2
ex + e – x
(a) f(x) = x sin 3x3
(b) f(x) =
2x

ex – e–x
(c) f(x) = (d) f(x) = x2 + 2x
ex + e – x
Ans. : (i) (a) even (b) odd (c) odd (d) neither even nor odd

E
124 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
SOLVED EXAMPLES

x -3
Ex.1 If f(x) = , then f[f{f(x)}] equals-
x +1
(1) x (2) 1/x (3) –x (4) –1/x

æ x -3 ö
ç x +1 ÷ - 3
æ x -3 ö è ø x +3
Sol.(1) Here f{f(x)} = f ç ÷ = =
è x +1 ø æ x-3 ö 1- x
ç x +1 ÷ +1
è ø

x+3
-3
1-3 4x
\ f[f{f(x)}] = = =x
x+3 4
+1
1- x

Ex.2 If f(x) = 2|x – 2| – 3(x – 3|, then the value of f(x) when 2 < x < 3 is-
(1) 5 – x (2) x –5 (3) 5x – 13 (4) None of these
Sol.(3) 2 < x < 3 Þ |x – 2| = x – 2
|x – 3| = 3 – x
\ f(x) = 2(x – 2) – 3(3 –x) = 5x – 13.

Ex.3 If f : R ® R, f(x) = 2x –1 and g : R ® R, g(x) = x2 + 2, then (gof) (x) equals-

(1) 2x2 –1 (2) (2x –1)2 (3) 2x2 + 3 (4) 4x2 – 4x + 3
Sol.(4) Here (gof) (x) = g[f(x)] = g(2x –1)
= (2x –1)2 + 2 = 4x2 – 4x + 3

Ex.4 The domain of function f(x) = 2x - 3x is-

(1) (–¥, 0] (2) R (3) [0, ¥) (4) No value of x

Sol.(1) Domain = {x : 2x – 3x ³ 0] = {x : (2/3)x ³ 1} = x Î (–¥, 0]

x2
Ex.5 The range of function f(x) = is-
1 + x2

(1) R – {1} (2) R+ È {0} (3) [0, 1] (4) None of these

Sol.(4) Range is containing those real numbers y for which f(x) = y where x is real number
x2 y
Now f(x) = y Þ Þx = ..... (1)
1+ x 2 (1 - y)

y
by (1) clearly y ¹ 1, and for x to be real ³ 0 Þ y ³ 0 and y < 1
1- y

y 2 y
(Q If y = 2 then = = (–2) and = -2 Ï R)
1- y 1 - 2 (1 - y)
\ 0 £y < 1
\ Range of function = (0 £ y < 1) = [0, 1)

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 125

1
Ex.6 If f(x) = cos(logx) and f(y) = cos(logy), then f(x) f(y) – [f(x/y) + f(xy)] is equal to-
2
(1) –1 (2) 1/2 (3) –2 (4) 0

1
Sol.(4) = cos(logx) cos(logy) – [cos(logx/y) + cos(logxy)]
2
1 1
= [cos(logx + logy) + cos(logx – logy)] – [cos(logx – logy) + cos(logx + logy)]
2 2
=0

2x + 2- x
Ex.7 If f(x) = , then f(x + y). f(x – y) is equal to-
2
1 1
(1) [f(x + y) + f(x – y)] (2) [f(2x) + f(2y)]
2 2
1
(3) [f(x + y). f(x – y)] (4) None of these
2

2x + y + 2- x - y 2x - y + 2- x + y
Sol.(2) f(x + y).f(x – y) = .
2 2

22x + 22y + 2-2x + 2-2y 1 é 22x + 2-2x 22y + 2-2y ù

= = ê + ú
4 2 ë 2 2 û

1
= [f(2x) + f(2y)]
2

Ex.8 If f : R ® R, f(x) = 2x + |x|, then f(3x) – f(–x) – 4x equals-

(1) f(x) (2) –f(x) (3) f(–x) (4) 2f(x)
Sol.(4) f(3x) – f(–x) – 4x
= 6x + |3x| – {–2x + | –x|} – 4x
= 6x + 3|x| + 2x – |x| – 4x
= 4x + 2|x| = 2f(x)

æ 1ö 1
Ex.9 If f(x) = |x| and g(x) = [x], then value of fog ç - ÷ + gof æç - ö÷ is-
è 4ø è 4ø
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) –1 (4) 1/4
é æ 1 öù
Sol.(2) Q fog = f ê g ç - ÷ú = f(–1) = 1
ë è 4 øû

æ 1ö é 1 ù æ1ö
and gof ç - ÷ = g ê f æç - ö÷ ú = g ç ÷ = [1/4] = 0
è 4ø ë è 4 øû è4ø
\ Required value = 1 + 0 = 1

E
126 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
FUNCTION EXERCISE-I
CHECK YOUR GRASP INEQUILITY

SOLVE THE FOLLOWING INEQUALITIES :

4 2
17. + <1
1+ x 1- x
x 2 + 2x - 3
1. <0
x2 + 1 x 4 - 3x3 + 2x 2
18. >0
x 2 - x - 30
(x - 1)(x + 2)2
2. <0
-1 - x x 1
19. £
x -3 x
x 2 + 4x + 4
3. >0 20. (x – 1)2 (x + 1)3 (x – 4) < 0
2x 2 - x - 1
4. x4 – 5x2 + 4 < 0 (x - 1) 2 (x + 1)3
21. £0
4x + 3 x 4 (x - 2)
5. <6
2x - 5
x +1 x + 5
22. ³
x-2 1 x -1 x +1
6. 2
<-
x +1 2
(2x -1) (x - 1) 2 (x - 3)3
2
x + 6x - 7 23. ³0
£2 (x - 4)4
7.
x2 + 1
æ1 ö
ç - 1÷ø
4 2
x + x +1 24. 1 - eè x >0
8. <0
x 2 - 4x - 5 1 1
25. ³
1 + 3x 2 (x - 3) (x - 4)
9. <0
2x 2 - 21x + 40
(x - 1) (x 2 + x + 1)
26. £0
2x2 - 3x - 459 (x - 3)
10. >1
x2 + 1
æ x - 3 ö æ x -1 ö
27. ç ÷<ç ÷
è 2x + 1 ø è 2x - 5 ø
2
17 - 15x - 2x
11. <0
x+3
æ 1ö
x + 7 3x + 1 28. çx - ÷ £ 0
12. + ³0 è xø
x-5 2
29. 2sin2q – 5sinq + 2 > 0
x 2 - 36 q Î (0, 2p)
13. <0
x 2 - 9x + 18 30. (sinq – 3) (2sinq + 1) ³ 0
1 3 q Î [0, 2p]
14. <
x + 2 x -3 31. cosq(cosq – 1) < 0
q Î (0, 2p)
(2 - x 2 )(x - 3)3
15. ³0
(x + 1)(x2 - 3x - 4) 32. (2sinq – 1) (sinq – 2) < 0
q Î (0, 2p)
(x + 2)(x 2 - 2x + 1)
16. ³0
4 + 3x - x 2

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 127

FUNCTION EXERCISE-II

9. If f : R+ ® R+, f(x) = x2 + 2 and

1
1. If f(x) = x + , then
x g : R+ ® R+, g(x) = x + 1 , then (f + g) (x) equals
(1) f(x)2 = (f(x))2 (2) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)
(1) x2 + 3 (2) x + 3
(3) f(–x) = f(x) (4) f(1/x) = f(x)
2. If f(x) = logax, then f(ax) equals (3) x 2 + 2 + (x + 1) (4) x2 + 2 + x +1
(1) f(a) f(x) (2) 1 + f(x)
(3) f(x) (4) af(x) ì2x - 3 , x ³ 2
10. If f(x) = í then f(1) equals
3. If f(x) = x2, g(x) = îx ,x<2
x + 1 , then (2f + g) (x) equals
(1) f(2) (2) –f(2)
(1) 2(x 2 + x + 1) (2) 2(x 2 + 3)
1
(3) f(2) (4) 2f(2)
(3) 2x 2 + x + 1 (4) 2x (x + 1)
2 3

1- x 1+ x
11. If f(x) = , then f(f(x)) equals
4. If f(x) =
1+ x
, then f(f(sin q)) equals 1- x

(1) 1/x (2) –1/x

(1) sin q (2) cosec q
(3) x (4) –x
(3) tan q/2 (4) cot q/2
12. If f(x) = bx + cx + d, then value of b and c for
2

a +a
x -x which f(x + 1) – f(x) = 8x + 3 is satisfied are
5. If f(x) = , then f(x + y) + f(x – y) equals
2 (1) b = 2, c = 1 (2) b = 4, c = –1
(3) b = –1, c = 4 (4) b = –1, c = 1
(1) 2(f(x) + f(y)) (2) 2f(x) f(y)
(3) f(x) + f(y) (4) f(x) f(y) x-3
13. If f(x) = (x ¹ –1), then f(f{f(x)}) is equal to
6. If f(x) = tan x, then f(x + y) equals x +1

f(x) + f(y) f(x) - f(y) 1

(1) (2) (1) x (2)
1 + f(x) f(y) 1 - f(x) f(y) x

f(x) + f(y) f(x) - f(y) x-3 x +1

(3) (4) (3) (4)
1 - f(x) f(y) 1 + f(x) f(y) x +1 x-3

7. If f(x) = tan x, then f(2x) equals 14. If f(y) = log y, then f(y) + f(1/y) is equal to
(1) 2 (2) 1
2f(x)
(1) 2f(x) (2) (3) 0 (4) –1
1 + (f(x))2

x f(a)
2f(x) 15. If f(x) = , then is equal to
(3) (4) None of these x -1 f(a + 1)
1 - (f(x)) 2
(1) f(–a) (2) f(1/a)
8. If f(x) = x3 – x and f(x) = sin 2x; then
(1) f(f(1)) = 1 (2) f(f(p/12)) = –3/8
æ -a ö
(3) f(f(1)) = 2 (4) f(f(2)) = sin 2 (3) f(a2) (4) f
è a - 1ø

E
128 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

æ 1 + xö 3x + x3 1– x
16. If f(x) = log and g(x) = , then f(g(x)) 23. If f(x) = , then f(f(cos 2q)) equals
è 1- xø 1 + 3x2 1+ x

is equal to :- (1) tan 2q (2) sec 2q

(1) –f(x) (2) 3f(x) (3) cos 2q (4) cot 2q

(3) [f(x)]3 (4) –3f(x) 10 + x

24. If ef(x) = , x Î (–10, 10) and
10 – x
x 1
17. If f(x) = = , then f(y) equals
x -1 y
f(x) = kf æ
200x ö , then k is equal to
è 100 + x ø
2

(1) x (2) x – 1
(1) 0.8 (2) 0.7
(3) x + 1 (4) 1 – x (3) 0.6 (4) 0.5
25. If f(x + 1/x) = x + 1/x , x ¹ 0, then f(x) is equal to
2 2
18. If f(x) = ax, then {f(p)}3 is equal to
(1) x2 – 1 (2) x2 + 2
(1) f(3p) (2) 3f(p) (3) x2 – 2 (4) x2 + 1
26. If f(x) = cos (log x), then
(3) 6f(p) (4) 2f(p)

19. If f(x2 + 1) = 3x – 1, then f(x) is equal to 1

f(x) f(y) – [f(x/y)+f(xy)] is equal to
2

(1) 3 x - 1 + 1 (2) 3 x - 1 - 1 (1) –1 (2) 1/2

(3) –2 (4) 0
(3) 3 x - 1 - 3 (4) None of these 27. If f : R ® R, f(x) = 2x + |x|, then
f(3x) – f(–x) –4x is equal to
20. If g(x) = 1 + x and f[g(x)] = 3 + 2 x + x, then (1) f(x) (2) –f(x)
f(x) is equal to (3) f(–x) (4) 2f(x)

(1) 1 + 2x2 (2) 2 + x2 f(q) - f(f)

28. If f(q) = tan q, then is equal to
1 + f(q)f(f)
(3) 1 + x (4) 2 + x
(1) f(q – f) (2) f(f – q)
(3) f(q + f) (4) None of these
4x
21. If f(x) = , then f(x) + f(1 – x) is equal to 29. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Y = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Which
4 +2
x

of the following is relations from X to Y-

(1) 0 (2) –1 (1) R1 = {(x, y) | y = 2 + x, x Î X, y Î Y}
(2) R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 5)}
(3) 1 (4) 4 (3) R3 = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7), (5, 7)}
(4) R4 = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (2, 4), (7, 9)}
22. If f : R ® R, f(x) = 2x + |x|, then f(x) + f(–x) is
30. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} then which of the following are
equal to functions from A to itself ?
(1) f1 = {|(x, y) : y = x + 1}
(1) 2|x| (2) –2|x| (2) f2 = {(x, y) : x + y > 4}
(3) f3 = {(x, y) : y < x}
(3) 2x (4) –2x
(4) f4 = {(x, y) : x + y = 5}
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 129
31. Which of the following graphs is graph of a function
35. Function f(x) = loge(x3 + 1 + x 6 ) is
(1) even (2) odd
(1) (2) (3) neither even nor odd (4) none of these
36. Which of the following function is an even
function ?

{
(1) f(x) = log10 x3 + x6 + 1 }
(3) (4)
æ ax + 1 ö
(2) f(x) = x4 ç ÷
32. Which of the following correspondences can be è ax -1 ø
called a function ? (3) f(x) = x|x|
(1) f(x) = x3 ; {–1, 0, 1} ® {0, 1, 2, 3}
(2) f(x) = ± x ; {0, 1, 4} ® {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} ì æ x + 100 ö ü
(4) f(x) = cos í log10 ç ÷ý
î è x - 100 ø þ
(3) f(x) = – x ; {0, 1, 4} ® {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}
(4) None sin4 x + cos 4 x
37. The function f(x) = is
33. If a polynomial function f(x) satisfies the condition x + tan x
æ 1ö æ 1ö (1) odd (2) even
f(x) . f ç ÷ = f(x) + f ç ÷ for all x Î R 0 and
è xø è xø (3) neither even nor odd (4) odd and periodic
f(3) = –26, then f(4) = ?
(1) –35 (2) –63 (3) 65 (4) None 1 - 5x
38. Domain of the function y = is
34. Which one of the following depicts the graph of 7- x - 7
an odd function ? (1) R
y (2) ( -¥, - 1) È [0, + ¥)
10
O (3) (-¥, - 1] È [0, + ¥)
(1) x
–10 10
(4) (-¥, - 1] È (0, + ¥)
–10
1
39. The range of the function y = is
y 2 - sin 3x
10

(2) O x æ1 ö é1 ö
–10 10 (1) ç , 1 ÷ (2) ê , 1÷
è3 ø ë3 ø
–10

é1 ù
y (3) ê , 1ú (4) None of these
10 ë3 û
(3) x
x+2
–10 O 10 40. The range of the function f(x) = is
|x + 2|
–10
(1) [–1, 1] (2) (–1, 1)
(3) {–1, 1} (4) {–1,0}
y
10
41. Range of the function f(x) = 25 - x 2 ; xÎ [–5, 5]

(4) x is
–10 –5 O 5 10
(1) [0, 5] (2) (0, 5)
(3) [–5, 0] (4) None
–10

E
130 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
FUNCTION EXERCISE-III
Ø Find the domain of definition of the
following functions :
1. y = 2x - x 2 19. y = ln(x + 1)

2. y = x -1 + 6 - x æ x 2 + 8x + 7 ö
20. y =lnç 2 ÷
3. y = x 2 - 5x + 6 è x +7 ø
21. y = 1 - x + l n(x + 1)
x+3
4. y=
5-x 22. y = l n((x 2 - 3x)(x + 5))
5. y = 2 - x + 1+ x 23. y = l n(5x 2 - 8x - 4) + x - 1

6. y = -4x 2 + 4x + 3 1
24. y=
3 - log3 (x - 3)
1
7. y= + 2+x
x -1 x +5
25. y=
1 l n(9 - x)
8. y= 2
2x - 5x - 3
31og64 x - 1
26. y=
9. y = 4x - x 3 3
2x - 11

1 æ 3-x ö
10. y= y = lnç
2
x +x -2 27. ÷
è x ø
3x - 7
11. y=6 æ 5x - x 2 ö
x +1 - 2 28. y = lnç ÷
è 4 ø
12. y = x 2 - x - 20 + 6 - x
æ x -1 ö
x + 12 - x 2 29. y = log 0.3 ç ÷
13. y= èx+5ø
x2 - 9

x 2 - 7x + 12 30. y = log0.4 (x - x 2 )
14. y=
x 2 - 2x - 3
31. y = 16x - x 5 + log1/ 2 (x 2 - 1)
1
15. y = x2 - x -20 + æ x ö
x2 -5x -14 32. y = log1/ 2 ç 2 ÷
è x -1ø
x
16. y= æ x ö
x 2 - 5x + 6 33. y =lnç ÷- x -3
è x-2ø
Ø Find the domain of the Logarithmic Func-
x 2 - 2x
tions: 34. y=
log5 (x - 1)
æ x-2ö
17. y = log2 ç ÷ x
èx+2ø 35. y = x -4 - + l n(39 - x)
x -5
æ x +3ö 36. y = log10(log102x – 5log10x + 6)
18. y =lnç ÷
è x +1 ø
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 131

FUNCTION ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-I

INEQUALITY

1. (–3, 1) 2. ( -¥, -2) È ( -2, -1) È (1, + ¥)

3. ( -¥, -2) È (-2, -1/ 2) È (1, +¥) 4. (–2, –1) È (1,2)

5. ( -¥,5 / 2) È (33 / 8, +¥) 6. (–3, 1)

7. ( -¥, + ¥) 8. (–1, 5)

9. (5/2, 8) 10. ( -¥, - 20) È (23, +¥)

11. ( -17 / 2, - 3) È (1, + ¥) 12. [1, 3] È (5, + ¥)

13. (–6, 3) 14. ( -9 / 2, - 2) È (3, + ¥)

15. [ - 2, -1) È ( -1, 2 ] È [3,4) 16. (-¥, - 2] È (–1, 4)

17. ( -¥, - 1) È (1, + ¥ ) 18. ( -¥, - 5) È (1, 2) È (6, + ¥)

19. (0, 3) 20. (–1, 1) È (1, 4)

21. [–1, 0) È (0, 2) 22. (–¥, –1) È (1, 3]

23. x Î (–¥, 1/2] È {1} È [3, 4) È (4, ¥) 24. x Î (–¥, 0) È (1, ¥)

25. x Î (3, 4) 26. x Î [1, 3)

27. x Î (–1/2, 8/5) È (5/2, ¥) 28. x Î (–¥, –1] È (0, 1]

æ p ö æ 5p ö é 7 p 11p ù
29. ç 0, ÷ È ç , 2 p÷ 30. êë 6 , 6 úû
è 6ø è 6 ø

æ p ö æ 3p ö æ p 5p ö
31. ç 0, ÷ È ç , 2p ÷ 32. ç , ÷
è 2ø è 2 ø è6 6 ø

FUNCTION ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans 4 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 4 1 2 2 1 3
Que. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans 3 2 4 1 2 2 3 1 3 4 3 4 4 1
Que. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Ans 1 4 2 3 2 4 2 4 1 2 3 3 1
E
132 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
FUNCTION ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-III
Ø Answers of domain of definition of the
following function.

1. D (y) = [0, 2] 24. D (y) = (3, 30) È (30, +¥)

2. D (y) = [1, 6]
25. D (y) = [ -5,8) È (8,9)
3. D (y) = ( -¥, 2] È [3, + ¥)
26. D (y) = [4, 11/ 2) È (11/ 2, + ¥)
4. D (y) = [–3, 5)

5. D (y) = [–1, 2] 27. D (y) = ( 0, 3 / 2 ]

6. D (y) = [–1/2, 3/2] 28. D (y) = [1, 4]

7. D (y) = [–2, 1) È (1, +¥)

29. D (y) = (1, +¥)
8. D (y) = (–¥, –1/2) È (3, +¥)
30. D (y) = (0,1)
9. D (y) = (–¥, –2] È [0, 2]
31. D (y) = ( -¥, -2] U (1,2]
10. D (y) = R-{-2,1}

11. D (y) = [7/3, 63) È (63, +¥) 32. D (y) = [(1 - 5) / 2,0) È [(1 + 5) / 2, +¥)

12. D (y) = ( -¥, - 4] È [5,6]

33. D (y) = [3, + ¥)

13. D (y) = (–3, 3) È (3, 4]

34. D (y) = (2, +¥)

14. D (y) = ( -¥, - 1) È [4, + ¥) 35. D (y) = [4, 5) È (5, 39)

15. D (y) = ( -¥, - 4] È (7, + ¥) 36. D (y) = (0, 102 ) È (103 , + ¥)

16. D (y) = ( -¥,2) È (3, +¥)

Answers of Domain of Logarithmic Functions :

17. D (y) = ( -¥, - 2) È (2, +¥)

18. D (y) = ( -¥, - 3) È ( -1, + ¥ )

19. D (y) = [0, + ¥)

20. D (y) = ( -¥, -7) È (-1, +¥ )

21. D (y) = (–1, 1]

22. D (y) = ( -5, 0) È (3, +¥)

23. D (y) = (2, +¥)

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 133

LIMIT
1. INTRODUCTION :
The concept of limit of a function is one of the fundamental ideas that distinguishes calculus from algebra and
trigonometry. We use limits to describe the way a function f varies. Some functions vary continuously; small
changes in x produce only small changes in f(x). Other functions can have values that jump or vary erratically.
We also use limits to define tangent lines to graphs of functions. This geometric application leads at once to the
important concept of derivative of a function.
2. DEFINITION :
Let f(x) be defined on an open interval about ‘a’ except possibly at ‘a’ itself. If f(x) gets arbitrarily close to
L (a finite number) for all x sufficiently close to ‘a’ we say that f(x) approaches the limit L as x approaches ‘a’ and
we write Lim f(x) = L and say “the limit of f(x), as x approaches a, equals L”.
x ®a

This implies if we can make the value of f(x) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) by taking x to be
sufficiently close to a (on either side of a) but not equal to a.
3. LEFT HAND LIMIT AND RIGHT HAND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION :
The value to which f(x) approaches, as x tends to ‘a’ from the left hand side (x ® a–) is called left hand limit of

f(x) at x = a. Symbolically, LHL = Lim- f(x) = Lim f(a –h).

x ®a h®0

The value to which f(x) approaches, as x tends to ‘a’ from the right hand side (x ® a+) is called right hand limit

of f(x) at x = a. Symbolically, RHL = Lim+ f(x) = Lim

h®0
f(a + h).
x ®a

Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, x ® a when Lim- f(x) = Lim+ f(x) = Finite quantity.
x ®a x® a

Example :

Graph of y = f(x) Lim+ f(x) = Lim f(-1 + h) = f(-1+ ) = -1

x ®-1 h ®0

y Lim- f(x) = Lim f(0 - h) = f(0 - ) = 0

x®0 h ®0
1

Lim+ f(x) = Lim f(0 + h) = f(0 + ) = 0

x®0 h ®0
x
–1 1 2
0 Lim- f(x) = Lim f(1 - h) = f(1- ) = -1
x ®1 h ®0

–1 Lim+ f(x) = Lim f(1 + h) = f(1+ ) = 0

x ®1 h ®0

Lim- f(x) = Lim f(2 - h) = f(2 _ ) = 1

x®2 h ®0

Lim f(x) = 0 and Lim

x ®1
f(x) does not exist.
x®0

Important note :

In Lim f(x) , x ® a necessarily implies x ¹ a . That is while evaluating limit at x = a, we are not concerned
x®a

with the value of the function at x = a. In fact the function may or may not be defined at x = a.
Also it is necessary to note that if f(x) is defined only on one side of ‘x = a’, one sided limits are good enough
to establish the existence of limits, & if f(x) is defined on either side of ‘a’ both sided limits are to be considered.

As in Lim cos -1 x = 0 , though f(x) is not defined for x >1, even in it’s immediate vicinity.
x ®1

E
134 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.1 Consider the adjacent graph of y = ƒ (x) y
Find the following :
4

(a) lim ƒ(x) (b) lim ƒ(x) (c) lim ƒ(x) 3

x®0- x®0+ x ®1-
2
(d) lim ƒ(x) (e) lim ƒ(x) (f) lim ƒ(x) 1
x ®1+ x ® 2- x ® 2+
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(g) lim ƒ(x) (h) lim ƒ(x) (i) lim ƒ(x) –1
x ®3- x ®3+ x ® 4-

(j) lim ƒ(x) (k) lim ƒ(x) = 2 (l) lim ƒ(x) = -¥

x®4+ x ®¥ x ® 6-

Solution : (a) As x ® 0– : limit does not exist (the function is not defined to the left of x = 0)

(b) As x ® 0+ : ƒ (x) ® –1 Þ lim+ ƒ(x) = –1. (c) As x ® 1– : ƒ (x) ® 1 Þ lim- ƒ(x) = 1.

x®0 x ®1

(d) As x ® 1+ : ƒ (x) ® 2 Þ xlim

®1+
ƒ(x) = 2. (e) As x ® 2– : ƒ (x) ® 3 Þ lim- ƒ(x) = 3.
x®2

(f) As x ® 2+ : ƒ (x) ® 3 Þ lim- ƒ(x) = 3.(g) As x ® 3– : ƒ (x) ® 2 Þ lim- ƒ(x) = 2.

x®2 x ®3

(h) As x ® 3+ : ƒ (x) ® 3 Þ xlim ƒ(x) = 3. (i) As x ® 4– : ƒ (x) ® 4 Þ xlim ƒ(x) = 4.

®3+ ®4-

(j) As x ® 4+ : ƒ (x) ® 4 Þ xlim ƒ(x) = 4.(k) As x ® ¥ : ƒ (x) ® 2 Þ lim ƒ(x) = 2.

®4+ x ®¥

(l) As x ® 6– ,ƒ (x) ® -¥ Þ lim- ƒ(x) = -¥ limit does not exist because it is not finite.
x®6

Do yourself - 1 :
(i) Which of the following statements about the function y = ¦(x) graphed here are true, and
which are false ?
y
(a) lim+ f (x) = 1 (b) lim
x ®2
f (x) does not exist
x ®-1
y = ¦ (x)
(c) lim f (x) = 2 (d) xlim f (x) = 2 2
x ®2 ®1-

(e) lim f (x) does not exist (f) xlim f (x) = lim- f (x) 1
x ®1 ®0+ x ®0

(g) lim
x ®c
f (x) exists at every c Î (–1, 1) –1 0 1 2 3
x

(h) lim f (x) exists at every c Î (1, 3)

x ®c

(i) lim- f (x) = 0 Ans. : (a) T ; (b) F ; (c) F ; (d) T ; (e) T ; (f) T ; (g) T ; (h) T ; (i) F
x ®1

Ex.2 Evaluate the left hand and right hand limits of the function defined by

ì x -5
ï ; x¹5
f(x) = í x - 5 at x = 5
ï 0 ; x=5
î

5- h -5 -h h
Solution : LHL = lim- f ( x ) = lim f ( 5 - h ) = lim = lim = lim = -1
x ®5 h ®0 h ®0 5 - h, -5 h ®0 - h h ®0 - h

5+ h -5 h h
RHL = lim f ( x ) = lim f ( 5 + h ) = lim = lim = lim = 1
x ®5 + h ®0 h ®0 5+ h -5 h ®0 h h ®0 h

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 135

ì 5x - 4 ; 0 < x £ 1
Ex.3 If f(x) = í show that lim f ( x ) exists
î4x - 3x ; 1 < x < 2
3
x ®1

Solution : LHL = lim = lim f (1 - h ) = lim 5 (1 - h ) - 4 = lim1 - 5h = 1

x ®1- h ®0 h ®0 h ®0

lim = lim f (1 + h ) = lim 4 (1 + h ) - 3 (1 + h ) = lim 4 (1) - 3 (1) = 1

3 3
RHL =
x ®1+ h®0 h ®0 h ®0

Clearly lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = 1

x ®1– x ®1

So lim f ( x ) exists
x ®1

Do your self–2 :

e1/ x - 1
(i) Show that lim does not exist
x ® 0 e1/ x + 1

ìcos x if x³0
(ii) Let f(x) = í find the value of constant K, given that lim f ( x ) exists.
î x + k if x<0 x ®0

Ans. : (ii) k = 1

4. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON LIMITS

Let Lim f ( x ) = l & Lim g ( x ) = m. If l & m exist finitely then :

x ®a x ®a

(a) Sum rule : Lim {f ( x ) + g ( x )} = l + m

x ®a

(b) Difference rule : Lim {f ( x ) - g ( x )} = l - m

x ®a

(c) Product rule : Lim f ( x ) .g ( x ) = l.m

x ®a

f (x) l
(d) Quotient rule : Lim = , provided m ¹ 0
x ®a g (x) m

(e) Constant multiple rule : Lim kf ( x ) = k Lim f ( x ) ; where k is constant.

x ®a x ®a

5. INDETERMINATE FORMS

0 ¥
, , ¥ - ¥ , 0´ ¥ , 1¥ , 00, ¥ 0 .
0 ¥
Initially we will deal with first five forms only and the other two forms will come up after we have gone through
differentiation.
Note :
(i) Here 0,1 are not exact, infact both are approaching to their corresponding values.
(ii) We cannot plot ¥ on the paper. Infinity ( ¥ ) is a symbol & not a number It does not obey the
laws of elementary algebra,
¥
(a) ¥+¥®¥ (b) ¥´ ¥ ® ¥ (c) ¥¥ ® ¥ (d) 0 ® 0
E
136 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
6. GENERAL METHODS TO BE USED TO EVALUATE LIMITS
(a) Factorization :
Important factors :
(i) xn – an = (x – a)(xn–1 + axn–2 + ........... + an–1), n Î N
(ii) xn + an = (x + a)(xn–1 – axn–2 + ........... + an–1), n is an odd natural number.

xn - an
Note : Lim = na n -1
x® a x-a

x3 -1
Ex.4 Evaluate : lim
x ®1 x -1

( x ) - (1)
3 3
é xn - an ù
Solution : = lim = 3(1) 3–1
=3 ê using lim = na n -1 ú
x®a x - a
x ®1 x -1 ë û

é 1 2(2x - 3) ù
Ex.5 Evaluate : lim - 3
x ®2 ê x - 2 x - 3x 2 + 2x úû
ë
Solution : We have

é 1 2(2x - 3) ù é 1 2(2x - 3) ù é x(x - 1) - 2(2x - 3) ù

lim ê - 3 ú = lim ê - ú = lim ê
x ®2 x - 2 - + x ®2 x - 2 - - û x ®2 ë x(x - 1) (x - 2) úû
2
ë x 3x 2x û ë x(x 1) (x 2)

é x 2 - 5x + 6 ù é (x - 2)(x - 3) ù é x -3 ù 1
= lim ê ú = lim ê ú = lim ê ú =-
x ® 2 x(x - 1) (x - 2)
ë û x ®2 ë x(x - 1) (x - 2) û x ®2 ë x(x - 1) û 2

Do your self–3 :

x -1 x 3 - 6x 2 + 11x - 6
(i) Evaluate : lim (ii) Evaluate : lim
x ®1 2x - 7x + 5
2 x ®2 x 2 - 6x + 8
x15 - 1
(iii) Evaluate : lim
x ®1 x10 - 1

1 1 3
Ans. : (i) - (ii) (iii)
3 2 2
(b) Rationalization or double rationalization : This is particularly used when either the numerator or
denominator or both involve expression consisting of square roots.

1+ x - 1- x
Ex.6 Prove that lim =1
x x ®0

1+ x - 1- x 1 + x - 1- x 1 + x + 1 - x
Solution : lim = lim .
x ®0 x x ®0 x 1+ x + 1- x

(1 + x ) - (1 - x ) 2x
= lim = lim
x ®0
x ( 1+ x + 1- x ) x ®0
x ( 1+ x + 1- x )
2 2 2
= lim = = =1
x ®0
1+ x + 1- x 1 + 0 + 1 - 0 1+ 1

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 137

4 - 15x + 1
Ex.7 Evaluate : lim
x ®1 2 - 3x + 1

4 - 15x + 1 (4 - 15x + 1)(2 + 3x + 1)(4 + 15x + 1)

Solution : lim = lim
x ®1 2 - 3x + 1 x ®1 (2 - 3x + 1)(4 + 15x + 1)(2 + 3x + 1)

(15 - 15x) 2 + 3x + 1 5
= lim ´ = Ans.
x ®1 (3 - 3x) 4 + 15x + 1 2

Do yourself - 4 :

p+x - p-x a + 2x - 3x
(i) Evaluate : lim (ii) Evaluate : lim , a¹0
x ®0 q+x - q-x x ®a 3a + x - 2 x

q 2
Ans. : (i) (ii)
p 3 3

(c) Using Substitution :

Lim f (x) = Lim f (a - h) or Lim f (a + h) i.e. by substituting x by a – h or a + h

x ®a h ®0 h®0

Ex.8 Evaluate : Lim(sec x - tan x)

p
x®
2

Lim(sec x - tan x); (¥ - ¥ form)

Solution : p
x®
2

æ 1 - sin x ö æ 0 ö
Limp ç ÷ ; ç now in form ÷
x ® è cos x ø è 0 ø
2

æp ö
Put x = ç + h÷
è2 ø

é æp öù
ê1 - sin çè 2 + h ÷ø ú é1 - cosh ù
\ Limit = Lim ê ú = Lim ê ú
h ®0
ê cos æç p + h ö÷ ú h ®0 ë - sinh û
ëê è2 ø ûú

é 2 h ù é h ù
ê 2sin ú ê sin ú
= Lim ê
2 = Lim
2 =0
h ú h ®0 ê
Ans.
h ®0 h hú
ê -2sin cos ú ê - cos ú
ë 2 2û ë 2û
E
138 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Do your self–5 :

1 + cos 2x 1 - sin x
(i) lim (ii) lim
( p - 2x )
p 2 2
x® x®
p
æp ö
ç 2 - x÷
2 2
è ø

1 1
Ans. : (i) (ii)
2 2
(d) Squeeze play theorem (Sandwich theorem) :

Statement : If f ( x ) £ g ( x ) £ h ( x ) ; " x in the neighbourhood at x = a and

Lim f ( x ) = l = Lim h ( x ) then Lim g ( x ) = l ,

x ®a x ®a x ®a

(x)
y=h
(x)
y=g
x)
y=f(

X
O a

1
Ex.9 Prove that Lim x 2 sin =0.
x ®0 x

æ1ö
Solution : Q sin ç ÷ lies between –1 & 1
èxø

1
Þ - x 2 £ x 2 sin £ x2
x

( as )
1
Þ Lim x 2 sin =0 Lim( - x 2 ) = Lim x 2 = 0
x®0 x x® 0 x®0

7. LIMIT OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

sin x tan x
(i) Lim = 1 = Lim [where x is measured in radians]
x ®0 x x®0 x

tan -1 x sin -1 x
(ii) Lim = 1 = Lim
x ®0 x x ®0 x
sin f (x) sin(lnx)
(iii) If Lim f (x) = 0 , then Lim =1, e.g. Lim =1
x ®a x ®a f (x) x ®1 (lnx)
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 139

1 - cos 2x
Ex.10 Evaluate : lim
x ®0 x2

1 - cos 2x
Solution : lim
x ®0 x2

2sin 2 x
lim
x ®0 x2

é sin x sin x ù
2 êlim ´ lim
x úû
= 2 (1)(1) = 2
ë x®0 x x ®0

x 3 cot x
Ex.11 Evaluate : lim
x ®0 1 - cos x

x 3 cos x x 3 cos x (1 + cos x ) x3

Solution : lim = lim = lim .cosx(1 + cos x) = 2 Ans.
x ®0 sin x (1 - cos x ) x ®0 sin [Link] 2 x x ® 0 sin 3 x

Do your self–6 :
Evaluate :

1 - cos 2mx tan x - sin x cot 2x - cos ec2x

(i) lim (ii) lim (iii) lim
x ® 0 1 - cos 2nx x ®0 x3 x ®0 x

m2 1
Ans. : (i) (ii) (iii) –1
n2 2

x 3 cot x
Ex.12 Evaluate : lim
x ®0 1 - cos x

x 3 cos x x 3 cos x (1 + cos x ) x3

Solution : lim = lim = lim .cosx(1 + cos x) = 2
x ®0 sin x (1 - cos x ) x ®0 sin [Link] 2 x x ® 0 sin 3 x

(2 + x) sin(2 + x) - 2 sin 2
Ex.13 Evaluate : lim
x ®0 x
æ æ xö x ö
2(sin(2 + x) - sin 2) + x sin(2 + x) ç [Link] èç 2 + 2 ø÷ sin 2 ÷
Solution : lim = lim ç + sin(2 + x) ÷
x ®0 x x ®0 è x ø

æ xö x
2 cos ç 2 + ÷ sin
= lim è 2ø 2 + lim sin(2 + x) = 2cos2 + sin 2
x ®0 x x ®0

2
E
 140 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
a
sin
Ex.14 Evaluate : lim
n
n ®¥ b
tan
n +1
1 a
Solution : As n ® ¥, ® 0 and also tends to zero
n n
a
sin
a
sin should be written as
n so that it looks like lim sin q
n a q® 0 q
n

æ a öæ b ö æ a öæ b ö
ç sin n ÷ ç n + 1 ÷ a(n + 1) ç sin n ÷ç n + 1 ÷ a æ 1 ö a a
The given limit = lim ç ÷ ç ÷ . = lim ç ÷ç ÷ . ç1 + ÷ = 1 ´ 1 ´ ´1 =
çç a ÷÷ çç tan b ÷÷ n.b çç a ÷ç b ÷ bè n ø b b
n ®¥ n ®¥
÷ç tan ÷
è n øè n +1 ø è n øè n +1 ø

aæ 1ö a a
= lim . ç1 + ÷ = 1 ´ 1 ´ ´1 =
bè n ø b b

8. LIMIT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS :

ax -1 ex -1
(a) Lim = l n a(a > 0) In particular Lim =1.
x®0 x x®0 x
a f (x) - 1
In general if Lim f(x) = 0 ,then Lim = lna, a > 0
x ®a x ®a f(x)

e tan x - e x
Ex.15 Evaluate : lim
x ®0 tan x - x
e tan x - e x e x ´ e(tan x - x) - e x
Solution : lim = lim
x ®0 tan x - x x ®0 tan x - x
e x (e tan x - x - 1) e x (e y - 1) ey - 1
= lim = x ®lim where y = tan x –x and lim =1
x ®0 tan x - x 0y ® 0 y y ®0 y
= e0 × 1 [as x ® 0, tan x – x ® 0]
= 1 ×1 = 1

Do yourself - 7 :

e x - ea 2x - 1
(i) Evaluate : lim (ii) Evaluate : lim
x®a x-a x ®0 (1 + x)1/ 2 - 1
Ans. : (i) ea (ii) 2 ln2

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 141

LIMIT EXERCISE-I
Evaluate the following limits :

æ x 3 - 1ö æ 2x ö
1. lim ç ÷ lim ç
x® 0 è a + x - a - x ÷
x ®1 è x - 1 ø
15.
ø

æ x3 + 8 ö æ 3+ x - 5-xö
2. lim ç ÷ 16. lim ç ÷ø
x ®-2 è x + 2 ø x ®1 è x2 - 1

æ x 4 - 81ö æ x2 - 4 ö
3. lim ç ÷ lim ç
x ®3 è x - 3 ø 17. x ® 2 è x + 2 - 3x - 2 ÷
ø

æ x 2 - 4x + 3 ö
4. lim ç 2 ÷ æ3- 5+ xö
x ®3 è x - 2x - 3 ø 18. lim ç ÷
x® 4 è 1 - 5 - x ø

æ x3 - 64 ö
5. lim ç 2 ÷ æ a+x - aö
x ® 4 è x - 16 ø lim ç
19. ÷
x ® 0 è x a(a + x) ø

æ x5 - 32 ö
6. lim ç 3 ÷ æ x 4 - 3x 2 + 2 ö
x® 2 è x - 8 ø
20. lim ç 3 ÷
x ®1 è x - 5x 2 + 3x + 1ø

æ x5 / 2 - a5 / 2 ö
7. lim ç ÷ æ 3x + 33- x - 12 ö
x ®a è x-a ø 21. lim ç 3- x ÷
x® 2 è 3 - 3x / 2 ø
ìï (x + 2)5/3 - (a + 2)5/3 üï
8. lim í ý æ e 4x - 1ö
x ®a ï
î x-a þï lim ç
22. ÷
x ®0 è x ø
æ x- aö
9. lim ç ÷ æ e2 + x - e2 ö
x ®a è x -a ø lim ç
23.
x® 0 è
÷ø
x
1ì 1 1 ü
10. lim í - ý æ e 3x - e 2x ö
h ®0 h
î x+h xþ 24. lim ç ÷ø
x® 0 è x
æ 1 + x - 1ö
11. lim ç ÷ø æ e bx - e ax ö
x® 0 è x 25. lim ç ÷ø ; 0 < a < b
x® 0 è x
æ 2-x - 2+xö
12. lim ç ÷ø æ 32+ x - 9 ö
x® 0 è x 26. lim ç ÷
x® 0 è x ø
æ 1 + x + x 2 - 1ö
13. lim ç ÷ø
x® 0 è x

æ 3 - x - 1ö
14. lim ç ÷
x® 0 è 2-x ø

E
142 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

LIMIT EXERCISE-II
Evaluate the following limits :
(tan 2x - sin 2x)
19. lim
sin 5x x®0 x3
1. lim
x ®0 sin 8x
(cot 2x - cosec2x)
tan 3x 20. lim
2. lim x®0 x
x®0 tan 5x

(sec 2 x - 2)
tan ax lim
lim 21. x ® (tan x - 1)
p
3. x ® 0 tan b x 4

sin 4x (cosec2 x - 2)
4. lim lim
x ® 0 tan 7x 22. p (cot x - 1)
x®
4
(sin x - 2sin 3x + sin 5x)
5. lim
x® 0 x (sin 3x - 3sin x)
23. lim
x ®p (p - x)3
(2 sin 2 x + sin x - 1)
6. lim
x ® 0 (2 sin 2 x - 3sin x + 1) (1 + cos2x)
lim
24. x®
p ( p - 2x) 2
(sin 2x + 3x) 2
7. lim
x ® 0 (2x + sin3x)
(sin 5x - sin 3x)
25. lim
(tan 2x - x) x® 0 sin x
8. lim
x ®0 (3x - tan x) (cos3x - cos5x)
26. lim
(x cos x + sin x) x® 0 x2
9. lim
x®0 (x 2 + tan x)
(sin 3x + sin 5x)
27. lim
(tan x - sin x) x®0 (sin 6x - sin 4x)
10. lim
x® 0 sin 3 x
æ sin(2 + x) - sin(2 - x) ö
11. lim(x cot 2x) 28. lim ç ÷
x® 0 x® 0 è x ø
(1 - cos x) (1 - cos2x)
12. lim lim
x ®0 sin 2 x 29. x® 0 (cos2x - cos8x)
(1 - cos3x)
13. lim
x®0 x2 æp ö
lim ç - x ÷ tan x
30. p 2
x® è ø
(1 - cos2x) 2
14. lim
x®0 sin 2 2x
( 1 + 2x - 1 - 2x )
(1 - cos2x) 31. lim
15. lim x® 0 sin x
x®0 3tan 2 x

(1 - cos 4x) (e3+ x - sin x - e 3 )

lim 32. lim
16. x ®0 (1 - cos6x)
x® 0 x

(2sin x - sin 2x) (e tan x - 1)

17. lim 33. lim
x® 0 x3 x®0 x
(tan x - sin x)
18. lim
x® 0 x3
E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 143

LIMIT ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-I

1 20 5 3/2 5
1. 3 2. 12 3. 108 4. 5. 6 6. 7. a 8. (a + 2)2/3
2 3 2 3

1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1
9.
2 a
10.
2x 3 / 2
11.
2
12.
2
13.
2
14.
( 3 + 1)
15. 2 a 16.
4

-1 1 1 -4
17. –8 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 4 23. e2 24. 1
3 2a 3 / 2 2 3
25. (b – a) 26. 9log 3

LIMIT ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-II

5 3 a 4
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0 6. –1 7. 1
8 5 b 7

1 1 1 1 9 1
8. 9. 2 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
2 2 2 2 2 2

2 4 1
15. 16. 17. 1 18. 19. 4 20. –1 21. 2
3 9 2

1
22. 2 23. –4 24. 25. 2 26. 8 27. 4 28. 2cos 2
2

1
29. 30. 1 31. 2 32. (e3 – 1) 33. 1
15

E
144 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

Important Notes

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 145

METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION
The process of calculating derivative is called differentiation.
1. DERIVATIVE OF f(x) FROM THE FIRST PRINCIPLE :
dy f(x + dx) - f(x) dy
Obtaining the derivative using the definition Lim = Lim = f '(x) = is called
dx ®0 dx dx ® 0 dx dx
calculating derivative using first principle or ab initio or delta method.
dy dy
Note : can also be represented as y1 or y' or Dy or ƒ '(x). represents instantaneous rate of change of
dx dx
y w.r.t. x.

Ex.1 Differentiate each of following functions by first principle :

(i) f(x) = tanx (ii) f(x) = esinx

tan(x + h) - tan x tan(x + h - x) [1 + tan x tan(x + h)]

Solution : (i) f'(x) = lim = lim
h ®0 h h ® 0 h
tanh
= lim . (1 + tan2x) = sec2x. Ans.
h ®0 h

e sin(x + h) - esin x sin x

[esin(x+ h)-sin x - 1] æ sin(x + h) - sin x ö
(ii) f'(x) = lim = lim e ç ÷
h ®0 h h ®0 sin(x + h) - sin x è h ø

sin x sin(x + h) - sin x

= e lim = esinxcosx Ans.
h ®0 h
Do yourself :
Differentiate each of following functions by first principle:
1
(a) f(x) = lnx (b) f(x) =
x
Ans. : (a) 1/x (b) –1/x2

2. DERIVATIVE OF STANDARD FUNCTIONS :

f(x) f'(x) f(x) f'(x)
n n–1 x x
(i) x nx (ii) e e
(iii) ax axlna, a > 0 (iv) lnx 1/x
(v) logax (1/x) logae, a > 0, a ¹ 1 (vi) sinx cosx
(vii) cosx – sinx (viii) tanx sec2x
(ix) secx secx tanx (x) cosecx – cosecx . cotx
(xi) cotx – cosec2x (xii) constant 0

1 -1
(xiii) sin–1 x , -1 < x < 1 (xiv) cos–1 x , -1 < x < 1
1- x 2 1 - x2

1 1
(xv) tan–1 x , xÎR (xvi) sec–1 x , | x | >1
1 + x2 | x | x2 -1

-1 -1
(xvii) cosec–1 x , | x | >1 (xviii) cot–1 x , xÎR
| x | x -1 2
1 + x2

E
146 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
3. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS :
If f and g are derivable functions of x, then,
d df dg d df
(a) (f ± g) = ± (b) (cf) = c , where c is any constant
dx dx dx dx dx
d dg df
(c) (fg) = f +g known as “PRODUCT RULE”
dx dx dx
æ df ö æ dg ö
gç ÷ -f ç ÷
d æfö è dx ø è dx ø where g ¹ 0 known as “QUOTIENT RULE”
(d)
ç ÷ =
dx è g ø g2

dy dy du
(e) If y = f(u) & u = g (x) then = . known as “CHAIN RULE”
dx du dx
dy du
Note : In general if y = f(u) then = f '(u). .
dx dx

dy
Ex.2 If y = ex tan x + xlogex, find .
dx
Solution : y = [Link] x + x · logex
On differentiating we get,
dy 1
= ex · tan x + ex · sec2x + 1 · log x + x ·
dx x
dy
Hence, = ex(tanx + sec2 x) + (logx + 1) Ans.
dx
log x dy
Ex.3 If y = + ex sin2x + log5x, find .
x dx
Solution : On differentiating we get,
1
·x - log x . 1 1
dy d æ log x ö d x d x + ex
sin2x + 2ex
. cos2x +
= ç ÷ + (e sin 2x) + (log 5 x) = x log e 5
dx dx è x ø dx dx x2

dy æ 1 - log x ö 1
Hence, =ç ÷ + ex(sin2x + 2cos2x) + Ans.
dx è x 2
ø x log e 5

dy
Ex.4 If y = loge (tan -1 1 + x 2 ) , find .
dx
Solution : y = loge (tan -1 1 + x 2 )
On differentiating we get,
1 1 1
= . . .2x
tan -1 1 + x 2 1 + ( 1 + x 2 )2 2 1 + x 2
x x
=
=
( tan -1 {
1 + x2 ) 1 + ( 1 + x2 )
2
} 1 + x2 ( tan -1
1 + x2 ) ( 2 + x 2 ) 1 + x2 Ans.

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 147

DIFFERENTIATION EXERCISE
PART # 1 PART # 2
Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x :
1. Differentiate the following function w.r.t. x
1. ecosec(sin x) 2. cosecn(xm)
(a) 4x + x4 + 44
x+5 x +5
3. sin(x ln x) 4. e –e
(b) en loge x + e x loge n + en loge n

loge log e x
5. ln ln ln x 6. a
2
æ 1 ö
(c) ç x + ÷ (d) x5 – 3cosx
è xø
7. loge(eax cos bx) 8. log ( x-a + x-b )
ax2 + bx + c 9. 10ln sinx
(e) (f) 5 ( 2 3log 2 x
)
x
10. ( ee ex x n
+ a a + a m + ln e 11. 5)5 x log5 30

2. Find the differential coefficient of the following

-1
function w.r.t. x (e x )
12. eln sin

(a) e x ( x + log e x ) (b) x . sinx . logex PART # 3

x n Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x :

(c) xn . logax . ex (d) e .cos x + x sin x
x
1. y=
3
x sin x x
e tan x sin x + cos x
(e) (f)
cos x cos x
1
2. y= tan3 x - tan x + x
3
sec x - tan x
(g)
sec x + tan x
3. y = x sec2 x - tan x
3. Differentiate the following function w.r.t. x
x
4. y = a cos
3
e x + e- x a- x
(a) (b)
ex - e- x a+ x
x +1
5. y = tan
2
x sin x e x + tan x
(c) (d) 6. y = 1 + 2 tan x
1 + cos x cot x - x n

7. y = cos 3 4x
x
sin x - x cos x 2 cot x
(e) (f)
x sin x + cos x x
x
8. y = tan
2
a cos x + b sin x + c
(g)
sin x 9. y = sin 1 + x2

E
148 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
3
10. y = cot 1 + x
2
32. y = ln arctan 1 + x2

2 4
11. y = (1 + sin x) 3 x+3
33. y = ln sin
4
æ 1ö
12. y = 1 + tan ç x + ÷ x
è xø 34. y = x.10

æ1- x ö x3 + 2 x
2 35. y =
13. y = cos ç ex
è 1 + x ÷ø

cos x
14. y = sin2 (cos 3x) 36. y =
ex
15. y = x arcsin x
x

arcsin x 37. y = 2 lnx

16. y =
arccos x
1 - 10 x
17. y = (arcsin x) 2 38. y =
1 + 10 x

1 2x - 3
18. y = 39. y = 10
arcsin x
x +1
19. y = x sin x arctan x 40. y = e

n 41. y = 3sin x
20. y = (arccos x + arcsin x)
2 2
-b x
x 42. y = ae
21. y = - arctan x
1 + x2 2
43. y = Ae - k x sin(wx + a )
22. y = arctan x2 44. Deduce the following formulae :
(a) (sinnx cosnx)' = n sinn–1x cos(n + 1)x
14
23. y = arcsin x2 + 2x (b) (sinnx sinnx)' = n sinn–1x sin(n + 1)x
2
(c) (cosnx sinnx)' = n cosn–1x cos(n + 1)x
24. y = x2 log3 x (d) (cosnx cosnx)' = –n cosn–1x sin(n + 1)x

æ b + a cos x ö
25. y = lnx 45. y = arccos ç ; a > b > 0, sinx > 0
è a + bcos x ÷ø
26. y = x sin xlnx

lnx
27. y =
xn

1 - lnx
28. y =
1 + lnx

29. y = ln(x2 - 4x)

30. y = ln tan x

31. y = log2 [log3 (log5 x)]

E
 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 149

DIFFERENTIATION ANSWER KEY EXERCISE

PART # 1
1. (a) 4 [Link] 4 + 4x3 (b) nxn -1 + n x loge n

1
(c) 1 - (d) 5x4 + 3sinx
x2

3 1 / 2 b -1 / 2 c -3 / 2
(e) ax + x - x ( f ) 15 x2
2 2 2

1
2. (a) e x æç 1 + ö÷ + (x + loge x).e x (b) sin x + sin [Link] x + [Link] [Link] x
x è ø

1
(d) e x ( - sin x ) + cos x.e x + x n cos x + sin [Link] n -1
x n -1 n x n x
(c) loga x.e nx + x .e .loga e. + x .log a x.e
x
(e) x3sec2x + 3x2 tanx (f) ex(sec3x + secx tanx + secx tan2x)

2 cos x
(g) -
(1 + sin x)2

-4 a
3. (a) (b) -
(e x - e- x )2
( )
2
x a+ x

x + sin x (cot x - xn )(e x + sec2 x) + (e x + tan x)( cosec 2 x + nx n -1 )

(c) (d)
1 + cos x (cot x - x n )2

é 1 ù
2x ê - x cosec 2 x + x cot [Link] e 2 - cot x ú
x2 ë 2 û
(e) (f)
(x sin x + cos x)2 x x
(g) –a cosec2x – c cosecx cotx

PAR`T # 2

1. ecosec(sin x) (–cosec (sin x) cot(sin x) . cosx 2. n cosecn–1(xm) (–cosec(xm)) . cot(xm) . mxm–1

x+5 x +5
e e
3. (1 + logex) cos(x logex) 4. -
2 x+5 2 x

1 1 1
5. 6. a ln ln x .loge a. ´
( ln ( ln x )) ( ln x ) .x loge x x

1
7. a – b tan(bx) 8.
2 (x - a) (x - b)
9. 10ln sinx . cot x . loge10
ex
10. 11.
x
(30)5 x × 5l n 30
x
ee × ee × ex + a a . a x (ln a)2

ex
12.
1 - e2x

E
150 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
PART # 3
sin x + cos x + x(sin x - cos x)
1. 2. tan4x
1 + sin 2x
sin x a x
3. 2x 4. - sin
cos3 x 3 3
1 1
5. 6.
2cos2
x +1 1 + 2 tan x.cos2 x
2
1
7. –12cos24x sin4x 8.
x x
4 tan .cos2
2 2
x cos 1 + x2 2x
9. 10. -
3
1 + x2 3 sin2 1 + x2 . 3 (1 + x2 )2
x2 - 1
11. 4(1 + sin2x)3sin2x 12. 1ö 1ö
æ æ
2x2 cos2 ç x + ÷ 1 + tan ç x + ÷
è xø è xø
æ1- x ö
sin 2 çç ÷÷
è1+ x ø
13. 2 14. –3sin3x sin(2cos3x)
x (1 + x )
p
x
15. arcsin x + 16.
2(arccos x)2 1 - x2
1 - x2
2arcsin x 1
17. 18. -
1 - x2 (arcsin x)2 1 - x2
x sin x
19. sin [Link] x + x cos [Link] x + 20. 0
1 + x2
2x2 2x
21. - 22.
(1 + x ) 2 2
1 + x4
x +1 x
23. 24. 2x log3 x +
4
8 (arcsin x + 2x) 2 3 2 2
(1 - 2x - x )(x + 2x) ln3
1
25. 26 sin xlnx + x cos xlnx + sin x
2x lnx
1 - nlnx 2
27. n +1 28. –
x x(1 + lnx)2
2x - 4 2
29. 30.
x2 - 4x sin2x
1 x
31. x log5 x log3 (log5 x)ln2ln3ln5
32.
arctan 1 + x (2 + x2 ) 1 + x 2
2

x+3
cot
4
33. 34. 10x (1 + x ln10)
3 x+3
12 ln2 sin
4
2x (ln2 - 1) + 3x 2 - x 3 sin x + cos x
35. 36. –
ex ex
x
(lnx - 1)ln2
38. - 2.10 ln10
x
37. 2 lnx
ln x 2
(1 + 10 x )2
x +1
e
39. 2.102x – 3 ln10 40.
2 x +1
2 2
2 -b x
41. 3sin x cos x.ln3 42. -2ab xe
2 a2 - b2
43. Ae -k x [w cos(wx + a ) - k 2 sin( wx + a )] 45.
a + b cos x