MODULE - I

Index 01.| BASIC MATHS 01-15

EXERCISE 16-20

02.| TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS 21-38

EXERCISE 39-46

03.| TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 47-55

EXERCISE 56-63

04.| HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES 64-67

EXERCISE 68-72

05.| SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE 73-78

EXERCISE 79-81

06.| MATHEMATICAL REASONING 82-88

EXERCISE 89-94

07.| STATISTICS 95-105

EXERCISE 106-113
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 1

BASIC MATHS
1. NUMBER SYSTEM :
Natural Numbers : (N) = {1, 2, 3....}
Whole Numbers : (W) = {0, 1, 2, 3.....}
Integers : (I) = {........–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3.....}
Positive Integers : (I+) = {1, 2, 3 ... }
Negative Integers : (I–) = {.... –3, –2, –1}
Non-negative Integers : {0, 1, 2, 3........}
Non-positive Integers : {.... –3, –2, –1, 0}
Even Integers = {.... –6, –4, –2, 0, 2, 4, 6 ...}
Odd Integers = {........ –5, –3, –1, 1, 3, 5........}
Note :
(i) Zero is neither positive nor negative. (ii) Zero is even number.
(ii) Positive means > 0. (iv) Non-negative means ³ 0.

æpö
2. FRACTION ç ÷ :
èqø

3 5
(a) Proper Fraction = : Nr < Dr (b) Improper Fraction = : Nr > Dr
5 3

2
3
(c) Mixed Fraction : 2 + (d) Compound Fraction : 3
5 5
6

2
(e) Complex Fraction : 2 1 (f) Continued Fraction : 2 +
3 2
2+
+.....
This is usually written in the more compact
1 1
form 2 + ........
2+ 2+
3. RATIONAL NUMBERS (Q) :
All the numbers that can be represented in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ¹ 0, are called
rational numbers. Integers, Fractions, Terminating decimal numbers, Non-terminating but repeating decimal
ìp ü
numbers are all rational numbers. Q = í :p, q Î I and q ¹ 0 ý
îq þ

Note :

(i) Integers are rational numbers, but converse need not be true.
(ii) A rational number always exists between two distinct rational numbers, hence infinite rational numbers
exist between two rational numbers.
4. IRRATIONAL NUMBERS (QC) :
There are real numbers which can not be expressed in p/q form. Non-Terminating non repeating decimal
numbers are irrational number e.g. 2, 5, 3, 3 10 ; e, p .

e » 2.71 is called Napier's constant and p » 3.14

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2 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Note :
(i) Sum of a rational number and an irrational number is an irrational number E.g. 2 + 3
(ii) If a Î Q and b Ï Q, then ab = rational number, only if a = 0.
(iii) Sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational numbers need not be an irrational number or we
can say, result may be a rational number also.
5. REAL NUMBERS (R) :
The complete set of rational and irrational number is the set of real numbers, R = Q È QC . The real numbers
can be represented as a position of a point on the real number line.
6. COMPLEX NUMBERS. (C) :
A number of the form a + ib, where a, b Î R and i = -1 is called a complex number. Complex number is
usually denoted by z and the set of all complex numbers is represented by
C = {(x + iy) : x, y Î R, i = -1 }

N⊂W⊂I⊂Q⊂R⊂C
7. EVEN NUMBERS :
Numbers which are divisible by 2 are known as even numbers, unit's digit 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & represented by 2n ; n
ÎI
8. ODD NUMBERS :
Numbers which are not divisible by 2 are known as odd number & last digit 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 represented by (2n ± 1)
nÎI
(a) even ± even = even
(b) even ± odd = odd
(c) odd ± odd = even
(d) even × odd = even
(e) even × even = even
(f) odd × odd = odd
9. PRIME NUMBERS :
Let 'p' be a natural number, 'p' is said to be prime if it has exactly two distinct positive integral factors, namely
1 and itself. e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31 .....
10. COMPOSITE NUMBERS :
A number that has more than two divisors is known as composite numbers.
Note :
(i) '1' is neither prime nor composite.
(ii) '2' is the only even prime number.
(iii) '4' is the smallest composite number.
(iv) Natural numbers which are not prime are composite numbers (except 1)
11. CO-PRIME NUMBERS/ RELATIVELY PRIME NUMBERS :
Two natural numbers (not necessarily prime) are coprime, if their H.C.F. is one.
e.g. (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4) (5, 6) etc.
Note :
(i) Two distinct prime number(s) are always co-prime but converse need not be true.
(ii) Consecutive natural numbers are always co-prime numbers.
12. TWIN PRIME NUMBERS :
If the difference between two prime numbers is two, then the numbers are twin prime numbers.
e.g. {3, 5}, {5, 7}, {11, 13} etc.
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 3
13. NUMBERS TO REMEMBER :

Number 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Square 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400
Cube 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000 1331 1728 2197 2744 3375 4096 4913 5832 6859 8000
Sq. Root 1.41 1.73 2 2.24 2.45 2.65 2.83 3 3.16

Note :
(i) Square of a real number is always non negative (i.e. x2 ³ 0)

(ii) Square root of a positive number is always positive e.g. 4 =2

(iii) x2 = |x|, x ÎR
14. DIVISIBILITY RULES :
Divisible by Remark.
2 Last digit of number is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8
3 Sum of digits of number divisible by 3 (Remainder will be same when number is divided by
3 or sum of digits is divided by 3.)
4 Number formed by last two digits divisible by 4 (Remainder will be same whether we divide
the number or its last two digits)
5 Last digit 0 or 5
6 Divisible by 2 and 3 simultaneously.
8 Number formed by last three digits is divisible by 8 (Remainder will be same whether we
divide the number or its last three digits)
9 Sum of digits divisible by 9. (Remainder will be same when number is divided by 9 or sum
of digit is divided by 9)
10 Last digit 0
11 (Sum of digits at even places) – (sum of digits at odd places) = 0 or divisible by 11
15. LCM AND HCF :
(a) HCF is the highest common factor between any two or more numbers or algebraic expressions.
When dealing only with numbers, it is also called "Greatest common divisor" (GCD).
(b) LCM is the lowest common multiple of two or more numbers or algebraic expressions.
(c) The product of HCF and LCM of two numbers (or expressions) is equal to the product of
the numbers.
16. INDICES
Some useful Formulae
(i) am × an = am+n
(ii) am ÷ an = am–n
(iii) (am)n = (an)m = amn
m m
-
æaö n æ b ön
(iv) ç ÷ =ç ÷
èbø èaø

(v) am ÷ b–n = am × bn

(vi) ( n a )n = a, where n Î N , n > 2 and 'a' is positive rational number

(vii) n
a n b = n ab , where n Î N , n > 2 and 'a', 'b' are rational numbers.

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4 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
n
a a
(viii) = n
, where n Î N , n > 2 and 'a', 'b' are rational numbers.
n
b b

(ix) m n
a = mn
a = n m
a , where m, n Î N, m,n > 2 and 'a' is a positive rational number

(x) n m
(a k )m = n a k = mn a km , where m, n Î N, m,n > 2 , 'k' are positive integers and 'a' is a positive
rational number
(xi) a´ a =a

(xii) a ´ b = ab , a,b Î R and ab > 0

(xiii) ( a + b )2 = a + b + 2 ab , a,b Î R and ab > 0

(xiv) ( a – b)2 = a + b – 2 ab , a,b Î R and ab > 0

(xv) a + b = c + d Þ a = c and b = d where a,c are rational numbers and b, d are irrational
numbers

1 a+ b a+ b
(xvi) = =
a- b ( a - b)( a + b) a-b

1 a- b a- b
(xvii) = =
a+ b ( a + b)( a - b) a-b

(xviii) a0 = 1, a ¹ 0
Illustration-1 :
Evaluate the following
-1 –3 / 2
æ 121 ö
(i) ( 3 64 ) 2 (ii) ç ÷
è 169 ø
Solution :
-1
-1
é 1ù2 1 -1 -1
(i) ( 3 64 ) 2 = ê (64) 3 ú = (64) 3 ´ 2 = (64) 6
ë û

-1 æ -1 ö
6 ´ç ÷
è 6ø 1
= 6 6
(2 ) =2 = 2 -1 =
2

–3 / 2 –3 / 2 -3 -3 3
æ 11 ´ 11 ö æ 112 ö æ 11 ö
2´
2 æ 11 ö æ 13 ö 2197
(ii) ç ÷ = çç 2 ÷÷ = ç ÷ = ç ÷ =ç ÷ =
è 13 ´ 13 ø è 13 ø è 13 ø è 13 ø è 11 ø 1331

Illustration-2 :
If ax = b, by = c, cz = a, prove that xyz = 1 where a,b,c are distinct numbers.
Solution :
We have,
axyz = (ax)yz
Þ axyz = (b)yz [Q ax = b]
Þ axyz = (by)z
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 5
Þ axyz = cz [Qby = c]
Þ axyz = a [Q cz = a]
\ axyz = a1
Þ xyz = 1
17. REMAINDER THEOREM
Statement : Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree ³ 1 and 'a' is any real number. If p(x) is divided by
(x – a), then the remainder is p(a).
E.g. Let p(x) be x3 – 7x2 + 6x + 4
Divide p(x) with (x – 6) and to find the remainder, put x = 6 in p(x) i.e. p(6) will be the remainder.
\ required remainder be
p(6) = (6)3 – 7.62 + 6.6 + 4 = 216 – 252 + 36 + 4 = 256 – 252 = 4

)
x – 6 x3 – 7x2 + 6x + 4 (x 2
–x
x3 – 6x2
– +
– x 2 + 6x + 4
– x 2 + 6x
+ –
Remainder = 4

Thus, p(a) is remainder on dividing p(x) by (x – a).

Remark (i) p(–a) is remainder on dividing p(x) by (x + a)
[Q x + a = 0 Þ x = – a]

æbö
(ii) p ç ÷ is remainder on dividing p(x) by (ax – b)
èaø

[Q ax – b = 0 Þ x = b/a]

æ -b ö
(iii) pç ÷ is remainder on dividing p(x) by (ax + b)
è a ø
[Q ax + b = 0 Þ x = –b/a]

æbö
(iv) p ç ÷ is remainder on dividing p(x) by (b – ax)
èaø

[Q b – ax = 0 Þ x = b/a]
Illustration-3 :
Find the remainder when
x3 – ax2 + 6x – a is divided by x – a
Solution :
Let p(x) = x3 – ax2 + 6x – a
p(a) = a3 – a(a)2 + 6(a) – a
= a3 – a3 + 6a – a = 5a
So, by the Remainder theorem, remainder = 5a
18. FACTOR THEOREM
Statement : Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree ³ 1 and a be any real constant such that f(a) = 0, then (x – a)
is a factor of f(x). Conversely, if (x – a) is a factor of f(x), then f(a) = 0.

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6 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Proof : By Remainder theorem, if f(x) is divided by (x – a), the remainder will be f(a). Let q(x) be the quotient.
Then, we can write,
f(x) = (x – a) × q(x) + f(a) (Q Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder)
If f(a) = 0, then f(x) = (x – a) × q(x)
Thus, (x – a) is a factor of q(x).
Converse Let (x – a) is a factor of f(x).
Then we have a polynomial q(x) such that f(x) = (x – a) × q(x)
Replacing x by a, we get f(a) = 0. Hence, proved.
Illustration-4 :
Use the factor theorem to determine whether (x – 1) is a factor of f(x) = 2 2 x 3 + 5 2 x2 - 7 2
Solution :
By using factor theorem, (x – 1) is a factor of f(x), only when f(1) = 0
f(1) = 2 2 (1)3 + 5 2 (1)2 - 7 2 = 2 2 + 5 2 - 7 2 = 0
Hence, (x – 1) is a factor of f(x).
19. FACTORIZATION :
Formulae :
(a) (a ± b)2 = a2 ± 2ab + b2 = (a m b)2 ± 4ab
(b) a2 – b2 = (a+b) (a–b)

1
• If a2 – b2 = 1 then a + b =
a-b

1 1
For example : sec q - tan q = or 3+ 2=
sec q + tan q 3- 2

(c) (a+b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a+b)

(d) (a–b)3 = a3–b3 – 3ab (a–b)
(e) a3 + b3 = (a +b) (a2–ab + b2) = (a + b)3 – 3ab(a+b)
(f) a3– b3 = (a–b) (a2 + ab + b2) = (a – b)3 + 3ab(a–b)
(g) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(h) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)

1
= (a + b + c){(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2}
2
(i) (a + b + c)3 = a3+b3+c3 + 3(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
(j) a4 + a2 + 1 = (a2 + 1)2 – a2 = (1 + a + a2) (1 – a + a2)
Factorization :
Illustration-5 : (3x – y)2 – (2x – 3y)2
Solution : Use a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)
(3x – y)2 – (2x – 3y)2 = (3x – y + 2x – 3y) (3x – y – 2x + 3y)
= (5x – 4y) (x + 2y)
Illustration-6 : a6 – b6
Solution : a6 – b6 = (a2)3 – (b2)3
= (a2 – b2) (a4 + a2b2 + b4)
= (a – b) (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) (a2 + ab + b2)

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 7
Illustration-7 : x2 + 6x – 187
Solution : x2 + 6x – 187 = x2 + 17x – 11x – 187
= x(x + 17) – 11(x + 17)
= (x + 17) (x – 11)
Illustration-8 : 9x4 – 10x2 + 1
Solution : 9x4 – 10x2 + 1 = (9x2 – 1) (x2 – 1 )
= (3x – 1) (3x + 1) (x – 1) (x + 1)
Illustration-9 : x3 – 13x – 12
Solution : x3 – 13x – 12 Q x = –1 satisfies given expression
Þ x + 1 is a factor

2
x +1 x3 – 13x – 12 x – x – 12
x3 + x 2
2
–x – 13x – 12
2
–x – x
–12x – 12
–12x – 12
0

\ x3 – 13x – 12 = (x + 1) (x2 – x – 12)

= (x + 1) (x – 4) (x + 3)
Illustration-10 : 8x3 + y3 + 27z3 – 18xyz
Solution : 8x3 + y3 + 27z3 – 18xyz = (2x)3 + (y)3 + (3z)3 – 3(2x) (y) (3z)
= (2x + y + 3z) (4x2 + y2 + 9z2 – 2xy – 6xz – 3yz)
Important Result :

a c
If = , then
b d
a +b c+d
(i) = (Componendo)
b d
a–b c–d
(ii) = (Dividendo)
b d
a+b c+d
(iii) = (Componendo and dividendo)
a–b c–d
a a+c a–c
(iv) = = .
b b+d b–d

a c e l a + l2 c + l 3 e...
(v) = = = ...... = 1 , where l1,l2,l3......... are real numbers
b d f l1 b + l2 d + l3 f...

1
a c e æ an + c n + en ö n
(vi) If = = = ......, then each ratio = ç n ÷
b d f è b + dn + f n ø

a c a2 + c2 a+c a-c
Example : b = d = 2 2
= =
b+d b-d
b +d

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8 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Illustration-11 :
Two positive numbers are in the ratio of 4 : 5. If the difference between these numbers is 24, then find the
numbers.
Solution :
Here a = 4, b = 5 and x = 24.

ax 4 ´ 24
\ The first number = = = 96.
b-a 5-4

bx 5 ´ 24
and the second number = = = 120.
b-a 5- 4
20. INTERVALS
Intervals are basically subsets of R. If there are two numbers a, b Î R such that a < b, we can define four types
of intervals as follows :
(a) Open interval : (a, b) = {x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included.
(b) Closed interval : [a, b] = {x : a £ x £ b} i.e. end points are also included.
This is possible only when both a and b are finite.
(c) Semi open or semi closed interval : (a, b] = {x : a < x £ b} ; [a, b) = {x : a £ x < b}
(d) The infinite intervals are defined as follows :
(i) (a, ¥) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ¥) = {x : x ³ a}
(iii) (–¥, b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (–¥, b] = {x : x £ b}
(v) (–¥, ¥) = R
Note :
(i) For some particular values of x, we use symbol { } e.g. If x = 1, 2 we can write it as x Î {1, 2}
(ii) If there is no values of x, then we say x Î f (null set)
21. SET THEORY :
The collection of well defined things is called set. Well defined means a law by which we are able to find
whether a given thing is contained in the given set or not.
Example : (i) A = { x ; x is a prime number} means
A = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13........... }
(ii) W = { x ; x is a whole number } means
W = { 0 , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..... }
22. METHODS TO WRITE A SET :
(i) Roster Method : In this method a set is described by listing elements, separated by commas and enclose
then by curly brackets

Ex. The set of vowels of English Alphabet may be described as {a, e, i, o, u}

(ii) Set Bulder form : In this case we write down a property or rule p Which gives us all the element of the
set
A = {x : P(x)} ; where P(x) is the property by which x Î A
Ex. A = {x : x Î N and x = 2n for n Î N}
i.e. A = {2, 4, 6, ....}
Ex. B = {x2 : x Î z}
i.e. B = {0, 1, 4, 9, ....}

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23. TYPES OF SETS :
C Null set or Empty set : A set having no element in it is called an Empty set or a null set or void set it is
denoted by f or { }
Ex. A = {x Î N : 5 < x < 6} = f
A set consisting of at least one element is called a non-empty set or a non-void set.
C Singleton : A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.
Ex. Then set {0}, is a singleton set
C Finite Set : A set which has only finite number of elements is called a finite set.
Ex. A = {a, b, c}
C Order of a finite set : The number of elements in a finite set is called the order of the set A and is denoted
O(A) or n(A). It is also called cardinal number of the set.
Ex. A = {a, b, c, d} Þ n(A) = 4
C Infinite set : A set which has an infinite number of elements is called an infinite set.
Ex. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....} is an infinite set
C Equal sets : Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element of A is a member of B, and every element
of B is a member of A.
If sets A and B are equal. We write A = B and A and B are not equal then A ¹ B
Ex. A = {1, 2, 6, 7} and B = {6, 1, 2, 7} Þ A = B
C Equivalent sets : Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if their number of elements are same
ie. n(A) = n(B)
Ex. A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = {a, b, c, d}
n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 4 Þ n(A) = n(B)
Note : Equal set always equivalent but equivalent sets may not be equal
C Subsets and Superset : Let A and B be two sets if every element of A is an element B, then A is called a
subset of B and B is called superset of A, if A is a subset of B. we write A Í B
Example : A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Þ A Í B
The symbol ''Þ'' stands for "implies"
C Proper subset : If A is a subset of B and A ¹ B then A is a proper subset of B. and we write A Ì B
Note-1 : Every set is a subset of itself i.e. A Í A for all A
Note-2 : Empty set f is a subset of every set
Note-3 : Clearly N Ì W Ì Z Ì Q Ì R Ì C
Note-4 : The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2n
Note-5 : Number of proper subsets of a set having n elements is 2n–1.
Note-6 : Empty set f is proper subset of every set except itself.
C Universal set : A set consisting of all possible elements which occur in the discussion is called a Universal set
and is denoted by U
Note : All sets are contained in the universal set
Ex. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 4, 5, 6}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7} then U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} can be taken as the
Universal set.
C Power set : Let A be any set. The set of all subsets of A is called power set of A and is denoted by P(A)
Ex.1 Let A = {1, 2} then P(A) = {f, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}
Ex.2 Let P(f) = {f}
Q P(P(f)) = {f, {f}}
Q P(P(P(f)) = {f, {f}, {{f}}, {f, {f}}

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10 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Note-1 : If A = f then P(A) has one element
Note-2 : Power set of a given set is always non empty

24. OPERATIONS OF SETS :

The basic operations of sets and their related results are as follows.
(i) Union of sets : The union of two sets is represented by A È B or A + B. This set contains those elements
which are in A or in B or in A and B both. So
A B

A ÈB
A È B = { x ; x Î A or x Î B }
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} then A È B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
(ii) Intersection of two sets : The intersection of two sets is represented by A Ç B or AB. It contains those all
elements which are contained in both sets A and B both, So

A B

A ÇB
A Ç B = { x ; x ÎA and x Î B }
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3, }, B = {2, 3, 4} then A Ç B = {2, 3}
(iii) Difference of two sets : If A and B are two sets then A–B represents the set of those elements which are in
A and not in B. In the same manner B–A represents the set of those elements which are in B and not in A. So

A B

A-B B–A
or or
– –
AÇ B BÇA

A – B = A Ç B = {x ; x Î A and x Ï B}

B – A = B Ç A = {x ; xÎB and xÏA}

e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} ; A – B = {1}
(iv) Complement of a set : A' = {x : x Ï A but x Î U} = U – A

e.g. U = {1, 2, ...., 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then A' = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 11
(v) De-Morgan Laws : (A È B)' = A' Ç B' ; (A Ç B)' = A' È B'
(vi) A – (B È C) = (A – B) Ç (A – C) ; A – (B Ç C) = (A – B) È (A – C)
(vii) Distributive Laws : A È (B Ç C) = (A È B) Ç (A È C) ; A Ç (B È C) = (A Ç B) È (A Ç C)
(viii) Commutative Laws : A È B = B È A ; A Ç B = B Ç A
(ix) Associative Laws : (A È B) È C = A È (B È C) ; (A Ç B) Ç C = A Ç (B Ç C)
(x) A Çf= f; A Ç U = A
A Èf= A ; A ÈU = U
(xi) AÇB ÍA;AÇB ÍB
(xii) AÍAÈB ;B ÍAÈB
(xiii) A ÍB ÞAÇB = A
(xiv) A ÍB ÞAÈB =B
Disjoint Sets :
IF A Ç B = f, then A, B are disjoint.
e.g. if A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {7, 8, 9} then A Ç B = f

Note : A Ç A' = f \ A, A' are disjoint.

Symmetric Difference of Sets :
A D B = (A – B) È (B – A)

Points to be remember :
l (A')' = A
l A Í B Û B' Í A'
l n(A È B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A Ç B)
l n(A È B) = n(A) + n(B) Û A, B are disjoint non-void sets.
l n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A Ç B) i.e. n(A – B) + n(A Ç B) = n(A)
l n(A È B È C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A Ç B) – n(B Ç C) – n(A Ç C) + n(A Ç B Ç C)
Ex. In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 who can speak Hindi and 400 who can speak Bengali. How many
can speak Hindi only ?How many can spak Bengali ? How many can spak both Hindi and Bengali?
Sol. Let A and B be the sets of persons who can speak Hindi and Bengali respectively.
then n(A Ç B) = 1000, n(A) = 750, n(B) = 400.
Number of persons whos can speak both Hindi and Bengali
= n(A Ç B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A È B)
= 750 + 400 – 1000
Number of persons who can speak Hindi only = 150
= n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A Ç B) = 750 – 150 = 600
Number of persons Whos can speak Bengali only
= n(B – A) = n(B) – n(A Ç B) = 400 – 150 = 250

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12 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
25. LOGARITHMS :
Definition : Every positive real number N can be expressed in exponential form as ax = N where 'a' is also a
positive real number different than unity and is called the base and 'x' is called an exponent.
We can write the relation ax = N in logarithmic form as logaN = x. Hence ax = N Û logaN = x.
Hence logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base must be raised in order to get that
number.
Limitations of logarithm: logaN is defined only when
(i) N>0 (ii) a > 0 (iii) a ¹ 1
Note :
(i) For a given value of N, logaN will give us a unique value.
(ii) Logarithm of zero does not exist.
(iii) Logarithm of negative reals are not defined in the system of real numbers.

Illustration 12 : If log4m = 1.5, then find the value of m.

Solution : log4m = 1.5 Þ m = 43/2 Þ m = 8

p4 q 4
Illustration 13 : If log5p = a and log2q = a, then prove that = 1002a–1
100

Solution : log5p = a Þ p = 5a
log2q = a Þ q = 2a

p4 q 4 54a.24a (10)4a (100)2a

Þ = = = = 1002a -1
100 100 100 100

Illustration 14 : The value of N, satisfying loga[1 + logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)}] = 0 is -

(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
Solution : 1 + logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)} = a = 1
0

Þ logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)} = 0 Þ 1 + logc(1 + logpN) = 1

Þ logc(1 + logpN) = 0 Þ 1 + logpN = 1
Þ logpN = 0 Þ N=1 Ans. (D)
26. FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES :
Using the basic definition of logarithm we have 3 important deductions :
(a) loga1 = 0 i.e. logarithm of unity to any base is zero.
(b) logNN = 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the same base is 1.

(c) log 1 N = -1 = logN 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the base as its reciprocal is –1.
N N

Note : N = (a)loga N e.g. 2log2 7 = 7

27. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS :
If m,n are arbitrary positive numbers where a > 0, a ¹ 1 and x is any real number, then-

m
(a) logamn= logam + logan (b) loga = loga m - loga n
n
(c) logamx = x logam

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 13

Illustration 15 : Find the value of 2log 2 + 3 log 25 - log 625

5 8 128

2 25 128
Solution : 2log + 3 log + log
5 8 625

3
22 æ 52 ö 27
= log + log ç 3 ÷÷ + log 4
52 ç2 5
è ø

22 56 27
= log . . = log1 = 0
52 29 5 4

Illustration 16 : If logex – log ey = a , logey – logez = b & logez – logex = c, then find the value of

b-c c -a a- b
æxö æyö æzö
ç ÷ ´ç ÷ ´ç ÷
èyø èzø èxø

x x
Solution : logex – logey = a Þ loge = a Þ = ea
y y

y y
logey – logez = b Þ loge = b Þ = eb
z z

z z
logez – logex = c Þ loge = c Þ = ec
x x

\ ( ea ) ( ) ( )
b -c c -a a-b
´ eb ´ ec

a ( b -c ) + b( c -a ) +c ( a - b )
=e = e0 = 1

Illustration 17 : If logax = p and logbx2 = q, then logx ab is equal to (where a, b, x Î R+ – {1})-

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) + (B) + (C) + (D) +
p q 2p q p 2q 2p 2q

Solution : logax = p Þ ap = x Þ a = x1/p.

similarly bq = x2 Þ b = x2/q

æ1 2ö 1
ç + ÷. 1 1
1/ p 2/ q èp qø 2
Now, log x ab = log x x x = log x x = +
2p q

28. BASE CHANGING THEOREM :

Can be stated as "quotient of the logarithm of two numbers is independent of their common base."

log a m
Symbolically, log b m = , where a > 0, a ¹ 1, b > 0, b ¹ 1
loga b
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14 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Note :

log a log b 1
(i) logba. logab = . = 1; hence log b a = log b .
log b log a a

(ii) alogb c = c logb a

1
(iii) Base power formula : loga k m = log a m
k
(iv) The base of the logarithm can be any positive number other than 1, but in normal practice, only two
bases are popular, these are 10 and e(=2.718 approx). Logarithms of numbers to the base 10 are
named as 'common logarithm' and the logarithms of numbers to the base e are called Natural or Napierian
logarithm. We will consider logx as logex or lnx.
(v) Conversion of base e to base 10 & viceversa :

log10 a loge a
loge a = = 2.303 ´ log10 a ; log10 a = = log10 e ´ log e a = 0.434 loge a
log10 e loge 10

Illustration 18 : If a, b, c are distinct positive real numbers different from 1 such that
(logba . logca – logaa) + (logab . logcb – logbb) + (logac . logbc – logcc ) = 0, then abc is equal to -
(A) 0 (B) e (C) 1 (D) none of these
Solution : (logba logca – 1) + (logab . logcb – 1) + (logac logbc – 1) = 0

log a log a log b log b log c log c

Þ log b . log c + log a . log c + log a . log b = 3

Þ (log a)3 + (log b)3 + (log c)3 = 3loga logb logc

Þ (loga + logb + logc) = 0 [QIf a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0, then a + b + c = 0 if a ¹ b ¹ c]
Þ log abc = log 1 Þ abc = 1
Illustration 19 : Evaluate : 811 / log5 3 + 27log9 36 + 34 / log7 9

Solution : 81log3 5 + 33 log9 36 + 34 log9 7

3/2 2
= 34 log3 5 + 3log3 (36) + 3log3 7
= 625 + 216 + 49 = 890.

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 15

BASIC MATHEMATICS EXERCISE-I

1
1é 2 ù æ
( 1 3ö
)
4
1. If x = 8 - 60 , then x+ ú = 1
2 êë xû 8. ç 5 8 3 +27 3
÷ =
è ø
(1) 5 (2) 3 (1) 3 (2) 6
(3) 5 (4) 4
(3) 2 5 (4) 2 3
9. (13 + 23 + 33 + 43)–3/2 =

4+3 5 (1) 10–3 (2) 10–2

2. If = a+b 5 , a, b are rational numbers, (3) 10–4 (4) 10–1
4-3 5
10. (0.000729)–3/4 × (0.09)–3/4=
then (a, b) =
103 105
æ 61 -24 ö æ -61 24 ö (1) (2)
(1) ç , ÷ (2) ç , ÷ 33 35
è 29 29 ø è 29 29 ø
102 106
æ 61 24 ö æ -61 -24 ö (3) (4)
(3) ç , ÷ (4) ç , ÷ 32 36
è 29 29 ø è 29 29 ø

–2/3
3. The square root of 11 + 112 is - ì –12 ü
11. ï4 æ 1 ö ï =
í ç ÷ ý
ïî xè ø ïþ
(1) 7 +2 (2) 7+ 2

(3) 2 – 7 (4) None

1 1
(1) 2 (2)
4. The square root 5 + 2 6 is : x x4

(1) 3 +2 (2) 3- 2 1 1
(3) 3 (4)
x x
(3) 2- 3 (4) 3+ 2

3 3
5. If a + 3 b + 3 c = 0 then (a + b + c) =
k
12. If 4 3 x2 = x , then k =
(1) abc (2) 3abc
(3) 9ac (4) 27abc
2
6. The numerical value of (1) (2) 6
6
1 1 1
æ 1a – b ö a –c æ 1 ö b–a æ 1 ö c– b 1
´ ç x b–c ÷ ´ ç x c–a ÷ is (3) (4) 7
çè x ÷ø è ø è ø 6

(a, b, c are distinct real numbers) 2

æ æ–1ö ö
(1) 1 (2) 8
13. ç 7çè 2 ÷ø × 52 ÷ ÷ 253 =
(3) 0 (4) None of these ç ÷
ç ÷
è ø
2
æ
( ) ö
–1
–1 4
7. ç (625)
2
÷ = 5 7
è ø (1) (2)
7 5
(1) 4 (2) 5 5
(3) 2 (4) 3 (3) 35 (4) –
7
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16 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
16. Factorize following expressions
æd 3 ö –2
(i) x2 + 3x – 40 (ii) x2 – 3x – 40
14. (2d2e–1)3× ç ÷ =
è eø (iii) x + 5x – 14 (iv) x2 – 3x – 4
2

–2 –3
(v) x2 – 2x – 3 (vi) 3x2 – 10x + 8
(1) 8e (2) 8e
(vii) 12x2 + x – 35 (viii) 3x2 – 5x + 2
(3) 8e–1 (4) 8e–4
(ix) 3x2 – 7x + 4 (x) 7x2 – 8x + 1
15. If 9x = 3 92 , then x = (xi) 2x2 – 17x + 26 (xii) 3a2 – 7a – 6
(xiii) 14a2 + a – 3
2 4
(1) (2)
3 3

1 5
(3) (4)
3 3

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 4 1 4 4 1 2 3 1 4 1 3 1 3 2
16. (i) (x + 8) (x – 5) (ii) (x – 8) (x + 5) (iii) (x + 7) (x – 2) (iv) (x – 4)(x + 1)
(v) (x – 3) (x + 1) (vi) (x – 2) (3x – 4) (vii) (4x + 7) (3x – 5) (viii) (3x–2)(x–1)
(ix) (x – 1) (3x – 4) (x) (x – 1) (7x – 1) (xi) (2x – 13) (x – 2) (xii) (a–3)(3a+2)
(xiii) (2a + 1) (7a – 3)

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 17

BASIC MATHEMATICS EXERCISE-II

Solve the following Inequalities :
x -1
1. (x – 1)(3 – x)(x – 2)2 > 0 12. <x
x +1
6x - 5
2. <0 1 3
4x + 1 13. <
x+2 x-3
x2 + 2x - 3
3. <0
x2 + 1 x2 - 1
14. <3
2x + 5
(x - 1)(x + 2)2
4. <0
-1 - x x2 + 2
15. < -2
x2 - 1
x2 + 4x + 4
5. >0
2x 2 - x - 1 (2 - x2 )(x - 3)3
16. ³0
(x + 1)(x2 - 3x - 4)
5x - 1
6. <1
x2 + 3
(x + 2)(x2 - 2x + 1)
17. ³0
x -2 1 4 + 3x - x 2
7. 2
<-
x +1 2
4 2
18. + <1
x +1 1+ x 1- x
8. <1
(x - 1)2
x2 + 6x - 7
2 19. £2
1+ x x2 + 1
9. <0
x2 - 5x + 6
(x - 1)2 (x + 1)3
x2 - x - 6 20. £0
10. >0 x 4 (x - 2)
2
x + 6x

x2 - 6x + 9 (2x -1) (x - 1)2 (x - 3)3

11. ³0 21. ³0
5 - 4x - x2 (x - 4)4

ANSWER KEY
1. (1,2) È (2,3) 2. ( -1/ 4, 5 / 6) 3. (–3, 1)

4. ( -¥, -2) È ( -2, -1) È (1, + ¥) 5. ( -¥, -2) È (-2, -1/ 2) È (1, +¥) 6. ( -¥, 1) È (4, + ¥)

7. (–3, 1) 8. ( -¥,0 ) È (3, ¥ ) 9. (2, 3)

10. ( -¥, -6) È ( -2,0) È (3, +¥) 11. ( -5,1) È {3} 12. ( -1, + ¥)
13. ( -9 / 2, - 2) È (3, + ¥) 14. ( -¥, -5 / 2) È (-2,8) 15. (–1, 0) È (0, 1)

16. [ - 2, -1) È ( -1, 2 ] È [3,4) 17. (-¥, - 2] È (-1, 4) 18. ( -¥, - 1) È (1, + ¥)
19. ( -¥, + ¥) 20. [–1, 0) È (0, 2)
21. x Î (–¥, 1/2] È {1} È [3, 4) È (4, ¥)
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18 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
BASIC MATHEMATICS EXERCISE-III
1. If A and B are two sets, then A Ç (A È B)' is equal 10. If A and B are any two sets, then A È (A Ç B) is
to- equal to-
(1) A (2) B (1) A (2) B
(3) f (4) none of these (3) A' (4) B'
2. If A is any set, then- 11. Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 70,
n(B) = 60 and n(A È B) = 110. Then n(A Ç B) is
(1) A È A' = f (2) A È A' = U
equal to-
(3) A Ç A' = U (4) none of these
(1) 240 (2) 20
3. If A, B be any two sets, then (A È B)' is equal to-
(3) 100 (4) 120
(1) A' È B' (2) A' Ç B'
12. The shaded region in the given figure is-
(3) A Ç B (4) A È B
4. If A and B be any two sets, then (A Ç B)' is equal to-
(1) A' Ç B' (2) A' È B'
(3) A Ç B (4) A È B
5. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 5},
B = {6, 7} then A Ç B' is-
(1) B' (2) A
(1) A Ç (B È C) (2) A È (B Ç C)
(3) A' (4) B.
(3) A Ç (B – C) (4) A – (B È C)
6. Let A and B be two sets in the universal set. Then
A – B equals- 13. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, then the number of proper
subsets of A is
(1) A Ç B' (2) A' Ç B
(1) 120 (2) 30
(3) A Ç B (4) none of these
(3) 31 (4) 32
7. Two sets A, B are disjoint iff-
14. If A and B are two sets then
(1) A È B = f (2) A Ç B ¹ f
(A – B) È (B – A) È (A Ç B) is equal to-
(3) A Ç B = f (4) A – B = A
(1) A È B (2) A Ç B
8. Which of the following is a null set ?
(3) A (4) B
(1) {0}
15. Let A and B be two sets then
(2) {x : x > 0 or x < 0}
(A È B)' È (A' Ç B) is equal to-
(3) {x : x2 = 4 or x = 3}
(1) A'
(4) {x : x2 + 1 = 0, x Î R}
(2) A
9. If A Í B, then A Ç B is equal to-
(3) B
(1) A (2) B
(4) B'
(3) A' (4) B'

ANSWER KEY
Q ue. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans . 3 2 2 2 2 1 3 4 1 1 2 4 3 1 1

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 19

BASIC MATHEMATICS EXERCISE-IV

Solve for x Î R (Q.1 to Q.3) 8. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the
1. 4 – 10.2
x x–1
= 24 1
base .
2. 4.22x – 6x = 18.32x 2

x +1 x2 + 2x -11 9 1 1
æ5ö æ 9 ö æ5ö (i) 1 (ii) (iii)
3. ç3÷ .ç ÷ =ç ÷ 2 8
è ø è 25 ø è3ø
1
4. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the (iv) 16 (v) 2 (vi)
2
base 2.
(i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 4 1
(vii) 2 2 (viii) 4
4 2
1 1
(iv) 8 (v) (vi)
2 32 9. Find all values of 'a' for which the following equalities
hold true.
1 (i) log3a = 2 (ii) log1/3(a) = 4
(vii) (viii) 2 (ix) 3
8
16 (iii) log1/3(a) = 0 (iv) loga1 = 0
(v) loga(a + 2) = 2 (vi) log3(a2 + 1) = 1
1 1
(x) 2 2 (xi) 5 (xii) 7 10. Find all values of x for which the following equalities
2 8
hold true.
5. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the (i) log2x2 = 1

1 (ii) log3x = log3(2 – x)

base . (iii) log4x2 = log4x
3
(iv) log1/2(2x + 1) = log1/2(x + 1)
1 1 (v) log1/3(x2 + 8) = –2
(i) 1 (ii) (iii)
3 9 11. Find all the values of x for which the following
equalities hold true.
(iv) 3 (v) 9 (vi) 81
(i) log2x2 = 2
1 (ii) log1/4x2 = 1
(vii) 3
3 (viii) 7 (ix) 9 3
3 (iii) log1/2x – log1/2(3 – x) = 0
(iv) log2(x + 1) – log2(2x – 3) = 0
1
(x) 12. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the
94 3
base 5.
6. Find all values of 'a' for which each of the following (i) 1 (ii) 5 (iii) 25
equalities hold true.
1 1
(i) log2a = 2 (ii) loga2 = 1 (iv) 625 (v) (vi)
5 25
(iii) loga1 = 0 (iv) log10(a(a + 3)) = 1
(v) log1/3(a – 1) = –1
2
(vi) log2(a2 – 5) = 2 1 1
(vii) (viii) 5 (ix) 5 2
7. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the 5
base 3. 1
(x)
53
(xi) 4
53 5
(i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 9
13. Find value of following
1
(iv) 81 (v) (vi)
( )
3 3
(i) log 3- 2
5 -2 6
1
(vii) (viii) 27 3 (ix) 7
9 (ii) log (6 + 2 5 )
3 3 5 +1

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20 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
(iii) log73. log52.log37.log2(125) 15. If 2a = 3 and 9b = 4 then value of (ab) is-

(iv) log5 3 (A) 1 (B) 2

25
(C) 3 (D) 4
(v) 6
log6 5
+3
log9 16
16. If log2 ( 4 + log3 ( x ) ) = 3 , then sum of digits of x is -
1
(vi) log6 4 + (A) 3 (B) 6
log9 6
(C) 9 (D) 18
14. Find the value of following 17. Solve the following equations :
æ 1 ö i. logx–13 = 2
(i) log5 ç ÷
è 5ø 1
ii. log4 (2log3 (1 + log2 (1 + 3log3 x))) =
(ii) log12 8 + log123 + log126 2
500 4 iii. log3(1 + log3(2x – 7)) = 1
(iii) log5 - log 5
3 3 iv. log3(3x – 8) = 2 – x

15 13 5
v. x
1+ log10 x
= 10x
(iv) log39 + log39 - log39
7 3 21 vi. 2(log x 5 )2 - 3log x 5 + 1 = 0
(v) 2log62 + 3log63 + log612

ANSWER KEY
-7
1. x=3 2. x = –2 3. x = ,2
2
4. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (v) –1 (vi) –5
(vii) –4 (viii) 1/2 (ix) 1 (x) 3/2 (xi) –1/5 (xii) –3/7
5. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) –1 (v) –2 (vi) –4
(vii) –1/3 (viii) 1/7 (ix) –5/2 (x) 9/4
6. (i) 4 (ii) 2 (iii) a > 0, a ¹ 1 (iv) –5,2 (v) –2,2 (vi) –3,3
7. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 4 (v) –1 (vi) 1/2
(vii) –3/2 (viii) 7/2 (ix) 2/7
8. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) –4 (v) –1/2 (vi) 1/2
(vii) –3/2 (viii) 9/4

9. (i) 9 (ii) 1/81 (iii) 1 (iv) a > 0, a ¹ 1 (v) 2 (vi) 2, - 2

10. (i) 2, - 2 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 0 (v) 1,–1

1 3
11. (i) x = ±2 (ii) x=± (iii) x= (iv) x = 4
2 2
12. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 4 (v) –1 (vi) –2
(vii) –1/2 (viii) 1/4 (ix) 1/2 (x) 1/3 (xi) 1/3
13. (i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) 9 (v) 9 (vi) 2

-1
14. (i) (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) 1 (v) 4
2
15. A
16. C

17. i. {1 + 3} ii. {3} iii. {4} iv. {2} v. {10–1, 10} vi. { 5, 5}
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 21

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
1. WHAT IS TRIGONOMETRY ?
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics which deals with the measurement of angles and sides of a triangle.
1.1 Angle : Angle is a measure of rotation of a given ray about its initial point. The Original ray is called the
initial side and the final position of the ray after rotation is called the terminal side of the angle.
B
Initial side
ls ide O A
i na (Vertex)
r m Te
Te rm
ina
l sid
O (Vertex) Initial side A e
B
(i) Positive angle (ii) Negative angle
The Point of rotation is called the vertex. If the direction of rotation is anticlockwise then angle is said to be
positive and if the direction of rotation is clockwise then the angle is negative.
The measure of an angle is the amount of rotation performed to get the terminal side from the initial side.
There are several units for measuring angles.
2. SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES :
There are three systems for measuring angles.
2.1. Degree System (Sexagesimal or English system)
2.2. Grade system (Centesimal or French system)
2.3. Radian System (Circular system)
2.1. Degree system : The principal unit in this system is degree (°). One right angle is divided into 90 equal parts
and each part is called one degree (1°). One degree is divided into 60 equal parts and each part is called
one minute. minute is denoted by (1'). One minute is equally divided into 60 equal parts and each part is called
one second (1'').
Thus. We have
One right angle = 90° (º denotes degrees)
1° = 60' ( ' denotes minutes)
1' = 60'' ( " denotes seconds)
Ex.1 8º 30' is equal to -
o o
æ 11 ö æ 17 ö
(1) ç ÷ (2) ç ÷ (3) 17º (4) None of these
è 2 ø è 2 ø
Sol.(2) We know that
Q 1º = 60'
°
æ 1 ö
1' = ç ÷
è 60 ø
° °
æ 30 ö æ 1 ö
then 30' = ç ÷ = ç ÷
è 60 ø è 2 ø
o
æ 17 ö
so 8° 30' = 8 + (1/2)° = ç ÷
è 2 ø
Note : (1) The angle between two consecutive digits of a clock = 30º = p/6 radian
(2) Angle moved by hour hand in one hour = 30º
° °
æ 30 ö æ 1 ö
(3) Angle moved by hour hand in one minute = ç ÷ ç ÷ =
è 60 ø è 2 ø
(4) Angle moved by minute hand in one minute = 6º

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22 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
2.2. Grade system : The principal unit in this system is grade and is denoted by ( g ). One right angle is divided
into 100 equal parts, called grades, and each grade is subdivided into 100 minutes, and each minute into
100 seconds.
In Mathematical Form :
One right angle = 100g (g denotes grade)
1g = 100' (' denotes minute)
1' = 100'' (" denotes second)
Ex.2. 50' is equal to -
g g
æ 1ö æ 1ö
(1) 1g (2) ç ÷ (3) ç ÷ (4) None of these
è 2ø è 4ø
g g g
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ1ö
Sol.(2) 100' is equal to 1g Þ 1' = ç ÷ 50' is equal to ç 50 ´ ÷ =ç2÷
è 100 ø è 100 ø è ø
B
2.3. Radian system : One radian, written as 1 C, is the measure of an angle subtended
r
at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the [Link] 1C
a circle of radius r having centre at O. Let A be a point on the circle. Now cut off O A
r
an arc AB whose length is equal to the radius r of the circle. Then by the defination
the measure of ÐAOB is 1 radian(1C).
arc
Note : The number of radians in any angle subtended by an arc of a Circle at the centre is equal to
radius

B
l O q l
q= l = length of arc.
r r
A
q is always in radians. Where as l and r have same units.
2.4. (i) Relation between degrees and grades
We know that 90º = 100g [each = 1 right angle]
g g g
æ 100 ö æ 10 ö æ 10 ö
1º = ç ÷ =ç ÷ 1º = ç ÷
è 90 ø è 9 ø è 9 ø
Again 100g = 90º

æ 90 ö° æ 9 ö° æ 9 ö°
1g = ç ÷ = ç 10 ÷ Þ 1g
= ç 10 ÷
è 100 ø è ø è ø
(ii) Relation between Degrees and Radians
We know that pC = 180º
°
æ 180 ö
1C = ç ÷ [Q 1 radian = 57°17'45" (approx)]
è p ø

C
æ p ö
Again 180º = p radians Þ 1º = ç ÷ [Q 1° = 0.01745 radians (approx)]
è 180 ø
(iii) Relation between Grades and Radians.
g
C æ 200 ö
We know that p radian = 200g Þ 1 =ç ÷
è p ø
C
æ p ö
g
Again 200g = pC Þ 1 =ç ÷
è 200 ø

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(iv) Relation between Degree, Grades and Radians.
Let an angle q contain D degrees, G grades and R radians.
D 1
\ q = D° = rt. angle [Q 1° = rt. angle]
90 90
G 1
Also q = Gg = rt. angle [Q 1g = rt. angle]
100 100
2R 2
and q = Rc = rt. angle [Q 1c = rt. angle]
p p
D G 2R
Hence = = (each = q)
90 100 p
2.4.1. Some Important Conversion :

Angle in Degrees 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

p p p p
Circular Measure 0
6 4 3 2
Angle in Degrees 120° 135° 150° 180° 210°
2p 3p 5p 7p
Circular Measure p
3 4 6 6
Angle in Degrees 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
4p 3p 5p 11p
Circular Measure 2p
3 2 3 6

Ex.3 75° is equal to -

C C C C
æ pö æ 5p ö æ 17 p ö æ 16 p ö
(1) ç ÷ (2) ç ÷ (3) ç (4) ç
è 9ø è 12 ø è 9 ÷ø è 9 ÷ø

C C
æ p ö æ 5p ö
Sol.(2) We know, 180° = pC Þ 75º = ç 75 ´ ÷ =ç ÷
è 180 ø è 12 ø
Ex.4 The angle subtended at the centre of a circle of diameter 50 cm by an arc of length 11 cm.
(1) 12º 25' (2) 25º (3) 25º 12' (4) None of these
Sol.(3) Here r = 25 cm and s = 11 cm
c c ° °
æsö æ 11 ö æ 11 180 ö æ 11 180 ö
q=ç ÷ Þq=ç ÷ =ç ´ ÷ =ç ´ ´ 7÷
èrø è 25 ø è 25 p ø è 25 22 ø

° °
æ 126 ö æ 1 ö æ1 ö'
=ç ÷ = ç 25 ÷ = 25° + ç ´ 60 ÷ = 25° + 12'
è 5 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø
= 25°12'
Ex.5 80g is equal to -
(A) 73º (B) 75º (C) 72º (D) None of these
o
æ 9 ö
Sol.(3) We know that 1g = ç ÷
è 1 0 ø

o
æ 9 ö
then, 80g = ç 80 ´
è 10 ÷ø

80g = 72°
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24 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
5p
Ex.6 If three angles of an quadrilateral are 60°, 60g, and radians, then find the fourth angle.
6
Sol. First angle = 60°
æ 9 ö°
Second angle = 60g = ç 60 ´ = 54°
è 10 ÷ø
5p 5 ´ 180°
Third angle = radian = = 150°
6 6
Fourth angle = 360° – (60° + 54° + 150°)
= 360° – 264° = 96°

3. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OR FUNCTIONS : y

P(x,y)

Let P(x,y) be a point as shown in the figure. h

y
In the right angle triangle OMP q
x’ x M x
We have Base (OM) = x O
Perpendicular (PM) = y
and Hypotenuse (OP) = h
y’

then we can define the following trigonometric ratio which are also known as triagonometric functions.
P y H h
sine q = = , and written as sin q ; cosecant q = = , and written as cosec q
H h P y
B x H h
cosine q = = , and written as cos q ; secant q = = , and written as sec q
H h B x
P y B x
tangent q = = , and written as tan q ; cotangent q = = , and written as cot q
B x P y
Except these six ratios, there are two other terms which are known as 'versed sine' and' coversed sine'
respectively.
ver sin q = 1 – cos q and cover sinq = 1 – sin q
Note : Trigonometrical ratio of any angle is always constant.
3.1 Relation between Trigonometric Ratios :
1 1 1 1
(i) sinq = or cosecq = (ii) cos q = or sec q =
cosecq sin q sec q cos q
1 1 sin q cos q
(iii) tan q = or cot q = (iv) tan q = (v) cot q =
cot q tan q cos q sin q
(vi) sin 2 q + cos2 q = 1 (vii) 1 + tan2 q = sec2 q (viii) 1 + cot2 q = cosec2 q
Note :
(i) 'sin' is meaningless with out q, Remember sin q does not mean the product of sin and q, sin q means the sine
of angle q.
(ii) It should be noted that (sinq)2 is written as sin2 q, (cos q)2 is written as cos2 q etc.
tan q + sec q - 1
Ex.7 =
tan q - sec q + 1
1 - sin q 1 - cos q 1 + sin q 1 + cos q
(1) (2) (3) (4)
cos q sin q cos q sin q
tan q + sec q - 1 (tan q + sec q ) - (sec2 q - tan2 q)
Sol.(3) = [Q sec2q – tan2q = 1]
tan q - sec q + 1 tan q - sec q + 1
(sec q + tan q){1 - (sec q - tan q)} (sec q + tan q)(tan q - sec q + 1)
= =
tan q - sec q + 1 tan q - sec q + 1
1 sin q 1 + sin q
= secq + tanq = + Þ
cos q cos q cos q
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12 2sin q cos q
Ex.8 If tan q = , then
13 cos2 q - sin 2 q
25 312 24
(1) (2) (3) (4) None of these
312 25 13
2sin q cos q
=
2 sin q cos q cos 2 q
Sol.(2) We have = [Dividing Nr and Dr by cos2 q]
cos2 q - sin2 q cos2 q - sin2 q
cos 2 q
12
2´
2 tan q 13 = 24 ´ 169 = 312
= =
1 - tan2 q æ 12 ö
2
13 25 25
1-ç ÷
è 13 ø
3.2 Quadrants : The two mutually perpendicular lines xox', yoy' divide the plane into four equal parts are called
QUADRANTS'
Y

(i) The part xoy of the plane is called the first Quadrant II-quadrant I-quadrant
(ii) The part yox' of the plane is called the second Quadrant.
(iii) The part x'oy' of the plane is called the third Quadrant. X' O X
(iv) The part y'ox of the plane is called the fourth Quadrant. III-quadrant IV-quadrant
Y'
3.3 Sign of the Trigonometrical Ratios or functions :-
Let P(x,y) be a point with OP = r, then sign
of trigonometric functions depends on the
sign of x and y. With reference to figure Y
given, we have II-Quadrant I-Quadrant
sin, cosec are +ve All trigonometric
PM y rests are –ve P(-x,y) P(x,y) functions are positive
In I Quadrant : sin q = = >0
OP r

sin q, + ve M q q M
X’ X
Thus, we may easily observe that all the Mq qM
O
trigonometric functions, i.e. sin q, cos q, III-Quadrant IV-Quadrant
tan, cot are +ve P(-x,-y) cos, sec are +ve
tan q, cosec q, sec q and cot q are positive P(x,-y) rests are -ve
in I- quadrant, since x and y are positive rests are -ve
in the first quadrant.
Y’
PM y OM - x
In II Quadrant : sin q = = , + ve , cos q = = , - ve
OP r OP r

Thus, we observe that sin q and cosec q are positive, and cos q, sec q, tan q and cot q are negative in the
second quadrant.
PM - y PM - y y
In III Quadrant : sin q =
= , - ve , tan q = = = , + ve
OP r OP - x x
Thus, we observe that tan q and cot q are positive, and sin q, cos q, cosec q and sec q are negative in the
third quadrant.
PM - y OM x
In IV Quadrant : sin q =
= , - ve , cos q = = , + ve
OP r OP r
Thus, we observe that cos q and sec q are positive and sin q, cosec q, tan q and cot q are negative in fourth
quadrant.

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1 3p
Ex.9 If cos q = – and p < q < , then the value of 4 tan2 q – 3 cosec2 q is -
2 2
(1) –2 (2) 8 (3) –8 (4) 1
Sol.(2) Since q lies in third quadrant
Therefore sin q is negative and tan q is Positive

1 3 2 sin q
or sin q = - , cos ecq = - and tan q = = 3
2
Now sin q = ± 1 - cos q Þ sin q = - 1 -
4 2 3 cos q

4
= 4( 3) - 3 ´
2
Hence 4 tan2 q – 3 cosec2 q = 4.3 – 4 Þ 12–4 = 8
3

4. GRAPH OF DIFFERENT TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS :

(–3p/2, 1) (p/2, 1)
y=1
–3p/2 –p/2 p/2 3p/2
(a) Graph of sin x: X' –p p
X
–2p O 2p

y=–1
(–p/2,–1) (3p/2,–1)
Y'

(–3p/2,1) (0,1) (3p/2,1)

y=1

(b) Graph of cos x : X'

–p/2 O p/2
X
–3p/2 –p p 3p/2

y=–1
(–p,–1) (p,–1)
Y'

–3p/2 p/2 3 p/2

(c) Graph of tan x : X' p X
–p –p/2 O

Y'

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 27

–3p/2 –p/2 p/2 3p/2

(d) Graph of cot x : X' • • •–p • • • p • X
–2p O 2p

Y'

Y=1
(–2p, 1) (0,1) (2 p, 1)

(e) Graph of sec x : X' X

O

(–p, –1) (p, –1)

Y = –1

Y'

Y=1
(–3p/2, 1) (p/2, 1)

(e) Graph of cosec x : X' X

O

(–p/2, –1) (3p/2, –1)

Y = –1

Y'
To recall the values of Trigonometric ratio for q

p p p p 3p
q 0 p 2p
6 4 3 2 2

1 1 3
sin q 0 1 0 –1 0
2 2 2

3 1 1
cos q 1 0 –1 0 1
2 2 2

1
tan q 0 1 3 not defined 0 not defined 0
3

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5. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIO OF ALLIED ANGLES :

An angle is said to be allied to the another angle if either

(i) Their sum is zero, or (ii) Their sum or difference is a multiple of 90º. i.e. p/2

p
Ex. –q is allied to q, since – q + q = 0, - q is allied to q since p/2 – q + q = p/2
2
5.1 Trigonametric Ratio of (–q)
Let a revolving ray starting from its initial position OX, trace
out an angle ÐXOA = q. Let P(x, y) be a point on OA such Y A
that OP = r. Draw PM ^ from P on x-axis. Angle ÐXOA¢ P(x, y)
= –q in the clockwise sense. Let P¢ be a point on OA¢ such r
that OP¢ = OP. Clearly M and M¢ coincide and DOMP is q
M
congruent to DOMP¢. Then P¢ are (x, –y)
O –q M' X
-y -y
sin(–q) = Þ = – sinq r
r r
P'
x -y (x, –y) A'
cos(–q) = = cosq tan(–q) = = –tanq
r x
Taking the reciprocal of these trigonometric ratios,
cosec(–q) = – cosecq ; sec(–q) = secq and cot(–q) = –cotq

Note : (i) A function f(x) is said to be even function, if f(–x) = f(x) for all x in its domain and a function f(x) is an odd
function, if f(–x) = –f(x) for all x in its domain.
sinq, tanq, cotq, cosecq all odd functions and cosq, secq are even functions.
(ii) Two angles are said to be complementry when their sum is equal to a right angle. Thus any angle q and
the angle 90–q are complementry. P

5.2 Trigonometric Function of (90– q) : Let the revolving line, starting from
90°– q
OA, trace out any acute angle AOP, equal to q. From any point P, draw PM
^ to OA. Three angles of a triangle are together equal to two right angles,
and since OMP is a right angle, the sum of the two angles MOP and OPM
is right angle ÐOPM= 90° – q q 90°
O A
M
[When the angle OPM is consider, the line PM is the 'base' and MO is the 'perpendicular']

MO PM
sin(90° – q) = sinMPO = = cos AOP = cosq , cos(90° – q) = cos MPO = = sin AOP = sinq
PO PO

MO PM
tan(90° – q) = tan MPO = = cot AOP = cotq , cot(90° – q) = cot MPO = = tan AOP = tanq
PM MO

PO PO
cosec(90° – q) = cosec MPO = =secAOP=secq and sec(90° – q) = sec MPO = = cosec AOP = cosecq
MO PM

5.3 Trigonometric Function of (90 + q) :

Let a revolving ray OA starting from its initial position OX, trace out an angle ÐXOA = q and let another
revolving ray OA¢ starting from the same initial position OX, first trace out an angle q so as to coincide with
OA and then it revolves through an angle of 90° in anticlockwise direction to form an angle
ÐXOA¢ = 90° + q.
Let P and P¢ be points on OA and OA¢ respectively such that OP = OP¢ = r
Draw perpendicular PM and P'M¢ from P and P¢ respectively on OX and OX'; Let the coordinates of P be (x, y).
Then OM = x and P¢M¢ = OM = x also PM = y and OM' = PM = y
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 29
so the coordinates of P¢ are (–y, x)
Y
M'P' x
sin(90 + q) = = = cosq ,
OP ' r
OM ' -y
cos(90 + q) = = = – sinq A' A
OP ' r P' (–x,y)
P(x,y)
M'P' x -x q r r
tan(90 + q) = = = = – cotq q +q
OM ' - y y 90
q
similarly, cot(90 + q) = – tanq
X’ M’ O M X
sec(90 + q) = – cosecq
cosec(90 + q) = secq

Allied Angles ® (–q) (90 –q) (90 + q) (180 – q) (180 + q) (270 – q) (270 + q) (360 –q)
æp ö æp ö æ 3p ö æ 3p ö
Trigo. Ratio ¯ or ç - q ÷ or ç + q ÷ or(p –q) or (p+q) or ç 2 - q ÷ or ç 2 + q ÷ or(2p – q)
è2 ø è2 ø è ø è ø

sinq –sinq cosq cosq sinq –sinq –cosq –cosq –sinq

cosq cosq sinq –sinq –cosq –cosq –sinq sinq cosq
tanq –tanq cotq –cotq –tanq tanq cotq –cotq –tanq

Ex.10 cos (–1710°)

1 1
(1) (2) – (3) 1 (4) 0
2 2
Sol.(4) cos(–1710°) = cos1710° Þ cos (5 × 360 – 90) Þ cos 90 = 0
Ex.11 cos510° cos330° + sin390° cos120° =
1
(1) 2 (2) –1 (3) 0 (4)
2
Sol.(2) cos510° cos330° + sin390° cos120°
= cos(360°+ 150°) cos(360° – 30°) + sin(360° + 30°) cos(90° + 30°)
= cos150° cos30°+ sin30°(–sin30°)
3 1 3 3 1 3 1
= –cos30. - =- , - = - - Þ -1
2 4 2 2 4 4 4
ì æp öü ì æp öü
Ex.12 í1 + cot q - sec ç + q ÷ ý í1 + cot q + sec ç + q ÷ ý =
î è2 øþ î è2 øþ

(1) 2 cosec q (2) cot q (3) 2 cot q (4) sec q

Sol.(3) [1 + cot q + cosec q] [1 + cot q – cosec q] = (1 + cot q)2 – (cosec q)2

= 1 + 2 cot q + cot2 q – cosec2 q Þ 1 + 2 cot q – 1 = 2 cot q

5.4 Alternative Method :

(i) There are changes in 90º ± q

and 270º ± q as follows :

sin « cos
tan « cot
sec « cosec
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30 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
(ii) There are no changes in 180º ± q and 360º ± q. Y 90º
Thus I Quadrant
II Quadrant
sin « sin cos « cos 90º + q, 180º – q 90º – q
tan « tan cot « cot sin, cosec +ve 360 º+q
sec « sec cosec « cosec rests are negative All positive
180º 0º,360º
X’ III Quadrant IV Quadrant X
180º + q, 270º – q 270º + q, 360º – q
tan, cot + ve cos, sec + ve
rests are negative rests are negative

Ex.13 Find the value of sin (225º). Y’ 270º

Sol. sin 225º = sin(180º + 45º)
The angle lies in III-quadrant but in III-quadrant the value of sin is negative. Also, there is no change in

1
(180º + q) \ sin (180º + 45º) = – sin45º = –
2
6. SUM & DIFFERENCE FORMULAE
The algebraic sums of two or more angles are generally called compound angles.
For example : If A, B, C are three angles then A ± B, A + B + C, A – B + C etc. are compound angles

(a) sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB (b) sin(A – B) = sinAcosB – cosAsinB

(c) cos(A + B) = cosAcosB – sinAsinB (d) cos(A – B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB
tan A + tanB tan A - tan B
(e) tan(A + B) = (f) tan(A – B) =
1 - tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B
cot A cot B - 1 cot A cot B + 1
(g) cot(A + B) = (h) cot(A – B) =
cot B + cot A cot B - cot A
sin(A - B) sin(A + B)
(i) tan A – tan B = (j) tan A + tan B =
cos A cos B cos A cos B
Some more Results :

(a) sin(A + B). sin (A – B) = sin2A – sin2B = cos2B – cos2 A

(b) cos(A + B) cos(A – B) = cos2 A – sin2 B = cos2B – sin2 A
(c) sin(A + B + C) = sinA cosB cosC + cosA sinB cosC + cosA cosB sinC – sinA sinB sinC
(d) cos(A + B + C) = cosA cosB cos C – cosA sinB sinC – sinA cosB sinC – sinA sinB cosC

tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A tan B tan C

(e) tan(A + B + C) =
1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tanC tan A

æp ö 1 + tan A æp ö 1 - tan A
(f) tan ç + A ÷ = (g) tan ç - A ÷ =
è4 ø 1 - tan A è4 ø 1 + tan A

Ex.14 The value of sin(n+1) A sin (n+2)A + cos(n+1)A cos (n+2)A -

(1) sin(A+B) (2) cos(A+B) (3) cosA (4) sinA
Sol.(3) We have sin(n+1)A sin(n+2)A + cos(n+1)A cos(n+2)A
= cos(n+1)A cos(n+2)A + sin(n+1)A sin(n+2)A
= cos[(n+1)A – (n+2)A] = cos(–A) = cos A

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2 q-f q+f
Ex.15 The value of cos - sin2 =
2 2

(1) sinq cosf (2) sinq sinf (3) cosq cos f (4) cosq sinf

2 q-f q+f
Sol.(3) cos - sin2 [Q cos2 A – sin2B = cos (A+B) cos (A–B)]
2 2

æq-f q+fö æq-f q+ fö æq-f+q+fö æq-f-q-fö

= cos ç + ÷ cos ç - = cos ç cos ç
è 2 2 ø è 2 2 ÷ø è 2 ÷
ø è 2 ÷
ø

2q æ 2f ö
= cos cos ç - ÷ Þ cosq cosf
2 è 2 ø

7. FORMULAE FOR PRODUCT INTO SUM OF DIFFERENCE CONVERSION

We know that,
sinA cosB + cosA sinB = sin(A + B) ..... (i)
sinA cosB – cosA sinB = sin(A – B) ..... (ii)
cosA cosB – sinA sinB = cos(A + B) ..... (iii)
cosA cosB + sinA sinB = cos(A – B) ..... (iv)
Adding (i) and (ii)
2 sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B) ..... (v)
Subtracting (ii) from (i)
2 cosA sinB = sin(A + B) – sin(A – B) ..... (vi)
Adding (iii) and (iv),
2 cosA cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A – B) ..... (vii)
Subtraction (iii) from (iv).
2 sinA sinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B) ..... (viii)
8. FORMULAE FOR SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT CONVERSION :
We know that,
sin(A + B) + sin (A – B) = 2 sinA cosB .....(i)
C+D C-D
Let A + B = C and A – B = D then A = and B =
2 2
Substituting in (i),

æ C+D ö æ C-D ö
(a) sinC + sinD = 2 sin ç ÷ . cos ç ÷ similarly
è 2 ø è 2 ø

æ C+D ö æ C-D ö æ C+ D ö æC-Dö

(b) sinC – sinD = 2 cos ç ÷ . sin ç ÷ (c) cosC + cosD = 2 cos ç ÷ . cos ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø

æ C+ D ö æ D- C ö
(d) cosC – cosD = 2 sin ç ÷ . sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø

sin q + sin 3q + sin 5q

Ex.16 =
cos q + cos 3q + cos 5q
(1) tanq (2) tan 5q (3) tan 3q (4) None of these

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q + 5q q - 5q
2 sin cos + sin 3q
(sin q + sin 5q) + sin 3q = 2 2
Sol.(3) q + 5q q - 5q
(cos q + cos5q) + cos 3q 2cos cos + cos 3q
2 2

2sin3q cos( -2q) + sin3q sin3q[2cos2q + 1] sin3q

= = = Þ tan 3q
2cos3q cos( -2q) + cos 3q cos3q[2cos q + 1] cos3q

æp ö æp ö
Ex.17 cos ç + x ÷ + cos ç - x ÷ =
è4 ø è4 ø

(1) 2 sin x (2) 2 cos x (3) 2 cos x (4) None of these

æp ö æ ö
p
ç +x+ -x÷ ç p + x - æ p - xö÷
æp ö æp ö ç ÷
Sol.(2) cos ç + x ÷ + cos ç - x ÷ = 2cos ç 4 4 ÷ cos ç 4 è4 ø÷
è4 ø è4 ø çç 2 ÷÷ ç
2
÷
è ø ç ÷
è ø

p 1
= 2 cos cosx = 2. cos x Þ 2 cos x
4 2

9. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES

2 tan q
(i) sin2q = 2sinq cosq =
1 + tan2 q

1 - tan2 q
(ii) cos2q = cos2q – sin2 q =2 cos2q – 1 =1 – 2 sin2 q =
1 + tan2 q

2 tan q 3 tan q - tan3 q

(iii) tan2q = 2
(iv) sin3q = 3sinq – 4 sin3q (v) cos3q = 4 cos3q – 3cosq (vi) tan3q =
1 - tan q 1 - 3 tan2 q
1 - cos q 1 + cos q 1 - cos q
(vii) sinq/2 = (viii) cosq/2 = (ix) tanq/2 =
2 2 1 + cos q

Ex.18 Value of 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4 q =

(1) 2 sinq (2) 2 cosq (3) sinq (4) cosq

Sol.(2) 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4 q = 2 + 2(1 + cos 4q) = 2 + 2.2 cos 2 2q

= 2 + 2 cos 2q = 2(1 + cos 2q) = 2.2cos2 q = 2cos q

1 + sin q - cos q
Ex.19 =
1 + sin q + cos q

æqö æqö æqö æqö

(1) cot ç ÷ (2) sin ç ÷ (3) cos ç ÷ (4) tan ç ÷
è2ø è2ø è2ø è2ø

1 + sin q - cos q (1 - cos q) + sin q

Sol.(4) =
1 + sin q + cos q (1 + cos q) + sin q

æqö æqö æqö æ qöé q qù

2sin2 ç ÷ + 2 sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ 2 sin ç ÷ ê sin + cos ú
2
è ø 2
è ø è2ø è2øë 2 2û q
= = Þ tan
æqö æqö æqö q
æ öé q q ù 2
2cos2 ç ÷ + 2sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ 2 cos ç ÷ ê sin + cos ú
2
è ø 2
è ø è2ø è2øë 2 2û

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 33
10. CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES :
If A + B + C = 180°, then
(1) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C (2) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
A B B C C A A B C A B C
(3) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1 (4) cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(5) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC (6) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C =–1–4 cosA cosB cosC
A B C A B C
(7) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos (8) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
11. THE GREATEST AND LEAST VALUE OF THE EXPRESSION [a sinq + b cosq] :
Let a = r cosa ..... (1)
and b = r sina ..... (2)
Squaring and adding (1) and (2)
then a2 + b2 = r2

or, r= a 2 + b2 \ a sinq + b cosq

= r (sinq cosa + cosq sina)
= r sin(q + a)
But –1 £ sin(q) £ 1
so –1 £ sin(q + a) £ 1
then – r £ rsin(q + a) £ r
hence,
– a2 + b2 £ a sinq + b cosq £ a2 + b2 then the greatest and least values of

a sinq + b cosq are respectively a2 + b2 and – a2 + b2

Note : sin2x + cosec2x > 2 "xÎR cos2x + sec2x > 2 "xÎR
tan2x + cot2x > 2 "xÎR
Greatest value of a sin q + b cos q + c is c + a2 + b2 and Least value is c - a2 + b2
Ex.20 The least value of 3sinq + 4cosq + 5 is-
(1) 5 (2) 9 (3) 0 (4) 10
Sol.(3) – 25 £ 3sinq + 4cosq £ 25 [By the standard results]
or , – 5 £ 3sinq + 4cosq £ 5 Þ –5 + 5 < 3 sin q + 4 cosq + 5 < 5 + 5 Þ 0 £ 3 sin q + 4 cos q + 5<10
so the least value is 0
12. MISCELLANEOUS POINTS :
(i) Some useful Identities :
(a) tanq = cotq – 2cot2q (b) tan(A + B) – tanA – tanB = tanA. tanB. tan(A + B)
1 1
(c) sin(60°– q)sinq sin(60° + q) = sin3q (d) cos(60° – q) cosq cos(60° + q) = cos3q
4 4
(e) tan(60° – q). tanq tan(60° + q)] = tan 3q
(ii) Some useful series :
é æ n - 1 ö ù é æ nb öù
sin êa + ç ÷ bú êsin ç ÷ú
ë è 2 ø û ë è 2 øû
(a) sina + sin(a + b) + sin(a + 2b) + ..... + to n terms = ; b ¹ 2np
æbö
sin ç ÷
è2ø
é æ n - 1 ö ù é æ nb ö ù
cos êa + ç ÷ bú êsin ç ÷ ú
ë è 2 ø û ë è 2 øû
(b) cosa + cos(a + b) + cos(a + 2b) + ..... + to n terms = ; b ¹ 2np
æbö
sin ç ÷
è2ø
n
sin(2 q )
(c) cos q. cos 2q . cos 22q................ cos 2 n–1 q = n
2 sin q
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34 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

p 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p
Ex.21 The value of cos + cos + cos + cos + cos + cos + cos is -
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
(1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 1/2 (4) 0

é p 7p ù
ê + 7 ú é7 p ù
cos ê 7 ú sin ê . ú
p p ë 2 û ë2 7 û
Sol.(2) a = , b= , n=7 S=
7 7 p
sin
2.7

4p p é p 4p ù 7p - 8p p
cos sin sin ê - ú sin sin
7 2 = ë2 7 û 14 =- 14 = - 1
= =
p p p p
sin sin sin sin
14 14 14 14

p 2p 4p 8p
Ex.22 cos cos cos cos =
5 5 5 5
1 1 1
(1) (2) 0 (3) - (4) -
16 8 16
p p 2p 4p 8p
Sol.(4) n = 4, q = ; cos cos cos cos
5 5 5 5 5

p 16p sin æ 3p + p ö
sin 24 sin ç
5 5 = è 5 ÷ø sin p / 5 1
= = =- Þ-
p p p
[Link] 16 sin 16 sin 16 sin p / 5 16
5 5 5
(iii) Sine, Cosine and tangent of some angle less than 90°

q 15° 18° 22½ ° 36°

3 -1 5 -1 1 10 - 2 5
sin q 2- 2
2 2 4 2 4

3 +1 10 + 2 5 1 5 +1
cos q 2+ 2
2 2 4 2 4

25 - 10 5
tan q 2– 3 2 – 1 5 -2 5
5
(iv) Domain and Range of Trigonometric Ratios :
Trig. Function Domain Range

sin q R [–1, 1]
cos q R [–1, 1]
tan q R – {(2n + 1) p/2, n Î z} R
cot q R – {np, n Î z} R
cosec q R – {np, n Î z} (–¥ –1] È [1, ¥)
sec q R – {(2n + 1) p/2, n Î z} (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥)
(v) Pythagorian Triplets :

3, 4, 5 ; 5, 12, 13 ; 7, 24, 25 ; 8, 15, 17 ; 9, 40, 41 ; 11, 60, 61 ; 12, 35,

37; 20, 21, 29 etc.
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 35
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The minimum value of 27 tan2 q + 3 cot2 q is -
(1) 9 (2) 18 (3) 27 (4) 30
Sol.(2) A.M. > G.M.
27 tan2 q + 3 cot 2 q
Þ ³ 27 tan2 q.3cot2 q
2
Þ 27 tan2 q + 3 cotq2 ³ 18.
tan3 q cot 3 q
Ex.2 If sin 2q = k, then the value of + is equal to-
1 + tan2 q 1 + cot 2 q
1 - k2 2 - k2
(1) (2) (3) k2 + 1 (4) 2 – k2
k 2

tan3 q cot 3 q
Sol.(2) We have +
1 + tan2 q 1 + cot 2 q

sin3 q.cos2 q cos 3 q sin 3 q cos3 q

= + .sin2 q = +
3
cos q 3
sin q cos q sin q
sin 4 q + cos 4 q (sin2 q + cos2 q)2 - 2 sin2 q cos 2 q
= =
sin q cos q sin q cos q

k2
1- 2
= 2 = 2-k é kù
k k êQ sin q cos q = 2 ú .
ë û
2

2p 4p 6p 7p
Ex.3 The value of cos + cos + cos + cos is -
7 7 7 7
(1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 1/2 (4) –3/2
2p 4p 6p 7p 2p 4p 6p
Sol.(4) cos + cos + cos + cos = cos + cos + cos + ( -1)
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
2p 2p
Q a= ,b = ,n=3
7 7
æ 2p 6p ö

{ }
+
ç 7 ÷ sin 3 . 2p 4p 3p 4p æ 4p ö
cos ç 7 ÷ø cos sin cos sin ç p - ÷
è 2 2 7 7 7 = -1 + 7 è 7ø
= -1 + = -1 +
ì 2p ü p p
ï ï sin sin
í ý 7 7
sin ï 7 ï
î 2 þ
4p 4p 8p
2cossin sin
= -1 + 7 7 = -1 + 7 = - 1 + æ -1 ö = – 3
çè ÷ø
p p 2 2
2 sin 2 sin
7 7
Ex.4 If sin q + cosec q = 2, then sinn q + cosecn q =
(1) 2 n (2) 2–n (3) 2 (4) 2n
1
Sol.(3) sin q + cosec q = 2 Þ sin q + =2
sin q
Þ sin2 q – 2 sin q + 1 = 0 Þ (sin q – 1)2 = 0 Þ sin q – 1 = 0
sin q = 1 Þ cosec q = 1
so that sinn q + cosecn q = (1)n + (1)n = 2.

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36 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.5 If cot a equals the integral solution of the inequality 4x2 – 16x + 15 < 0 and sin b equals to the slope of
the bisector of the first quadrant, then sin(a + b) sin(a – b) is equal to-

(1) –3/5 (2) –4/5 (3) 2 / 5 (4) 3

Sol.(2) We have 4x2 – 16x + 15 < 0

3 5
Þ <x<
2 2
Þ cot a = 2, the integral solution of the given inequality
and sin b = tan 45º = 1
\ sin (a + b) sin (a - b) = sin2 a – sin2 b

1 1 4
= -1 = -1 = -
1 + cot2 a 1+4 5

2 sin a 1 + sin a - cos a

Ex.6 If = l then is equal to-
1 + sin a + cos a 1 + sin a
1
(1) (2) l (3) 1 – l (4) 1 + l
l

1 + sin a - cos a 1 + sin a - cos a (1 + sin a ) + cos a (1 + sin a )2 - cos2 a

Sol.(2) = ´ =
1 + sin a (1 + sin a ) (1 + sin a ) + cos a (1 + sina)(1 + sin a + cos a )

1 + 2sin a + sin2 a - cos2 a 2sin a + 2 sin2 a

= =
(1 + sin a )(1 + sin a + cos a ) (1 + sin a )(1 + sin a + cos a )

2 sin a (1 + sin a ) 2 sin a

= = =l
(1 + sin a )(1 + sin a + cos a ) 1 + sin a + cos a
Ex.7 If 2 sin a. cos b. sin g = sin b. sin (a + g) then tan a, tan b and tan g are in -
(1) AP (2) GP (3) HP (4) None of these
Sol.(3) 2 sin a. cos b. sin g = sin a. sin b. cos g + sin b. sin g. cos a
Dividing by sin a. sin b. sin g, 2 cot b = cot g + cot a.
Þ cot a, cot b, cot g are in A.P. Þ tan a, tanb, tan g are in H.P.
Ex.8 If cos 2x + 2cos x = 1 then sin2x(2– cos2x) is equal to-

(1) 1 (2) –1 (3) - 5 (4) 5

Sol.(1) Here cos2x + cos x – 1 = 0

-1 ± 1 - 4.1.( -1)
cos x =
2.1

-1 ± 5 -1 + 5 ïì -1 - 5 ïü
= so cos x = íQ cos x ¹ < -1ý
2 2 îï 2 þï

2
2
æ 5 -1ö 6-2 5 3- 5
cos x = ç = =
\ ç 2 ÷÷ 4 2
è ø

æ 3 - 5 öæ 3- 5 ö 5 -1 5 +1
\ Value = çç 1 - 2 ÷ç ÷ç
2- ÷=
2 ÷ø 2
.
2
=1
è øè
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 37
Ex.9 The value of tan 20º + 2 tan 50º – tan 70º is -
(1) 1 (2) 0 (3) tan 50º (4) None of these
Sol.(2) Value = 2 tan 50º – (tan 70º – tan 20º)
sin50o o 2 sin 50o
= 2 tan 50º – = 2 tan 50 -
cos70o.cos20o 2sin20o.cos20o

sin50o sin 50o

= 2 tan 50o - 2. = 2 tan 50o
- 2. =0
sin 40o cos 50o
Ex.10 sin 78º – sin 66º – sin 42º + sin 6º is equal to -
1 1
(1) (2) - (3) 2 (4) –2
2 2
Sol.(2) The expression
= (sin 78°– sin 42°) – (sin 66° – sin 6°) = 2 cos 60° sin 18° – 2° cos 36° sin 30°

æ 5 -1ö æ 5 +1ö 1
= sin 18° – cos 36° = çç 4 ÷÷ - çç 4 ÷÷ Þ - 2
è ø è ø
Ex.11 If tan(A+B)= P and tan (A – B) = q then tan 2A is equal to-
p+q p-q p+q 1 + pq
(1) (2) (3) (4)
p-q 1 + pq 1 - pq 1- p

tan(A + B) + tan(A - B) p+q

Sol.(3) tan 2A = tan [(A+B) + (A–B)] = =
1 - tan(A + B) tan(A - B) 1 - pq
Ex.12 In any triangle ABC, sinA – cosB = cosC then angle B is-
p p p p
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 3 4 6
Sol.(1) sin A = cosB + cos C
A A B+C B-C p-A B-C
2sin cos = 2cos cos = 2cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
A A A B-C A B-C A B-C
2sin cos = 2sin cos Þ cos = cos Þ =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Þ A=B–C
p
Now A + B + C = p B – C + B + C = p Þ 2B = p Þ B =
2
Ex.13 If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral such that 12 tanA – 5 = 0 and 5 cosB + 3 = 0 then the quadratic equation
whose roots are cos C, and tan D is-
(1) 39x2 – 16x – 48 = 0 (2) 39x2 + 88x + 48 = 0
2
(3) 39x – 88x + 48 = 0 (4) None of these
Sol.(1) In a quadrilateral no angle is greater than 180°
5 p p
Here tanA = So, 0 < A < and <C<p (Q A + C = 180°)
12 2 2
5 5 12
\ tan(p – C) = , i.e., tanC = – \ cosC = –
12 12 13
3 p p
Also, cosB = - , so, < B < p and 0 < D < [\ B + D = 180°]
5 2 2
3 3 4
\ cos(p – D) = – , i.e., cosD = . \ tanD =
5 5 3
æ 12 4 ö æ 12 ö 4
\ the required equation is x2 – ç - + ÷ x + ç - ÷. = 0 Þ 39x2 – 16x – 48 = 0
è 13 3 ø è 13 ø 3
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38 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex. 14. The maximum value of (cos a1). cos(a2).......(cos an), under the restrictions
p
0 < a1.a2......... an < and (cot a1).(cot a2).(cot a3)........(cot an). = 1 is- [IIT-2001]
2
1 1 1
(1) n/2 (2) (3) (4) 1
2 2n 2n
Ans. 1
Sol. y = cos a1 cos a2 .............cos a n ...(1)
y is Maximum if a1 = a2 = ...... = an
( cot a1 )
n
so cot a1 cot a 2 ..........cot a n = 1 Þ cot a1 cot a1 ..........cot a1 = 1 Þ =1
p
a1 = = a2 = ........ = a n
4
n
p p æ 1 ö 1
From(1), y Maximum = cos cos .........n times = ç ÷ = n
4 4 è 2ø
22
1 1
Ex. 15. If q & f are acute angles such that sinq = and cos f = then q + f lies in- [IITScr.-2004]
2 3
æ p pù æ p 2p ù æ 2p 5 p ù æp ù
(1) ç , ú (2) ç , ú (3) ç , ú (4) ç , pú
è 3 2û è2 3 û è 3 6 û è6 û
Ans. 2
1
Sol. \ sin q =
2
p
\ q=
6
1 1 -1 æ 1 ö -1 æ 1 ö p p
Þ cos ( 0 ) > cos ç ÷ > cos ç ÷ Þ
-1
Now 0 < < >f>
3 2 3
è ø 2
è ø 2 3
p p p p
+ > q+f > +
2 6 3 6
2p p
> q+f >
3 2

1
Ex. 16. cos(a + b) = , cos (a – b) = 1 find no. of ordered pair of (a,b), –p < a, b < p [IITScr.-2005]
e
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 4
Ans. 4
Sol. Given that cos(a – b) = 1 Þ a – b = 0 Þ a = b
1 1 1
\ cos(a + b) = Þ cos2a = Q 0< < 1 and 2a Î [–2p, 2p]
e e e

y =1
e

–2p –p 0 p 2p

1
Where will be two value of 2a satisfied cos2a = in [0, 2p] and two in [–2p, 0]
e
Þ There will be four values of a in [–p, p] and corrospondingly four values of b.
Hence there are four sets of (a, b)

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 JEE(Main)-Mathematics 39

NCERT BASED QUESTIONS

1. If sin and cos are the roots of the equation ax2 – bx + c = 0, then a, b and c satisfy the relation.

4
2. If sin = and lies in third quadrant then the value of cos is.
5 2

2 5
3. The value of sin + sin +sin +sin is.
18 9 9 18

a
4. If tan = , then b cos 2 + a sin 2 is equal to.
b

13
5. The value of sin sin is.
10 10
6. If sin + cos = 1, then the value of sin 2 is equal to.
7. Find the degree measure of the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 100 cm by an arc of length
22
22 cm (Use ).
7
8. If 3 tan ( – 15°) = tan ( + 15°), 0° < < 90°, then = _________

15
9. Value of cot (– ) is :
4

5
10. Value of cot2 + cosec + 3tan2 is :
6 6 6

3 3
11. Value of cos x cos (2 +x) cot 2 x cot 2 x is :
2

12. Prove that :–

4 tan x 1 tan2 x
(i) cos x cos x 2 cos x (ii) tan 4x =
4 4 1 6 tan2 x tan 4 x

(iii) cot 4x (sin 5x + sin 3x) = cot x (sin 5x – sin 3x) (iv) cos 6x = 32 cos6 x – 48cos4 x + 18 cos2 x – 1

9 sec 8 1 tan 8
(v) cos cos – cos 3 cos = sin 7 sin 8 . (vi)
2 2 sec 4 1 tan2
13. If a cos + b sin = m and a sin – b cos = n, then show that a2 + b2 = m2 + n2.

p q
14. If tan (A + B) = p, tan (A – B) = q, then show that tan 2 A = .
1 pq

ANSWER KEY
1 7 4 1
1. a2 – b2 + 2ac = 0 2. 3. sin sin 4. b 5. 6. 0
5 18 9 4
7. 12° 36' 8. /4 9. 1 10. 6 11. 1
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40 JEE(Main)-Mathematics
CHECKYOUR GRASP TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS EXERCISE-I

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE 9. 2 (sin6 + cos6 ) – 3(sin4 + cos4 ) + 1 is equal

to-
1. The angle between the minute and hour hands of (1) 2 (2) 0 (3) 4 (4) 6
a clock at 8 : 30 is
(1) 80° (2) 75° (3) 60° (4) 105° 11
10. If cosec A + cot A = then tan A is equal to-
2. If the arcs of the same length in two circles subtend 2

angles 65° and 110° at the centre, then the ratio 22 2 117 44
(1) (2) (3) (4)
of the radii of the circles is 117 11 22 117
(1) 22 : 13 (2) 11 : 13
SIGN OF T-RATIO OR FUNCTIONS
(3) 22 : 15 (4) 21 : 13
3. A circular wire of radius 7 cm is cut and bent again 24
11. If sin and lies in the second quadrant then
into an arc of a circle of radius 12 cm. The angle 25
subtended by the arc at the centre is sec + tan =
(1) 50° (2) 210° (3) 100° (4) 60° (1) –3 (2) –5
4. The radius of the circle whose arc of length (3) –7 (4) –9
1 3
3 12. If cos = and , then the value of
15 cm makes an angle of radian at the centre 2 2
4
4 tan2 – 3 cosec2 is equal to-
is
(1) –1 (2) –8
(1) 10 cm (2) 20 cm
(3) 8 (4) 1
1 1 13. If A lies in second quadrant and 3 tan A + 4=0, then
(3) 11 cm (4) 22 cm
4 2 the value of 2 cot A – 5 cos A + sin A is equal to

T-RATIOS OR FUNCTIONS 53 23 37 7
(1) (2) (3) (4)
10 10 10 10
5. If sin x + sin2 x = 1 then the value of cos2x + cos4x
8
is - 14. If is an acute angle such that tan2 = , then
7
(1) 0 (2) 2 (1 sin )(1 sin )
(3) 1 (4) None of these the value of is-
(1 cos )(1 cos )
6. If sec + tan = P then the value of sin is-
7 8 7 64
P2 1 P2 1 (1) (2) (3) (4)
(1) (2) 8 7 4 49
2P 2P
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF ALLIED ANGLES
P2 1 P2 1
(3) 2 (4) 2
P 1 P 1
15. tanA+ cot(180° + A)+cot (90° + A)+cot(360° – A)=
7. If tan + sec = ex, then cos equals (1) 0 (2) 2 tan A

ex e x
2 (3) 2 cot A (4) 2 (tan A– cot A)
(1) (2) x x 16. sin ( + ) sin ( – ) cosec2 =
2 e e
(1) 1 (2) –1
ex e x
ex e x
(3) sin (4) – sin
(3) (4) x x
2 e e
17. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral then the value of
8. If sin + cos = 1 then sin cos =
cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D is
1 (1) 0 (2) 1
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4)
2
(3) 2(cos A + cos B) (4) None of these

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 JEE(Main)-Mathematics 41
PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE 27. (cos + cos )2 + (sin + sin )2=....
CONVERSION
(1) 4 sin2 (2) 4 cos2
2 2
1 1 (3) 1 (4) None of these
18. If tan A and tan B then A + B =
2 3
3 5 sin A sin 3A sin 5 A sin 7A
(1) (2) (3) (4) None 28. is equal to-
4 4 4 cos A cos 3A cos 5 A cos 7A
19. 2 2
cos 48° – sin 12° is equal to-
(1) sin 4A (2) cos 4A
5 1 5 1 3 1 3 1 (3) tan 4A (4) None of these
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 8 4 2 2
sin( A C ) 2 sin A sin( A C)
A A 29. is equal to-
20. sin 2 sin 2 ..... sin(B C ) 2 sin B sin(B C )
8 2 8 2

1 1 sin A cos A sin C

(1) cosA (2) sinA (1) tan A (2) (3) (4)
2 2 sin B cos B cos B
30. If tan ( /4 + ) + tan ( /4 – ) = sec 2 , then
(3) 2 sin A (4) None of these
=
5 (1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 1 (4) 2
21. 2 sin sin
12 12
31. 2(1 – 2 sin2 7 ) sin 3 is equal to
1 1 1 1 (1) sin 17 – sin 11 (2) sin 11 – sin 17
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 2 4 6
(3) cos 17 – cos 11 (4) cos 17 + cos 11
sin 8 cos sin 6 cos 3
22. Th e expression is
cos2 cos sin 3 sin 4 2(sin 2 2 cos2 1)
equals- 32. The value of is
cos sin cos 3 sin 3
(1) tan (2) tan 2
(3) sin 2 (4) None of these (1) cos (2) sec
(3) cosec (4) sin
SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF
CONVERSION
MULTIPLE ANGLES
cos 4x cos3x cos2x
23. is equal to- 1 sin2 cos 2
sin 4x sin 3x sin2x 33.
1 sin2 cos2
(1) cot 3x (2) cos 3x
1 1
(3) tan 3x (4) None of these (1) tan (2) cot (3) tan (4) cot
2 2
24. If three angles A,B,C are in A.P. then the value

sin A sin C 34. 1 2 sin 2

of is equal to- 4
cos C cos A
(1) cos 2 (2) –cos 2 (3) sin 2 (4) –sin 2
A C
(1) cot (2) cot B 3cos cos 3
2 35. is equal to-
(3) tan B (4) None of these 3sin sin 3
(1) 1 + cot2 (2) cot4
tan
2
25. If 3 sin = 5 sin , then (3) cot3 (4) 2 cot
tan
2
(1) 1 (2) 2 cos3
36. The value of is equal to
(3) 3 (4) 4 2cos2 1
26. (sin3A + sinA) sin A + (cos3A – cosA) cos A = ...
(1) cos (2) sin
(1) sinA (2) cosA
(3) 1 (4) 0 (3) tan (4) None of these

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42 JEE(Main)-Mathematics
CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRICAL MISCELLANEOUS
IDENTITIES
2 3 4
37. If A+B+C = then sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 44. Value of sin sin sin sin is
5 5 5 5
(1) 4 sin A sin B cos C (2) 4 sin A sin B sin C
(3) 4 cos A sin B sin C (4) None of these 5 10 15 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
16 16 16 16
tan A tan B tan C
38. If A+B+C = then
tan A tan B tan C 3 7 9
45. 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos
(1) 0 (2) 2 10 10 10 10

(3) 1 (4) –1 1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
8 16 4 6
3
39. If A + B + C = ,
2 46. Value of sin 10° + sin 20° + ... + sin 360° is

then cos2A + cos2B + cos2C + 4sinA sinB sinC (1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) 2
is equal to :-
47. The average value of sin2°, sin4°, sin6°.... sin180°
(1) 0 (2) 1 is
(3) 2 (4) 3
1 1
(1) cos1 (2) sin1
40. If x + y + z = 3 , then cos2x + cos2y – cos2z is 90 90
equal to :-
(1) 4sinx siny sinz (2) 1 – 4sinx siny cosz 1
(3) cot1 (4) None of these
90
(3) 4sinx siny sinz – 1 (4) cosx cosy cosz
48. If A = 2 sin2 – cos2 , then A lies in the interval
GREATEST AND LEAST VALUE OF THE (1) [– 1,3] (2) [1,2]
EXPRESSION [a sin + b cos ]
(3) [– 2, 4] (4) None of these
41. The minimum value of sin + 3 cos is- 49. Value of sin (45° + ) – cos (45° – ) is
(1) 2 cos (2) 2 sin
(1) 2 (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) –2
(3) 1 (4) 0
42. The minimum value of 7 cos + 24 sin is-
50. Value of cos 12° + cos 84° + cos 156° + cos 132°
(1) 25 (2) –7 is
(3) –25 (4) None
1
(1) (2) 1
43. The greatest and least value of sin cos are- 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
(1) 1,–1 (2) , (3) , (4) 2,–1 (3) (4)
2 2 2 2 2 8

ANSWER KEY Exercise-I

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 4
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 2 1 2 4 4 2 3 2 4
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 1 3 4 4 3 1 2 3 2 2
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. 4 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 4 3
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 JEE(Main)-Mathematics 43

NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE QUESTIONS TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS EXERCISE-II

1 2 3
7 4 6. Least value of cosec2 sec2 is :
1. sin2 sin2 sin2 sin2 is equal to : 2 3 8
18 9 18 9

2. cot20°cot40° + cot40° cot80° – cot80° cot20° is 7. tan20° + tan40° + 3 tan 20 tan 40

equal to :
3
8. If x , .
4 2
3. If y , then minimum positive
3 sin x 4 cos x 2

integral value of y is :
Then 4 cos2 4 sin 4 x sin2 2x is equal
4. If the value of cos(305°) sin(35°) can be expressed 4 2

1 to :
as 1 sin k , where 0 < k < 90°, then the value
2 9. Minimum value of cos2 + cos R is :
10. Value of expression
k
of is :
10 cos 6x 6 cos 4x 15 cos2x 10
, if x = 30°, is
cos 5x 5 cos 3x 10 cos x
5. If = 7.5°, then value of the expression
equal to :
sin 6 2 sin10 sin14
is equal to a b,
cos 6 2cos10 cos14

where a and b are relatively prime numbers, then

(a + b) will be :

ANSWER KEY Exercise-II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 2 3 2 2 7 2.54 1.73 2 –1.12 1.73
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44 JEE(Main)-Mathematics
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS EXERCISE-II

1. Let A and B denote the statements : [AIEEE-2009] 1

6. Let f K (x) = sin k x + cosk x where x R and
A : cos + cos + cos = 0 k
B : sin + sin + sin = 0 K 1. Then f4 (x) – f6 (x) equals:
3 [JEE (Main)-2014, 2019]
if cos( – ) + cos( – ) + cos( – ) = – then :
2
(1) Both A and B are true 1 1
(1) (2)
(2) Both A and B are false 6 3
(3) A is true and B is false
(4) A is false and B is true 1 1
(3) (4)
4 12
4 5
2. Let cos( + ) = and let sin( – ) = , where
5 13 3 1
7. Let and 2cot = k – cot ,
4 sin2
0 , . Then tan 2 = [AIEEE-2010] then k is equal to :- [JEE(Main)-2014]
4
(1) 1 (2) –1
25 56
(1) (2) (3) 0 (4) 1/2
16 33
8. If 2cos + sin = 1 ,
2
19 20
(3) (4) then 7cos + 6sin is equal to
12 7
[JEE(Main)-2014(Online)]
3. If A = sin2x + cos4x, then for all real x :-
1 46 11
[AIEEE-2011] (1) (2) (3) 2 (4)
2 5 2
3 13 p q
(1) 1 A 2 (2) A 9. If cosec = (p q 0), then cot
4 16 p q 4 2
is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2014(Online)]

3 13
(3) A 1 (4) A 1 q p
4 16 (1) pq (2) pq (3) (4)
p q
4. The value of cos 255° + sin 195° is :
[AIEEE-2012 (Online)] 3 1
10. If cos + cos = and sin + sin = and
2 2
3 1 3 1 is A.M. of and , then sin 2 + cos2 is equal to
(1) – (2)
2 2
[JEE (Main)-2015(Online)]

3 1 3 1 3 7 4 8
(3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)
2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5
5. Suppose and ( 0) are such that sec( + ), 11. If m and M are the minimum and the maximum
values of
sec and sec( – ) are in A.P. If cos = k cos
2 1 2
4 + sin 2x 2cos4 x, x R, then
for some k, then k is equal to :- [AIEEE-2012 (Online)] 2
M – m is equal to [JEE (Main)-2016(Online)]
1
(1) ± (2) ± 2 9 15 1 7
2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 4 4
(3) ±2 (4) ±1

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 JEE(Main)-Mathematics 45
2 2
12. If 5(tan2x – cos2x) = 2cos 2x + 9, then the value 17. The value of cos 10° – cos10°cos50° + cos 50° is
of cos4x is :- [JEE(Main)-2017]
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]

7 3
(1) – (2) – 3 3
9 5 (1) (1 cos 20 ) (2)
2 4
1 2
(3) (4) 3 3
3 9 (3) cos 20 (4)
4 2

13. For any , , the expressi on 3 5

4 2 18. If cos ,sin and
5 13
3(sin – cos )4 + 6(sin + cos )2 + 4sin6 equals
[JEE(Main)-2019, January] 0 , , then tan(2 ) is equal to :
4
(1) 13 – 4 cos6
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]
(2) 13 – 4 cos4 + 2 sin2 cos2
21 63
(3) 13 – 4 cos2 + 6 cos4 (1) (2)
16 52
(4) 13 – 4 cos2 + 6 sin2 cos2
33 63
(3) (4)
52 16
14. The value of cos cos ..... cos sin is
22 23 210 210 19. The value of sin 10º sin30º sin50º sin70º is :-
: [JEE(Main)-2019, January]
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]

1
(1) (2) 1 1 1 1
256 2 (1) (2) (3) (4)
36 32 18 16

1 1 20. Let and be two real roots of the equation

(3) (4)
512 1024 (k + 1) tan 2x – 2. tanx = (1 – k), where
k( –1) and are real numbers. If tan2 ( + ) =
50, then a value of is ;
15. The maximum value of 3cos +5sin for any
6
[JEE(Main)-2020, January]

real value of is : [JEE(Main)-2019, January] (1) 5 (2) 10

79 (3) 5 2 (4) 10 2
(1) 19 (2)
2 21. The value of

(3) 31 (4) 34 3 3
cos 3 ·cos sin3 ·sin
8 8 8 8
16. If sin 4
4cos 4
2 4 2 sin cos ; is : [JEE(Main)-2020, January]

, [0, ] , then cos( + ) – cos( – ) is equal

1 1
to : [JEE(Main)-2019, January] (1) (2)
4 2
(1) 0 (2) 2
1 1
(3) (4)
(3) –1 (4) 2 2 2 2
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46 JEE(Main)-Mathematics
22. Let f( ) = sin (sin + sin 3 ). Then f( ) [IIT-2000] 25. Th e maximum value of the expressi on
1
(1) > 0 only when >0 is [IIT-2010]
sin2 3 sin cos 5 cos2
(2) < 0 for all real
1
(3) > 0 for all real (1) 2 (2)
2
(4) < 0 only when <0
(3) 1 (4) None of these
23. If + = and + = , then tan equals-
2 26. If cosx + cosy + cosz = 0 = sinx + siny + sinz then
[IIT-2001]

(1) 2(tan + tan ) (2) tan + tan x y

possible value of cos is [IIT-2013]
2
(3) tan + 2tan (4) 2tan + tan

sin 4 x cos x 1
24. If , then :- [IIT-2009] 1
2 3 5 (1) 1 (2)
2

2 sin 8 x cos8 x 1 (3) 2 (4) 0

(1) tan2 x = (2)
3 8 27 125

1 sin 8 x cos8 x 2
(3) tan2 x = (4)
3 8 27 125

ANSWER KEY Exercise-III

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 1 2 3 1 2 4 2 3 3 2
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 4 4 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26
Ans. 3 3 3 1,2 1 2
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 47

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
1. DEFINITION :
An equation involving the trigonometrical ratios of an unknown angle is called as trigonometrical equation.
eg. cos2 q – 4 cos q = 1, cos q = 0 etc. are trigonometrical equations.
It is be noted that a trigonometrical identity is satisfied for every value of the unknown angle whereas
trigonometric equation is satisfied only for some values (finite or infinite) of unknown angle
e.g. sin2x + cos2x = 1 is a trigonometrical identity as it is satisfied for every value of x Î R.

2. SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS :

A value of the unknown angle satisfying the given equation is called the solution of the
equation.
1 p p 3p 9 p
sin q = Þq= or q= , , ,........
2 4 4 4 4
Thus the trigonometric equation may have infinite number of solutions and can be classified as :
(i) Principal solution : Numerically least angle is called the Principal solution.
(ii) General solution : The trigonometric functions are periodic , a solution generalised by means of Periodicity
is known a general solution.
2.1 General Solution of the equation sinq = 0 :
By Graphical approach,

+1

–2p –3p/2 –p –p/2 0 p/2 p 3p/2 2p

–1

The above graph of sinq clearly shows that sinq = 0 at

q = 0, ± p, ± 2p, ±3p............,
q = np: n Î I i.e. n = 0, ± 1, ± 2..............

2.2 General solution of the equation cos q = 0 :

By graphical approach

+1

–2p –3p/2 –p –p/2 0 p/2 p 3 p/2 2p

–1

The above graph of cosq clearly shows that cosq = 0 at

q = ± p/2, ± 3p/2, ±5p/2,...........
It follows that when cosq = 0
q = (2n + 1) p/2, n Î I. i.e. n = 0, ±1, ±2 .........
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48 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
2.3 General solution of the equation tanq = 0 :
Proof : If tanq = 0
sin q
or = 0 Þ sin q = 0 Þ q = np, nÎI
cos q
sinq = 0, it follows that general solution of tanq = 0 it same as of sinq = 0
so that, general solution of tanq = 0 is q = np, n Î I
Note : General solution of secq = 0 and cosecq = 0 does not exist because secq and cosecq can never be
equal to 0.
Ex.1 The general solution of sin 3q = 0 is :-
np p
(1) np; n Î I (2) ;nÎI (3) (2n + 1) ;nÎI (4) 2np; n Î I
3 2
Sol.(2) We know that sinq = 0, then q = np
sin 3q =0
np
or, 3q = np ; n Î I q= ;nÎI
3
æqö
Ex.2 The general solution of tan ç ÷ =0 is-
è2ø
p
(1) 2np; n Î I (2) np; n Î I (3) (2n + 1) ;nÎI (4) None of these
2
Sol.(1) We know that tan q = 0
Þ q = np : n Î I
æqö q
then tan ç ÷ = 0 Þ = np
è2ø 2
q = 2np : n Î I
2.4 General solution of the equation sin q = sin a :
Proof : If sinq = sina
or sinq – sina = 0
æq+aö æq-aö
or 2 cos ç ÷ sin ç ÷=0
è 2 ø è 2 ø
æq+aö q+a p
either, cos ç ÷ =0 Þ = (2n + 1)
è 2 ø 2 2
Þ q + a = (2n + 1)p
Þ q = (2n + 1)p -a ...(i)
Þ q = odd multiple of p - a
q-a q-a
or sin =0Þ = np
2 2
Þ q = 2np + a ...(ii)
even multiple of p + a
from (i) and (ii) we get
q = np + (–1)n a
Where n is any integers is the general solution
Note : a assumed to be in radians.
2.4.1 General solution of the equation sin q = C, where –1 £ C £ 1.
Let a be the numerically least angle such that C = sin a
then, sinq = C = sina
\ q = np + (–1)n a, where n Î I and a = sin–1 C
Note : The equation cosecq = coseca is equivalent to sinq = sina so these two equation having the same general
solution.
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 49
2.5 General solution of the equation cosq = cos a :
Proof : If cosq = cosa
or cosq – cosa = 0

æq+aö æq-aö
or –2 sin ç ÷ .sin ç ÷=0
è 2 ø è 2 ø

æq+aö æq-aö
or sin ç ÷ = 0 and sin ç ÷=0
è 2 ø è 2 ø

q+a q-a
= np ; n Î I and =np ; n Î I
2 2

q = 2np – a ; n Î I and q = 2np + a ; n Î I

for the general solution of cosq = cosa, combine these two result which gives.
q = 2np ± a n Î I

2.5.1 General solution of the equation cosq = C, where –1 £ C £ 1.

Let a be the numerically least angle such that C = cosa, then
cosq = C = cosa
\ q = 2np ± a, where n Î I and a = cos–1 C
Note : The equation secq = seca is equivalent to cosq = cosa, so the general solution of these two equations are
same.
2.6 General solution of the equation tanq = tana :

Proof : If tanq = tana

sin q sin a
or, =
cos q cos a

or, [Link] – cosq sina = 0

or, sin(q – a) = 0 Þ q-a = np ; n Î I
q = np + a ; n Î I
2.6.1 General solution of the equation tanq = C, Where –¥ < C < ¥

Let a be the numerically least angle such that C = tana, then

tanq = C = tan a
\ q = np + a, where n Î I and a = tan–1 C
Note : The equation cotq = cota is equivalent to tanq = tana, so these two equations having the same general
solution.

2
Ex. 3 Find the general solution of q, when sec q =
3

p p p p
(1) np + (2) np – (3) 2np ± (4) np + (–1)n
6 6 6 6

2 p p
Sol.(3) sec q = = sec Þ q = 2np ± , n Î I
3 6 6
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50 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.4 The general solution of tan2 q + (1 - 3) tan q - 3 = 0 is-
p p p p
(1) np + ;nÎI (2) np – ; n Î I (3) np – ; np + ;nÎI (4) None of these
4 3 4 3
Sol.(3) tan2 q + tan q – 3 tan q – 3 = 0 Þ tan q (tan q + 1) – 3 (tan q + 1) = 0
æ pö p
tan q + 1 = 0 Þ tan q = –1 = tan ç - ÷ Þ q = np – , n Î I
è 4ø 4
When tan q – 3 =0 Þ tan q = 3
p p
Þ tan q = 3 = tan 3 Þ q = np + , n Î I
3

Ex.5 If 2cos2q + 3sinq = 0, then general value of q is –

p p
(1) np + (–1)n ; n Î I (2) 2np ± ; n Î I
6 6
p
(3) np + (–1)n+1 ; n Î I (4) None of these
6
Sol.(3) If 2cos2q + 3sinq = 0
or 2(1 – sin2q) + 3sinq = 0 or 2sin 2q – 3sinq – 2 = 0
or 2sin 2q – 4sinq +sinq – 2 = 0 or 2sinq(sinq – 2) + 1(sinq – 2) = 0
or (sinq – 2) (2sinq + 1) = 0
Case I : sinq –2 = 0 Þ sinq = 2
Which is not possible because –1 £ sinq < 1
Case II : 2sinq + 1 = 0

or sinq = –
1
or sinq = sin
FG -p IJ
2 H6K
FG -p IJ ; n Î I FG p IJ ; n Î I
or q = np + (–1)n
H6K Þ q = np + (–1)n+1
H 6K
3. GENERAL SOLUTION OF SQUARE OF THE TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS :
3.1 General solution of sin2q = sin2a
Proof : If sin2q = sin2a
1 - cos 2q 1 - cos 2a
Þ = Þ cos2q = cos 2a
2 2
Þ 2q = 2np ± 2a ; n Î I Þ q = np ± a ; n Î I
3.2 General solution of cos2q = cos2a
Proof : If cos2q = cos2a
1 + cos 2q 1 + cos2a
Þ = Þ cos2q = cos 2a
2 2
Þ 2q = 2np ± 2a ; n Î I Þ q = np ± a ; n Î I
3.3 General solution of tan2q = tan2a
Proof : If tan2q = tan2a
tan2 q tan2 a tan 2 q + 1 tan2 a + 1
or = (using compo. and divid. rule) Þ =
1 1 tan 2 q - 1 tan2 a - 1
1 - tan2 q 1 - tan2 a
or = or cos2q = cos2a
1 + tan2 q 1 + tan2 a
q = np ± a ; n Î I
Hence in all cases θ = np ± a : n Î I

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 51
Ex.6 The general solution of 4 tan2 q = 3 sec2 q is-
p p p
(1) np ± ; n Î I (2) 2np ± ; n Î I (3) np ± ; n Î I (4) None of these
3 4 4
Sol.(1) 4 tan2q = 3sec2 q Þ 4 tan2 q = 3 (1 + tan2 q)
2
æ pö
4 tan2 q=3+3 tan2 q Þ tan2 q = 3 = ( 3) = ç tan ÷
2
è 3 ø

p p
tan2 q = tan2 Þ q = np ± ; n Î I
3 3
Ex.7 7 cos2 q + 3 sin2 q = 4 is equal to-
p p p p
(1) np + ;nÎI (2) np ± ;nÎI (3) 2np ± ; n Î I (4) np – ;nÎI
3 3 4 3
Sol.(2) 7 cos2q + 3 sin2 q = 4 Þ 7 (1– sin2 q) + 3 sin2 q = 4
2
3 æç 3 ö÷
7–7 sin2 q+3 sin2 q=4 Þ4 sin2 q=3Þ sin2 q= =
4 çè 2 ÷ø

p p
Þ sin2 q = sin2
. Þ q = np ± , nÎ I
3 3
4. GENERAL SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATION acosq + bsinq = c
To solve the equation acosq + bsinq = c, put a = r cos f, b = rsin f
b
Such that r = a2 + b2 , f = tan -1
a
Substituting these values in the equation we have
c c
r cos f cos q + r sin f sinq = c or rcos(q - f) = c Þ cos (q - f) = Þ cos (q - f) =
r a + b2
2

(i) If |c| > a2 + b2 , then the equation

a cos q + b sin q = c has no solution
(ii) If |c| < a2 + b2 , then the equation
c
cos (q – f) = cos a where cos a =
a + b2
2

q – f = 2np ± a
q = 2np ± a + f Where n Î I
Ex.8 General solution of equation sin q + cos q = 1 is-
p p p p p
(1) 2np ± + (2) np + (–1)n + (3) 2np + (4) None of these
4 4 4 4 2
Sol.(1) sin q + cos q = 1
this is the form of a cos q + b sin q = c a = 1, b=1 and c = 1
Let a = r cos f, b = r sin f
1 = r cos f, 1 = r sin f Þ r = 12 + 12 = 2
æ1ö p
f = tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 1 =
è1ø 4
Subustituting these values in the equation.
We have,
1
r cos f cos q + r sin f sin q = 1 Þ r cos (q-f) = 1 Þ cos (q-f) =
r
1 p p
cos (q-f) = = cos Þ q - f = 2pn ±
2 4 4
p p p
q = 2np ± +f Þ q = 2np ± +
4 4 4
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52 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
5. SOLUTIONS IN THE CASE OF TWO EQUATIONS ARE GIVEN :

Two equations are given then first find the value of q lying between 0 and 2p and satisfying the two given
equations separatly. Select the common value of q and then add 2np to this common value
The solution in the interval [0, 2p] are called principal solution.
1 1
Ex.9 The most general value of q which satisfied the equation sin q = – and tan q =
2 3
11p 7p p
(1) 2np + (2) 2np + (3) 2np + (4) None of these
6 6 6
1 7p 11p
Sol.(2) sin q = - Þ q = or
2 6 6
1 p 7p
tan q = Þq= or (Values between 0 and 2p)
3 6 6
7p 7p
common value = The required solution is q = 2np +
6 6
1
Ex.10 The most general value of q satisfying the equations cosq = and tanq = –1 is –
2
7p 7p 7p
(1) np + ;nÎI (2) np + (–1)n ; n Î I (3) 2np + ;nÎI (4) None of these
4 4 4
1 FG IJ
p p 9 p 7p
Sol.(3) cosq =
2
= cos
H K
4
and q = 2np ± ; n Î I Put n = 1, q =
4 4
,
4
F -p I
tanq = –1 = tan G J
p
H4K q = np –
4
;nÎI

3p 7p
put n = 1, q = put n = 2, q =
4 4
FG 7p IJ 7p
The common value which satisfies both these equations is
H 4K Hence the general value is 2np +
4
6. MISCELLANEOUS POINTS :
(1) While solving a trigonometrical equation, squaring the equation at any step should be avoided as far as
possible, if squaring is necessary. Check the solution for extaneous values.
(2) Never cencel terms containing unknown terms on the two sides which are in product. It may cause loss of the
genuine solution. Consider tan q = 2 sin q

é 1 ù
in that case solution corresponding to sin q = 0 is lost. We can write this as sin êcos q - ú=0
ë 2û
(3) The answer should not contain such values of angles which make any of the terms undefined or infinite
(4) Check the denominator is not zero at any stage while solving equation.
(5) Many Trigonometrical equations can be solved by different methods. The form of solution obtained in different
methods may be different. From these different form of solutions, the studenst should not think that the answer
obtained by one method are wrong and those obtained by another method are correct. The solutions obtained
by different methods may be shown to be equivalent by some supplementary transformations.
To test the equivalence of two solutions obtained from two method the simplest way is to put value of
n = ................... –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3........ etc and then to find the angles in (0, 2p). If all the angles in both
solutions are same, the solutions are equivalent.
(6) Some necessary Restrictions
If the equation involves tanx, secx, take cosx ¹ 0. If cot x or cosecx appear, take sin x ¹ 0. If log appear in the
equation, [Link] [f(q)] appear in the equation, use f(q) > 0 and base of log > 0, ¹ 1.

Also note that [ f(q)] is always positive, for example cos 2 q = |cosq|, not ± cosq.

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 53
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1
Ex.1 sin2 x – 2 cos x + =0
4
p p p
(1) 2np ± (2) 2np ± (3) 2np ± (4) None of these
3 4 6
1 1
Sol.(1) sin2x – 2 cos x += 0 Þ 1 – cos2x – 2 cos x + =0
4 4
Þ 4 cos2 x + 8 cosx – 5 = 0 Þ (2 cos x + 5) (2 cos x – 1) = 0
5
Hence 2 cos x + 5 = 0 Þ cox = - (Which is imposible)
2

1 p p
or 2 cos x – 1 = 0 Þ cos x = = cos Þ x = 2np ±
2 3 3

Ex.2 The general solution of the equation ( 3 –1) sin q + ( 3 + 1) cos q = 2 is-
p p p p p p p p
(1) np + (–1)n - (2) 2np ± – (3) np + (–1)n + (4) 2np ± +
4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12

Sol.(4) ( 3 –1)sin q + ( 3 +1) cos q = 2

2
Let 3 +1 = r cos f, 3 –1 = r sin f Þ r = [( 3 + 1) + ( 3 - 1) ] = 8 Þ r = 2 2
2 2

1
1-
3 -1 3
& tan f = Þ tan f = Þ tan f = tan (45°–30°)
3 +1 1
1+
3
p
Þ tan f = tan 15° Þ tan f = tan
12
by subustituting the values in equation
We get r cosf cosq+ rsinf sinq = 2
2
r cos (q - f) = 2 Þ cos (q - f) =
r

2 1 p
Þ cos(q - f) = Þ cos (q - f) = Þ cos
2 2 2 4

p p p
q - f = 2np ± Þ q = 2np ± +
4 4 12

æp ö æp ö
Ex.3 General solution of equation tan ç + q ÷ + tan ç - q ÷ = 4 is
è4 ø è4 ø

p p p p
(4) np + ( -1)
n
(1) np + (2) 2np ± (3) np ±
4 6 6 4
1 + tan q 1 - tan q
Sol.(3) + =4
1 - tan q 1 + tan q

(
2 1 + tan2 q )=4
2
1 - tan q
2+2tan2q = 4 – 4 tan2q
2
2 1 æ 1 ö 2 p p
6 tan2q = 2 Þ tan q = =ç ÷ = tan Þ q = np ±
3 è 3ø 6 6
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54 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.4 If 1 + cos a + cos2 a +........... = 2 - 2 , then a(0 < a < p) is-
3p p p p
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 6 8
Sol.(1) 1 + cos a + cos2 a +.................... = 2 - 2
1 a
Þ =2- 2 [sum of Geometrical series. Q S¥ = ]
1 - cos a 1- r

1 1 2+ 2
Þ 1 – cos a = Þ 1– cos a = × [rationalization]
2- 2 2- 2 2+ 2

2+ 2 2+ 2 1 1 3p 3p
= = 1– cos a = 1 + cos a = - = cos Þa=
4-2 2 2 2 4 4
Ex.5 If x + y + z = p, tan x tan y = 2, tan x + tan y + tan z = 6 then the value of z is-
p
(1) np + (2) np + tan–12, n Î I (3) np + tan–13, n Î I (4) None of these
4
Sol.(3) x + y + z = p Þ x + y = p-z by taking tangent at both side
tan x + tan y
Þ tan (x + y) = tan (p–z) Þ = –tanz
1 - tan x tan y
tanx + tany + tanz = tanx tany tanz
6 = 2 tan z Þ tan z = 3
z = np + tan–13; n Î I
æ pö
Ex.6 If sin (p cos q) = cos (p sin q), then cos ç q ± ÷ is equals to-
è 4ø
5 2 -3 2 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) None of these
4 4 2 2
Sol.(3) sin(p cos q) = cos (p sin q)
ép ù
cos (p sin q) = sin (p cos q) = cos ê - p cos q ú
ë 2 û
General solution is
æp ö
p sin q = 2np ± ç - p cos q ÷ +ive sign.
è2 ø

p p
p sin q = 2np + -p cos q Þ p sin q + p cos q = 2np +
2 2
1
sin q + cos q = 2n + ; (dividing both side of equation by (1)2 + (1)2 = 2 )
2
1 1 4n + 1 æ p ö 4n + 1
cos q + sin q = , cos ç q - ÷ =
2 2 2 2 è 4ø 2 2

æ pö 1
Putting n = 0 Þ cos ç q - ÷ = , n =1,2,...... invalid
è 4 ø 2 2
by taking –ive sign.
æp ö p
p sin q = 2np – ç 2 - p cos q ÷ Þ psinq = 2np – + p cos q
è ø 2
æ 1ö 4n - 1
p sin q – p cos q = ç 2n - ÷ p Þ sin q – cos q =
è 2ø 2

Dividing both side of equation by (1)2 + ( -1)2 = 2

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 55

é 1 1 ù 4n - 1 æ pö 4n - 1
-ê cos q - sin q ú = Þ cos ç q + ÷ = -
ë 2 2 û 2 2 è 4 ø 2 2
by putting n = 0
p 1
cos æç q + ö÷ = for n =1,2,.... invalid
è 4ø 2 2
p 1
so cos æç q ± ö÷ =
è 4ø 2 2
7
Ex.7 Solve the equation sin4 x + cos4 x = sin x. cos x
2
7
Sol. sin4 x + cos4 x = sin x. cos x
2
7
Þ (sin2 x + cos2 x)2 – 2 sin2 x cos2 x = sin x. cos x
2
1 7
Þ 1– (sin 2x)2 = (sin 2x) Þ 2 sin2 2x + 7 sin 2x – 4 = 0
2 4
Þ (2 sin 2x – 1) (sin 2x + 4) = 0
1
Þ sin 2x = or sin 2x = –4 < – 1 (Rejected)
2
p np p
Þ 2x = np + (–1)n i.e. x = + ( -1)n
6 2 12
Ex.8 Find the general solution of the equation
sin 3a = 4 sin a sin (x + a) sin (x – a) , given sin a ¹ 0
Sol. sin 3a = 2 sin a[cos 2a – cos 2x]
= 2 sin a cos 2a – 2 sin a cos 2x
i.e. sin 3a = (sin 3a – sin a) – 2 sin a cos 2x
Þ sin 3a = sin 3a – sin a (1+ 2cos 2x)
Þ sin a (1 + 2 cos 2x) = 0
1
Þ cos 2x = - (as sin a ¹ 0 given)
2
2p p
Þ 2x = 2np ± i.e. x = np ± ,n Î I
3 3
This is the required general solution.
é pù
Ex.9 Find the number of solutions for sin 5q cos 3q = sin 9q. cos 7q in ê0, ú
ë 2û
Sol. 2 sin 5q cos 3q = 2 sin 9q. cos7q
sin 8q + sin 2q = sin 16q + sin 2q
sin 8q = sin 16q
Þ sin 8q = sin 16q or sin 16q = sin 8q
\ 16q = np + (–1)n 8q ....(i)
np
when n is even equation (i) becomes; 8q = np Þ q = ....(ii)
8
(2m + 1)
when n is odd equation (i) becomes; 24q = (2m + 1) p Þ q = p ....(iii)
24
\ for the given interval [0,p/2] equation (i) and (ii) gives the solution as,
p p p p 5p 7p 3p 11p
q = 0,, and , , , , ,
4 2 24 8 24 24 8 24
\ number of solutions is 9.

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56 JEE(Main)-Mathematics
NCERT BASED QUESTIONS

3
1. Find the principal solutions of the equation sin x = .
2

1
2. Find the principal solutions of the equation tan x = – .
3

3. If sin + cos = 1, then find the general value of .

1
4. Find the most general value of satisfying the equation tan = – 1 and cos =
2

5. How many value of which stisfies the equation sin4 – 2sin2 – 1 lies between 0 and 2 .

6. If cosec x = 1 + cot x then x = 2n , 2n +

2

7. General solution of equation sin 2x – sin 4x + sin 6x = 0 is :

8. General solution of equation 3 cos + sin = 2 is :

9. If cot + tan = 2 cosec , then find the general value of .

10. If secx cos5x + 1 = 0, where 0 < x , then find the value of x.

2

ANSWER KEY

n
1. /3, 2 /3 2. 5 /6, 11 /6 3. n 1
4 4

7
4. 2n 5. No value 6. x = 2n , 2n +
4 2

n
7. x ,n 8. 2n 9. 2n
4 6 4 6 3

10. ,
6 4

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 JEE(Main)-Mathematics 57

CHECK YOUR GRASP TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS EXERCISE-I

THE GENERAL SOLUTION OF GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF SQUARE OF THE
sin = sin ; cos = cos ; and tan = tan TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATION
1
1. The general solution of tan 3x = 1 is- 8. If sin2 = , then the general solution of -
4
n
(1) n + (2) (1) 2n ± (2) n
4 3 12 6 4

(3) n (4) n ± (3) n ± (4) 2n ±

4 6 3
9. If 2 tan2 = sec2 , then the general solution of -
2. If sin – cos = 0 and 0 < < then is equal to-
2
(1) n + (2) n –
4 4
(1) (2) (3) (4) 0
2 4 6 (3) n ± (4) 2n ±
4 4
3. The general solution of sin = 0 is-
10. If 3(sec2 + tan2 ) = 5, then the general solution
1
(1) n (2) n + (–1)n of -
2 2
(3) n (4) None of these (1) 2n + (2) 2n ±
6 6
1
4. cos = , then is-
2 (3) n ± (4) n ±
6 3
(1) 2n ± (2) n ± 11. The general solution of equation
6 2 4 cos2 x + 6 sin2 x= 5 is-

(3) 2n ± (4) n (1) x = n ± (2) x = n ±

3 2 4
3
5. 3 sec 2 = 2, then is (3) x = n ± (4) None of these
2
12. If tan + tan4 + tan7 = tan tan4 tan7 , then =
(1) n ± (2) n ±
12 6 n n
(1) ,n Z (2) ,n Z
4 7
(3) n ± (4) n ± n
8 18 (3) ,n Z – {6,18,...} (4) n , n Z
12
2 4
6. tan = 3 , then is 13. If sec2 = , then the general solution of is-
3 3
(1) 2n ± /4 (2) 2n ± /3
n (3) n ± /6 (4) 2n ± /2
(1) (2) n
2 6
1 cos2
14. If = 3 then the general solution of is-
3n 3n 1 cos2
(3) (4)
2 4 2 2
(1) 2n ± /6 (2) n ± /6
7. General solution of equation (3) 2n ± /3 (4) n ± /3
cos + cos 3 – 2 cos 2 = 0 is 15. General solution of equation cosec2 = 2 is

(1) m (2) 2m (1) m ± (2) m ±

4 3
m m
(3) (4)
2 3 (3) m ± (4) None of these
6
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58 JEE(Main)-Mathematics
GENERAL SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL 22. General Solution of which is satisfies the equations
EQUATION (a cos + b sin = C) 1 1
sin = and tan =
16. General solution of equation 1 + cot = cosec is- 2 3

(1) 2n ± + (2) n + (–1)n + (1) n + (–1)n (2) n +

4 4 4 4 6 6

(3) 2n + (4) None of these

2 (3) 2n ± (4) None of these
6
17. If 3 cos + sin = 2 , then the general solution
of - 3
23. If sin(A + B) = 1 and cos (A – B) = ] then find
2
(1) n + (–1)n (2) n + the minimum positive value of A and B is-
4 4
(1) 60°, 30° (2) 75°, 15°
(3) n + – (4) n +(–1)n –
4 3 4 3 (3) 45°,60° (4) 45°,45°
18. If 2 sec + tan = 1, then the general solution
of - OTHER QUESTIONS

3 24. The general value of satisfying sin2 + sin =2

(1) n + (2) 2n + is-
4 4

(3) 2n – (4) 2n ± (1) n (–1)n (2) 2n +

4 4 6 4
19. If tan – 2 sec = 3 , then the general solution
of -
(3) n + (–1)n (4) n + (–1)n
2 3
(1) n + (–1)n –
4 3 25. The solution set of (5 + 4 cos ) (2 cos + 1) = 0 in
the interval [0,2 ] is :
(2) n + (–1)n
3 4 2
(1) , (2) ,
3 3 3
(3) n + (–1)n
3 4 2 4 2 5
(3) , (4) ,
3 3 3 3
(4) n + (–1)n
4 3
26. If 2 cos2 x + 3 sin x – 3 = 0, 0 < x < 180° the value
20. General solution of equation of x is-
cot + cosec = 3 is (1) 30°,90°,150° (2) 60°,120°,180°
(3) 0°,30°,150° (4) 45°,90,135°
(1) 2n (2) (2n – 1)
4 27. The equation sin x cos x = 2 has :
(1) one solution (2) two solutions
(3) 2n (4) 2n
3 6 (3) infinite solutions (4) no solution

GENERAL SOLUTION IN THE CASE OF 28. If tan2 – (1 + 3 ) tan + 3 = 0, then the

TWO EQUATIONS ARE GIVEN general value of is :

21. Find the value of which satisfied the equation

sin = sin and cos = cos (1) n ,n (2) n ,n
4 3 4 3
(1) 2n + (2) 2n –
(3) n + (4) n –
(3) n ,n (4) n ,n
4 3 4 3
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 JEE(Main)-Mathematics 59
36. Number of solution of equation
tan 2 tan
29. If =0, then the general value of is 4 cos – 3 sec = tan in [0, ] is
1 tan tan 2
n (1) 4 (2) 3
(1) n ; n I (2) ;n I
3 (3) 0 (4) 2

n n 37. The smallest positive angle which satisfies the

(3) (4) ;n I equation 2 sin2 +
4 6 3 cos + 1 = 0 is

30. If tana – tanb =0,then the value of for a series in- 5 2

(1) (2) (3) (4)
(1) A.P. (2) G.P. 6 3 3 6

(3) H.P. (4) None 38. A value of satisfying cos + 3 sin = 2 is

31. Find the general solution of equation
5 4
1 + cosx + cos2x = 0 (1) (2)
3 3

(1) (2n – 1) ;n I (2) (2n + 1) ;n I 2

3 6 (3) (4)
3 3
39. In (0, ), the number of solutions of the equation
(3) (2n + 1) ;n I (4) (2n + 1) ;n I tan + tan 2 + tan 3 = tan tan 2 tan 3 is
4 2
(1) 7 (2) 5
32. The general value of satisfying the equation (3) 4 (4) 2
1 40. The equation 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 6 has....solution
sin2 – 2cos + = 0 is (1) finite (2) infinite
4
(3) one (4) no
41. 2
If 2sin = 3 cos , where 0 2 , then =
(1) 2n ± (2) 2n ±
3 4
7 5
(1) , (2) ,
(3) 2n ± (4) None of these 6 6 3 3
6

3 7
(3) , (4) None of these
33. General solution of equation cot2 + +3=0 3 3
sin
is 42. Value of (0 < < 360°) which satisfy the equation
cosec + 2 = 0 is
(1) 210°, 300° (2) 240°, 300°
(1) n + (–1)n (2) n + (–1)n
6 4 (3) 210°, 240° (4) 210°, 330°

(3) n (4) None of these

43. If 5 cos2 + 2cos2 +1 = 0, 0 < < , then =
2
34. The smallest value of ' ' satisfy the equation

3 (cot + tan ) = 4 is (1) (2)

3 4
2
(1) (2)
3 3 (3) (4)
6 12

(3) (4) 44. If (1 + tan ) (1 + tan ) = 2, then + =

6 12
(1) 30° (2) 45°
35. General solution of equation sin6x = 1 + cos4 3x
is (3) 60° (4) 75°
45. If cot ( + ) = 0 then sin( + 2 ) =
(1) (2n + 1) (2) (2n + 1)
2 6
(1) sin (2) cos

(3) (2n + 1) (4) (2n + 1) (3) sin (4) cos 2

3 4
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60 JEE(Main)-Mathematics
46. cot = sin 2 (where n , n is an integer) then 49. The no. of solution of equation
sin 5x cos 3x = sin6x cos 2x in the interval [0, ] is
=
(1) 45° and 60° (2) 45° and 90° (1) 3 (2) 4

(3) only 45° (4) only 90° (3) 5 (4) 6

n n
47. If cos i n , then sin i equals, if [0,2 ) 50. The least positive value of x satisfy the equation
i 1 i 1

(1) 0 (2) 1
sin2 2x 4 sin4 x 4 sin2 x cos2 x 1
(3) –1 (4) 2 is
4 sin 2 2x 4 sin 2 x 9
48. If sin = 3 cos , – < < 0, then is equal to

5 2
(1) (2) (1) (2)
6 3 3 6

2 5
(3) (4) 2 5
3 6 (3) (4)
3 6

ANSWER KEY Exercise-I

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 2 2 3 3 1 4 2 3 3 3
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 3 3 4 1 3 4 3 4 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 4 1 3 3 1 4 1 2 1
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 1 1 3 1 4 1 4 4 4
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. 2 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 2
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 JEE(Main)-Mathematics 61

NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE QUESTIONS TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS EXERCISE-II

1. If 5cos , 2 and – cos3 are in A.P, then number of 6. If solution of equation

5 3 cos2 2 3 sin cos 3 sin2 0 are

such value(s) of in , , is :
2 2
n and n , then |r – s|=
r s
2. Number of solutions of equation

tan2x – 3tanx + cot2x – 3cotx + 4 = 0 7. Find sum of all solution of equation sin x + cos x = 0
in x [0, 100] is :
in [–50 , 50 ] is :
8. Find number of solution of equation
3. The number of solution(s) of cos x + cos(ex) = 2 is :
2 2

4. Number of solutions of equation 16sin x

16cos x
10; 0 x 2 .

secx = 1 + cosx + cos2x + ..... in x [–50 , 50 ] 9. Let a, b, c be three non-zero real numbers
is :
such that the equation 3a cos x 2b sin x c,

5. If , 0, satisfy the following simultaneous

2 x , has two distinct real roots and with
2 2
equation 2 sin2 = 3sin2 and tan = 3 tan ,
b
then the value of (8cos2 ) is : + = . Then the value of is :
3 a

10. If x (0, 1), then the greatest root of equation

sin2 x = 2 cos x is :

ANSWER KEY Exercise-II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 6 100 1 100 7 9 5025 8 0.50 0.75
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62 JEE(Main)-Mathematics
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS EXERCISE-III
1. Find the no. of roots of the equation 7. The number of solutions of t he equat ion
tan x + sec x = 2 cos x in the interval [0,2 ]- sin2x – 2cosx + 4 sinx = 4 in the interval
[AIEEE 2002, IIT 1993] [0, 5 ] is : [JEE(Main)-2013 (Online)]

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4 (1) 6 (2) 4

2. General solution of tan 5 = cot 2 is- [AIEEE 2002] (3) 3 (4) 5
8. Let A = { : sin ( ) = tan ( )} and
n n
(1) (2) B = { : cos ( ) = 1} be two sets. Then :
7 14 7 5
[JEE(Main)-2013 (Online)]

n n (1) A = B (2) A B and B –A

(3) (4) ,n Z
7 2 7 3 (3) A B (4) B A

3. The number of values of x in the interval [0,3 ] 9. The number of values of in [0, 2 ] for which
satisfying the equation 2 sin2 x + 5 sin x – 3 = 0 is- 2 sin3 – 7 sin2 + 7 sin = 2, is :
[JEE(Main)-2014 (Online)]
[AIEEE 2006]

(1) 6 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 4 (1) 6 (2) 1

(3) 4 (4) 3
1
4. If 0 < x < , and cos x + sin x = , then tan x is-
2 10. Let P : sin cos 2 cos and
[AIEEE 2006]

(1) (4 7) / 3 (2) (4 7) / 3 Q : sin cos 2 sin be two sets. Then

(3) (1 7) / 4 (4) (1 7) / 4 [JEE(Main)-2016 (Online)]

5. The possible values of (0, ) such that (1) P Q and Q P (2) Q P

sin ( ) + sin (4 ) + sin(7 ) = 0 are: [AIEEE 2011]
(3) P Q (4) P = Q
2 4 3 8 11. If 0 x < 2 , then number of real values of x,
(1) , , , , ,
9 4 9 2 4 9 which satisfy the equation
cosx + cos 2x + cos3x + cos4x = 0 is
5 2 3 8
(2) ,, , , , [JEE(Main)-2016]
4 12 2 3 4 9
(1) 5 (2) 7
2 2 3 35 (3) 9 (4) 3
(3) , , , , ,
9 4 2 3 4 36 12. If sum of all the solutions of the equation

2 2 3 8 1
(4) , , , , , 8 cos x· cos x .cos x = 1 in
9 4 2 3 4 9 6 6 2
6. Statement 1 : The number of common solutions [0, ] is k , then k is equal to :
of the trigonometric equations 2sin2 – cos2 = 0 [JEE(Main)-2018 (Offline)]
and 2cos2 – 3sin = 0 in the interval [0, 2 ] is two
Statement 2 : The number of solutions of the 13 8
(1) (2)
equation, 2cos2 – 3sin = 0 in the interval 9 9
[0, ] is two. :- [JEE(Main)-2013 (Online)]
20 2
(1) Statement 1 is true ; Statement 2 is true ; Statement (3) (4)
9 3
2 is a correct explanation for Statement 1.
(2) Statement 1 is true ; Statement 2 is false. 13. The number of solutions of sin3x = cos2x, in the
(3) Statement 1 is false ; Statement 2 is true.
interval , is :- [JEE(Main)-2018 (Online)]
(4) Statement 1 is true ; Statement 2 is true ; 2
Statement 2 is not a correct explanation for
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 1
Statement 1.
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 JEE(Main)-Mathematics 63
17. The number of solutions of t he equat ion
14. The sum of all values of 0, satisfying
2 5 5
1 sin4 x cos2 3x, x , is :
2 2
3
sin2 2 cos 4 2 is : [JEE(Main)-2019, April]
4
(1) 5 (2) 4
[JEE(Main)-2019, January]
(3) 7 (4) 3
18. The number of values of x in the interval [0,5 ]
(1) (2)
2 satisfying the equation 3 sin2x – 7 sin x + 2 = 0 is-
[IIT 98]
3 5
(3) (4) (1) 0 (2) 5
8 4
(3) 6 (4) 10
15. Let S = { [–2 , 2 ] : 2cos2 + 3sin = 0}. Then
19. The number of integral values of k for which the
the sum of the elements of S is
equation 7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2 k + 1 has a solution
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]
is- [IIT 2002]

13 (1) 4 (2) 8
(1) (2)
6 (3) 10 (4) 12
20. Root of the equation [IIT 2009]
5
(3) 2 (4) 2 sin 2
+ sin 2 = 2 is :
2
3
16. The equation y = sinx sin(x + 2) – sin 2(x+1)
(1) (2)
represents a straight line lying in : 6 4
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]

(1) second and third quadrants only (3) (4)

3 2
(2) third and fourth quadrants only
(3) first, third and fourth quadrants
(4) first, second and fourth quadrants

ANSWER KEY Exercise-III

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 2 1 4 2 1 1 3 3 4 4
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 4 1 3 2 1 3 2 2,4
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64 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES
1. INTRODUCTION :
One of the important application of trigonometry is in finding the height and distance of the point which are
not directly measurable. This is done with the help of trigonometric ratios.

2. ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION :

Let OP be a horizontal line in the vertical plane in which an object R is given and let OR be joined.

R O P
angle of depression

angle of elevation
O P R

Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

In Fig. (a), where the object R is above the horizontal line OP, the angle POR is called the angle of elevation
of the object R as seen from the point O. In Fig. (b) where the object R is below the horizontal line OP, the
angle POR is called the angle of depression of the object R as seen from the point O.

Remark :

Unless stated to the contrary, it is assumed that the height of the observer is neglected, and that the angles
of elevation are measured from the ground.

Ex.1 Find the angle of elevation of the sum when the length of shadow of a vertical pole is equal to its height.
Sol. Let height of the pole AB = h and
length of the shadow of the Pole (AC) = h

AB h
In DABC tan q = = =1 Þ tan q = 1
AC h

Þ tan q = tan 45° Þ q = 45°

Ex.2 The shadow of the tower standing on a level ground is found to be 60 metres longer when the sun's altitude
is 30° than when it is 45°. The height of the tower is-

(1) 60 m (2) 30( 3 –1)m (3) 60 3 m (4) 30( 3 +1) m.

Sol.(4) AC = h cot 30° = 3h

AB = h cot 45° = h

\ BC = AC – AB = h ( 3 –1) Þ 60 = h ( 3 –1)

60 60( 3 + 1)
\ h= = = 30 ( 3 +1)
3 -1 3 -1

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 65

3. SOME USEFUL RESULTS : A

l In a triangle ABC, h p

p b P q
sin q = , cos q = , tan q = C B
h h b b

l In any triangle ABC,

A
a b c
= = [By sine rule]
sin A sin B sin C
c b
or cosine formula

b2 + c 2 - a 2 a 2 + c 2 - b2 a 2 + b2 - c 2
i.e. cos A = ; cosB = , cosC = B a C
2bc 2ac 2ab

l In any triangle ABC A

if BD : DC = m : n and ÐBAD = a a b

ÐCAD = b and ÐADC = q,

q
then (m+n) cot q = m cot a - n cot b B m D n C

A
l In a triangle ABC, if DE || AB
E
AB BC
then, =
DE DC
C D B

l In a triangle the internal bisector of an angle divides the A

opposite side in the ratio of the arms of the angle A A
2 2
BD AB
\ =
DC AC
B D C

l In an isosceles triangle the median is perpendicular to the base

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66 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 A tower subtends an angle of 30° at a point on the same level as its foot, and at a second point h m
above the first, the depression of the foot of tower is 60°. The height of the tower is.

h
(1) h m (2) 3h m (3) 3 hm (4) m.
3

Sol.(4) Let OP be the tower of height x.,A the point on the same level as the foot O of the tower and B be the
point h m above A (see Fig.) Then Ð AOB = 60° and Ð PAO = 30°. From right-angled triangle AOP,
we have B
OA = x cot 30° 60°

and from right-angled triangle OAB, we have

OA = h cot 60°
Therefore, from (1) and (2), we get
h
x cot 30° = h cot 60° P

1 1
3x= h Þx= h
3 3 x

60° 30°
O A

2 2 1
q q
Ex.2 Let a be the solution of 16sin + 16cos = 10 in (0, p/4). If the shadow of a vertical pole is of its height,
3

then then the altitude of the sun is-

a a
(1) a (2) (3) 2a (4)
2 3

2 2
q q
Sol. We have 16sin + 16cos = 10

2 2 16 2
Þ 16sin q
+ 161 - sin q = 10 Þ x + = 10, where x = 16sin q
x

2
q
Þ x = 2, 8 Þ 16sin = 2, 8
P
2
q
Þ 24 sin = 2, 23

Þ 4sin2q = 1, 3 h

2
æ 1ö
2 æ 3ö p p q h/Ö3
Þ sin q = çè ÷ø , çç
2 ÷÷ Þ q = , A 0
2 è 2 ø 6 3

p
\ a=
6
Let the altitude of the sun be q. Then,

h p
tanq = Þ tanq = 3 Þ q = 3 Þ q = 2a
h
3
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 67
Ex.3 A vertical lamp-post of height 9 metres stands at the corner of a rectangular field. The angle of elevation of its
top from the farthest corner is 30°, while from another corner it is 45°. The area of the field is-

(1) 81 2 m2 (2) 9 2 m2 (3) 81 3 m2 (4) 9 3 m2

Sol. Let AP be the lamp-post of 9 m standing at corner A

of the rectangular field ABCD.
In D's BAP and CAP, we have

PA PA
tan45° = and tan30° =
BA AC

Þ BA = 9 m and AC = 9 3 m

\ BC = AC2 - AB2 = 243 - 81 = 162 = 9 2 m

Hence, area of the field = AB × BC = 9 × 9 2 m2 = 81 2 m2

Ex.4 A spherical ball of diameter-d subtends an angle a at the eye of an observer when the elevation of its centre

1 æaö
is b. Prove that the height of the centre of the ball is d sin b cosec ç ÷ .
2 è2ø
Sol. O is the position of eye.
As is clear from figure, from DODC,

h
OC =
sinb
From DOAC,

d
a
sin = CA 2
=
2 OC h / sin b

1 a
Þ h= d sin b. cosec .
2 2

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68 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
CHECK YOUR GRASP HEIGHTS AND DISTANCE EXERCISE-I
1. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a 8. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a
point 20 metre away from its base is 45°. Then point 20m away from its base is 60°. The height of
height of the tower is- the tower is -
(1) 10 m (2) 20 m
(1) 10 m (2)20/ 3 m
(3) 40 m (4) 20 3 m
(3) 40 m (4) 20 3 m
2. At a point 15 metre away from the base of a 15
metre high house, the angle of elevation of the top 9. A flag staff on the top of the tower 80 meter high,
is- æ 1ö
subtends an angle tan -1 ç ÷ at a point on the
(1) 45° (2) 30° (3) 60° (4) 90° è 9ø
3. An aeroplane flying at a height 300 metre above ground 100 meters away from the foot of the tower.
the ground passes vertically above another plane Find the height of the flag-staff -
at an instant when the angles of elevation of the (1) 20 m (2) 30 m
two planes from the same point on the ground are (3) 25 m (4) 35 m
60° and 45° respectively. Then the height of the 10. A kite is flying with the string inclined at 75° to the
lower plane from the ground in metres is- horizon. If the length of the string is 25 m, the height
of the kite is-
(1) 100 3 (2) 100 / 3
(1) (25/2) ( 3 –1) (2) (25/4) ( 3 +1)
(3) 50 (4) 150( 3 + 1).
4. If the elevation of the sun is 30° then the length of (3) (25/4) ( 3 +1)2 (4) (25/4) ( 6 + 2)
the shadow cast by a tower of 150 metres height is-
11. The shadow of a tower of height (1 + 3 ) metre
(1) 75 3m (2) 200 3m standing on the ground is found to be 2 metre longer
(3) 150 3m (4) None of these when the sun's elevation is 30°, then for initial
5. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower at the shadow the sun's elevation was -
top and the foot of a pole of height 10 m are 30° (1) 30° (2) 45°
and 60° respectively. The height of the tower is- (3) 60° (4) 75°
(1) 10 m (2) 15 m 12. A vertical pole subtends an angle tan–1(1/2) at a
(3) 20 m (4) None of these point P on the ground. The angle subtended by the
6. The angle of elevation of the sun when the length upper half of the pole at the point P is-
of the shadow of a pole is (1) tan–1(1/4) (2) tan–1(2/9)
3 times the height of
(3) tan–1(1/8) (4) tan–1(2/3)
the pole will be- 13. The length of the shadow of a vertical pole of height
(1) 30° (2) 60° (3) 90° (4) 45° h, thrown by the sun's rays at three different
7. If the length of the shadow of a vertical pole on the moments are h, 2h and 3h. The sum of the angles
horizontal ground is equal to its height, find the angle of elevation of the rays at these three moments is
equal to-
of elevation of the sun -
p p p p
(1) 60° (2) 30° (3) 45° (4) 90° (1) (2) (3) (4)
2 3 4 6

ANSWER KEY Exercise-I

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 2 1 1 3 2 1 3 4 1 4
Que. 11 12 13
Ans. 2 2 1

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 69

NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE QUESTIONS HEIGHTS AND DISTANCE EXERCISE-II

1. The upper part of a tree broken over by the wind 6. An aeroplane flying horizontally 1 km above the
makes an angle of 30° with the ground, and the ground is observed at an elevation of 60° and after
distance from the foot to the point where the top of 10 seconds the elevation is observed to 30°. The
the tree touches the ground is 15 m. The height of uniform speed of the aeroplane in km/h is :
the tree is-
7. The shadow of a tower is found to be 60 metre
2. From the top of a tower, the angle of depression
shorter when the sun's altitude changes from 30° to
of a point P on the ground is 30°. If the distance
60°. The height of the tower from the ground is
of the point P from the tower be 24 meters then
approximately equal to :
height of the tower is.
3. A 6-ft tall man finds that the angle of elevation of 8. A ladder rests against a wall so that its top touches
the top of a 24-ft-high pillar and the angle of de- the roof of the house. If the ladder makes an angle
of 60° with the horizontal and height of the house
pression of its base are complementary angles. The
distance of the man from the pillar is- be 6 3 metres, then the length of the ladder is :
3
4. The upper th portion of a vertical pole subtends 9. At a point on the ground the angle of elevation of a
4
tower is such that its cotangent is 3/5. On walking
3
an an angle tan -1 at a point in the horizontal 32 metres towards the tower the cotangent of the
5
plane through its foot and at a distance 40 m from angle of elevation is 2/5. The height of the tower is
:
the foot. A possible height of the vertical pole is-
5. A person standing on the bank of a river observes 10. The base of a cliff is circular. From the extremities
that the angle of elevation of the top of a tree on of a diameter of the base the angle of elevation of
the opposite bank of the river is 60° and when he the top of the cliff are 30° and 60°. If the height of
retires 40 meters away from the tree the angle of the cliff be 500 metres, then the diameter of the
elevation becomes 30°. The breadth of the river is- base of the cliff is :

ANSWER KEY Exercise-II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 25.98 13.85 10.3 40 20 415.68 52 12 160 1154.73
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70 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS HEIGHTS AND DISTANCE EXERCISE-III

1. A tower stands at the centre of a circular park. A 5. The angle of elevation of the top of a vertical tower
and B are two points on the boundary of the park from a point P on the horizontal ground was
such that AB (=a) subtends an angle of 60° at the observed to be a. After moving a distance 2 metres
foot of the tower, and the angle of elevation of the from P towards the foot of the tower, the angle of
top of the tower from A or B is 30°. The height of
elevation changes to b. Then the height (in metres)
the tower is- [AIEEE-2007]
of the tower is [JEE-MAINS-2014 (Online)]

(1) 2a/ 3 (2) 2 3 a

cos(b - a ) 2sin a sin b
(1) (2)
(3) a/ 3 (4) 3a sin a sin b sin(b - a )
2. AB is a vertical pole with B at the ground level and
A at the top. A man finds that the angle of elevation 2sin(b - a ) sin a sin b
of the point A from a certain point C on the ground (3) (4)
sin a sin b cos(b - a )
is 60°. He moves away from the pole along the line
BC to a point D such that CD = 7 m. From D the
angle of elevation of the point A is 45°. Then the 6. If the angle of elevation of top of a tower from
height of the pole is- [AIEEE-2008] three collinear points A, B and C, on a line leading
to the foot of the tower are 30°, 45° and 60°
7 3 1 7 3 respectively . Then ratio of AB : BC is -
(1) m (2) ( 3 + 1)m
2 3 -1 2
[JEE-MAINS-2015]

7 3 7 3 1
(3) ( 3 - 1)m (4) m (1) (2)
2 2 3 +1 3 :1 3: 2

3. A bird is sitting on the top of a vertical pole 20m high (3) 1 : 3 (4) 2 : 3
and its elevation from a point O on the ground is 45°.
It flies off horizontally straight away from the point 7. Let 10 vertical poles standing at equal distances on
O. After one second, the elevation of the bird from a straight line, subtend the same angle of elevation
O is reduced to 30°. Then the speed a at a point O on this line and all the poles are on
(in m/s) of the bird is : [JEE-MAINS-2014]
the same side of O. If the height of the longest pole
is 'h' and the distance of the foot of the smallest pole
from O is 'a'; then the distance between two
(1) 40 ( )
2 -1 (2) 40 ( 3- 2 ) consecutive poles, is :- [JEE-MAINS-2015 (Online)]
h cos a - a sin a h cos a - a sin a
(1) (2)
(3) 20 2 (4) 20 ( )
3 -1
9 cos a 9 sin a
h sin a + a cos a h sin a + a cos a
(3) (4)
4. A verticle pole stands at a point 'A' on boundry of 9 cos a 9 sin a
a circular park of radius a and blinds an angle a at 8. A man is walking towards a vertical pillar in a
another point B on the boundary. If the chord AB straight path, at a uniform speed. At a certain point
subtend angle a at the centre of the park, the height A on the path, he observes that the angle of
of pole is : [JEE-MAINS-2014]
elevation of the top of the pillar is 30°. After walking
for 10 minutes from A in the same direction, at a
point B, he observes that the angle of elevation of
a a
(1) 2acos cota (2) 2a sin tana the top of the pillar is 60°. Then the time taken (in
2 2
minutes) by him, form B to reach the pillar, is:
[JEE-MAINS-2016]
a a
(3) 2acos tana (4) 2asin cota (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 10 (4) 20
2 2

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 71

9. The angle of elevation of the top of a vertical tower 14. A man on the top of a vertical tower observes a car
from a point A, due east of it is 45°. The angle moving at a uniform speed towards the tower on
of elevation of the top of the same tower from a a horizontal road. If it takes 18 min. for the angle
point B, due south of A is 30°. If the distance of depression of the car to change from 30° to 45°;
then after this, the time taken (in min.) by the car
between A and B is 54 2 m, then the height of
to reach the foot of the tower, is :
the tower (in metres), is :- [JEE-MAINS-2016(On line]
[JEE-MAINS-2018]
(1) 36 3 (2) 108 (3) 54 (4) 54 3

10. Let a vertical tower AB have its end A on the level

(
(1) 9 1 + 3 ) (2) 18 ( )
3 -1

ground. Let C be the mid-point of AB and P be a

point on the ground such that AP = 2AB.
If ÐBPC = b, then tanb is equal to :- [JEE-MAINS-2017]
(3)
9
2
( 3 -1 ) (
(4) 18 1 + 3 )
4 6 15. Consider a triangular plot ABC with sides AB=7m,
(1) (2) BC=5m and CA=6m. A vertical lamp-post at the
9 7
mid point D of AC subtends an angle 30° at B. The
1 2 height (in m) of the lamp-post is :
(3) (4)
4 9
[JEE(Main)-2019, January]
11. PQR is a triangular park with PQ = PR = 200 m.
A T.V. tower stands at the mid-point of QR. If the 2
angles of elevation of the top of the tower at P,Q (1) 7 3 (2) 21
3
and R are respectively 45°, 30° and 30°, then the
height of the tower (in m) is-
3
[JEE-MAINS-2018 (Offline)] (3) 21 (4) 2 21
2

(1) 50 (2) 100 3 (3) 50 2 (4) 100 16. Two vertical poles of heights, 20m and 80m stand
a part on a horizontal plane. The height (in meters)
12. An aeroplane flying at a constant speed, parallel
of the point of intersection of the lines joining the
to the horizontal ground, 3 km above it, is top of each pole to the foot of the other, from this
observed at an elevation of 60° from a point on the horizontal plane is :
ground. If, after five seconds, its elevation from the [JEE(Main)-2019, April]
same point, is 30°, then th e speed
(1) 12 (2) 15
(in km/hr) of the aeroplane, is :
(3) 16 (4) 18
[JEE-MAINS-2018 (Online)]
17. Two poles standing on a horizontal ground are of
(1) 750 (2) 1440
heights 5m and 10 m respectively. The line joining
(3) 1500 (4) 720 their tops makes an angle of 15º with ground. Then
13. A tower T1 of height 60 m is located exactly opposite the distance (in m) between the poles, is :-
to a tower T2 of height 80 m on a straight road. [JEE(Main)-2019, April]
From the top of T1, if the angle of depression of
the foot of T2 is twice the angle of elevaion of the 5
top of T2, then the width (in m) of the road between (1) (2 + 3 )
2
the feet of the towers T1 and T2 is :-
[JEE-MAINS-2018 (Online)] (2) 5( 3 + 1)

(1) 20 3 (2) 10 3 (3) 5(2 + 3 )

(3) 10 2 (4) 20 2 (4) 10( 3 - 1)

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72 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
18. ABC is a triangular park with AB = AC = 100 19. The angle of elevation of the top of vertical tower
metres. A vertical tower is situated at the standing on a horizontal plane is observed to be 45°
mid-point of BC. If the angles of elevation of the from a point A on the plane. Let B be the point 30
(
top of the tower at A and B are cot–1 3 2 and ) m vertically above the point A. If the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower from B be 30°,
( )
cosec–1 2 2 respectively, then the height of the
then the distance (in m) of the foot of the tower from
the point A is:
tower (in metres) is :
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]

100
(
(1) 15 3 - 3 ) (
(2) 15 3 + 3 )
(1) 10 5 (2)
3 3
(
(3) 15 1 + 3 ) (
(4) 15 5 - 3 )
(3) 20 (4) 25

ANSWER KEY Exercise-III

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 3 2 4 2 2 1 2 1 3 4
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans. 4 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 2

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 73

SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
The process of calculating the sides and angles of triangle using given information is called solution of triangle.
In a DABC, the angles are denoted by capital letters A, B and C and the length of the sides opposite these angle
are denoted by small letter a, b and c respectively.

1. SINE FORMULAE : A

In any triangle ABC

b
c
h
a b c abc
= = =l= = 2R
sin A sin B sin C 2D
B C
where R is circumradius and D is area of triangle. D a

Example 1 : Angles of a triangle are in 4 : 1 : 1 ratio. The ratio between its greatest side and perimeter is

3 3 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2+ 3 2+ 3 2- 3 2+ 3
Solution : Angles are in ratio 4 : 1 : 1.
Þ angles are 120°, 30°, 30°.
If sides opposite to these angles are a, b, c respectively, then a will be the greatest side. Now from

a b c
sine formula = =
sin120° sin30° sin30°

a b c
Þ = =
3 /2 1/ 2 1 / 2

a b c
Þ = = = k (say)
3 1 1

then a= 3k , perimeter = (2 + 3)k

3k 3
\ required ratio = = Ans. (B)
(2 + 3)k 2+ 3

2. COSINE FORMULAE :

b2 + c2 - a2 c2 + a2 - b2 a2 + b2 - c2
(a) cos A = (b) cos B = (c) cos C =
2bc 2ca 2ab
or a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA

Example 2 : In a triangle ABC, if B = 30° and c = 3 b, then A can be equal to -

(A) 45° (B) 60° (C) 90° (D) 120°

c 2 + a 2 - b2 3 3b2 + a2 - b2
Solution : We have cos B = Þ =
2ca 2 2 ´ 3b ´ a

Þ a2 – 3ab + 2b2 = 0 Þ (a – 2b) (a – b) = 0

Þ Either a = b Þ A = 30°
or a = 2b Þ a = 4b2 = b2 + c2 Þ A = 90°.
2
Ans. (C)

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74 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Example 3 : In a triangle ABC, (a2 –b2 – c2 ) tan A + (a2 – b2 +c2) tan B is equal to -
(A) (a2 + b2 –c2) tan C (B) (a2 + b2 + c2) tan C
(C) (b2 + c2 –a2) tan C (D) none of these
Solution : Using cosine law :
The given expression is equal to –2 bc cos A tan A + 2 ac cos B tan B

æ sin A sin B ö
= 2abc ç - + = 0 Ans. (D)
è a b ÷ø

3. PROJECTION FORMULAE :
(a) b cos C + c cos B = a (b) c cos A + a cos C = b (c) a cos B + b cos A = c

2 A C 3b
Example 4 : In a DABC, c cos + a cos2 = , then show a, b, c are in A.P..
2 2 2

c a 3b
Solution : Here, (1 + cos A) + (1 + cos C) =
2 2 2
Þ a + c + (c cos A + a cos C) = 3b
Þ a + c + b = 3b {using projection formula}
Þ a + c = 2b
which shows a, b, c are in A.P.

4. NAPIER'S ANALOGY (TANGENT RULE) :

æ B - Cö b - c A æ C - Aö c - a B æ A - Bö a - b C
(a) tan ç ÷ = cot (b) tan çè ÷ = cot (c) tan ç = cot
è 2 ø b+c 2 2 ø c+a 2 ÷
è 2 ø a+b 2

Example 5 : In a DABC, the tangent of half the difference of two angles is one-third the tangent of half the
sum of the angles. Determine the ratio of the sides opposite to the angles.

æ A - Bö 1 æ A + Bö
Solution : Here, tan ç = tan ç ........ (i)
è 2 ÷ø 3 è 2 ÷ø

æ A - Bö a - b æ Cö
tan ç = .cot ç ÷
using Napier's analogy, è 2 ÷ø a + b è 2ø ........ (ii)

from (i) & (ii) ;

1 æ A + Bö a - b æ Cö 1 æ Cö a - b æ Cö
tan ç = .cot ç ÷ Þ cot ç ÷ = .cot ç ÷
3 è 2 ÷ø a + b è 2ø 3 è 2ø a + b è 2ø

æ B + Cö æ p Cö C
{as A + B + C = p \ tan çè ÷ = tan ç - ÷ = cot }
2 ø è 2 2ø 2

a-b 1
Þ = or 3a – 3b = a + b
a+b 3

a 2 b 1
2a = 4b or = Þ =
b 1 a 2
Thus the ratio of the sides opposite to the angles is b : a = 1 : 2. Ans.

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 75

5. HALF ANGLE FORMULAE :

a+b+c
s= = semi-perimeter of triangle.
2

A (s - b)(s - c) B (s - c)(s - a) C (s - a)(s - b)

(a) (i) sin = (ii) sin = (iii) sin =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab

A s(s - a) B s(s - b) C s(s - c)

(b) (i) cos = (ii) cos = (iii) cos =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab

A (s - b)(s - c) B (s - c)(s - a) C (s - a)(s - b)

(c) (i) tan = (ii) tan = (iii) tan =
2 s(s - a) 2 s(s - b) 2 s(s - c)

A = s (s - a ) B = s ( s - b) C = s (s - c)
(d) (i) cot (ii) cot (iii) cot
2 ( s - b )( s - c ) 2 ( s - a )( s - c ) 2 ( s - b )( s - a )

(e) Area of Triangle

1 1 1 1 1 1
D = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) = bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C = ap1 = bp2 = cp3 , where p1,p2,p3
2 2 2 2 2 2
are altitudes from vertices A,B,C respectively.

6. m-n THEOREM : A

a b
(m + n) cot q = m cot a – n cot b
h

(m + n) cot q = n cot B – m cot C. q

B C
m D n

7. RADIUS OF THE CIRCUMCIRCLE 'R' :

A
Circumcentre is the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of the
sides and distance between circumcentre & vertex of triangle is called R b
c
circumradius 'R'. O
R R

a b c abc B D a C
R= = = = .
2 sin A 2sin B 2 sin C 4 D

8. RADIUS OF THE INCIRCLE 'r' :

Point of intersection of internal angle bisectors is incentre and
perpendicular distance of incentre from any side is called inradius 'r'. A

D A B C A B C
r= = (s - a) tan = (s - b) tan = (s - c) tan = 4R sin sin sin .
s 2 2 2 2 2 2
I r
r
B C A C B A
sin sin sin sin sin sin
=a 2 2 =b 2 2 =c 2 2 r
A B C
cos cos cos B C
2 2 2

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76 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Example 6 : In a triangle ABC, if a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6, then ratio between its circumradius and inradius is-
16 16 7 11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 9 16 7

R abc D (abc)s R abc

Solution : = = Þ = ....(i)
r 4D s 4D 2 r 4(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)

a b c
Q a:b:c=4:5:6 Þ = = = k (say)
4 5 6
Þ a = 4k, b = 5k, c = 6k
a + b + c 15k 7k 5k 3k
\ s= = ,s–a= ,s–b= ,s–c=
2 2 2 2 2
R (4k)(5k)(6k) 16
using (i) in these values = = Ans. (A)
r æ 7k ö æ 5k ö æ 3k ö 7
4 ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
è 2ø è 2ø è 2ø

r
Example 7 : If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, prove that : cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + .
R
æ A + Bö æ A - Bö
Solution : cosA + cosB + cosC = 2cos ç .cos ç + cos C
è 2 ÷ø è 2 ÷ø

C æ A - Bö 2 C Cé æ A - Bö æ Cö ù
= 2sin .cos ç
è ÷ø + 1 - 2sin = 1 + 2 sin êcos ç ÷ø - sin çè ÷ø ú
2 2 2 2ë è 2 2 û

Cé æ A - Bö æ A + Bö ù ì C æ A + Bö ü
= 1 + 2 sin cos ç
è 2 ÷ø
- cos ç
è 2 ÷ø úû íQ = 90° - çè ÷ý
2 êë î 2 2 øþ
C A B A B C
= 1 + 2sin .2 sin .sin = 1 + 4 sin .sin .sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
r
= 1+ {as, r = 4R sin A/2 . sinB/2 . sinC/2}
R

r
Þ cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + . Hence proved.
R

9. RADII OF THE EX-CIRCLES :

A
Point of intersection of two external angles and one internal angle bisectors is c b
excentre and perpendicular distance of excentre from any side is called exradius. If B a C
r1 is the radius of escribed circle opposite to ÐA of DABC and so on, then -
r1 r1
B C I1
a cos cos
D A A B C 2 2
(a) r1 = = s tan = 4R sin cos cos =
s-a 2 2 2 2 A
cos
2
A C
b cos cos
D B A B C 2 2
(b) r2 = = s tan = 4R cos sin cos =
s-b 2 2 2 2 B
cos
2
A B
c coscos
D C A B C 2 2
(c) r3 = = s tan = 4R cos cos sin =
s-c 2 2 2 2 C
cos
2
I1, I2 and I3 are taken as ex-centre opposite to vertex A, B, C repsectively.

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 77

b-c c-a a-b

Example 8 : Value of the expression + + is equal to -
r1 r2 r3

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0

(b - c) (c - a) (a - b)
Solution : + +
r1 r2 r3

æ s - aö æ s - bö æ s - cö
Þ (b – c) ç + (c - a) ç ÷ + (a - b) . ç
è D ø ÷ è D ø è D ÷ø

(s - a)(b - c) + (s - b)(c - a) + (s - c)(a - b)

Þ
D

s(b - c + c - a + a - b) - [ab - ac + bc - ba + ac - bc] 0

= = =0
D D

b-c c-a a-b

Thus, + + =0 Ans. (D)
r1 r2 r3

Example 9 : If r1 = r2 + r3 + r, prove that the triangle is right angled.

Solution : We have, r1 – r = r2 + r3

D D D D s-s+a s-c+s-b
Þ - = + Þ =
s-a s s-b s-c s(s - a) (s - b)(s - c)

a 2s - (b + c)
Þ = {as, 2s = a + b + c}
s(s - a) (s - b)(s - c)

a a
Þ = Þ s2 – (b + c) s + bc = s2 – as
s(s - a) (s - b)(s - c)

(b + c - a)(a + b + c)
Þ s(–a + b + c) = bc Þ = bc
2

Þ (b + c)2 – (a)2 = 2bc Þ b2 + c2 + 2bc – a2 = 2bc

Þ b2 + c2 = a2
\ ÐA = 90°. Ans.

10. ORTHOCENTRE :
A
(a) Point of intersection of altitudes is orthocentre & the triangle KLM which is
formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is called the pedal triangle.
M L
P
(b) The distances of the orthocentre from the angular points of the DABC are
2R cosA, 2R cosB, & 2R cosC.
B K C
(c) The distance of P from sides are 2R cosB cosC, 2R cosC cosA and
2R cosA cosB.

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11. THE DISTANCES BETWEEN THE SPECIAL POINTS :

(a) The distance between circumcentre and orthocentre is = R 1 - 8 cos A cos B cos C

(b) The distance between circumcentre and incentre is = R2 - 2Rr

(c) The distance between incentre and orthocentre is = 2r2 - 4R 2 cos A cos B cos C

(d) The distances between circumcentre & excentres are

A B C
OI1 = R 1 + 8 sin cos cos = R 2 + 2Rr1 & so on.
2 2 2

12. REGULAR POLYGON :

A regular polygon has all its sides equal. It may be inscribed p
or circumscribed. r n
(a) Inscribed in circle of radius r : h
a
p p
(i) a = 2h tan = 2r sin
n n
(ii) Perimeter (P) and area (A) of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a circle of radius r are given
p 1 2 2p
by P = 2nr sin
and A = nr sin
n 2 n
(b) Circumscribed about a circle of radius r :
p
p
(i) a = 2r tan n
n r
(ii) Perimeter (P) and area (A) of a regular polygon of n sides a
p 2 p
circumscribed about a given circle of radius r is given by P = 2nr tan and A = nr tan
n n

13. IMPORTANT POINTS :

(a) (i) If a cos B = b cos A, then the triangle is isosceles.
(ii) If a cos A = b cos B, then the triangle is isosceles or right angled.
(b) In right angle triangle
(i) a2 + b2 + c2 = 8R2 (ii) cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1

(c) In equilateral triangle

(i) R = 2r (ii) r1 = r2 = r3 = 3R
2
3a2 a
(iii) r : R : r1 = 1 : 2 : 3 (iv) area = (v) R=
4 3
(d) (i) The circumcentre lies (1) inside an acute angled triangle (2) outside an obtuse angled triangle &
(3) mid point of the hypotenuse of right angled triangle.
(ii) The orthocentre of right angled triangle is the vertex at the right angle.
(iii) The orthocentre, centroid & circumcentre are collinear & centroid divides the line segment joining
orthocentre & circumcentre internally in the ratio 2 : 1 except in case of equilateral triangle. In
equilateral triangle, all these centres coincide
(e) Area of a cyclic quadrilateral = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)(s - d)
a+b+c+d
where a, b, c, d are lengths of the sides of quadrilateral and s = .
2
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CHECK YOUR GRASP S.O.T. EXERCISE-I

3 11. In DABC if (a + b + c) (a – b + c) = 3ac. Then find
1. In a triangle ABC, a = 5, b = 7 and sinA = how
4 ÐB.
many such triangles are possible :-
p p
(1) 1 (2) 0 (1) (2)
3 4
(3) 2 (4) Infinite
p p
B (3) (4)
2. In DABC, if a = 16, b = 24 and c = 20, then cos = 6 2
2
(1) 3/4 (2) 1/4 12. The perimeter of atriangle ABC is 6 times the
arithmetic mean of the sines of its angles. If the
(3) 1/2 (4) 1/3
side a is 1, the ÐA is
3. If the angle A, B, C of a DABC are in A.P., then :-
(1) 30° (2) 60°
(1) c2 = a2 + b2 – ab (2) b2 = a2 + c2 – ac
(3) 90° (4) 120°
(3) c2 = a2 + b2 (4) None of these
13. Value of r1 + r2 + r3 – r is :-
4. In a DABC, b = 3 + 1, c = 3 – 1, ÐA = 60°, (1) R (2) 2R
(3) 3R (4) 4R
(B - C)
then the value of tan is :- 14. In DABC, if side AC is double of side AB then value
2
(1) 2 (2) 1/2 A B-C
of cot cot is :-
(3) 1 (4) 3 2 2

B C 1 1
5. In any DABC, the value of 1 – tan tan is equal (1) (2) –
2 2 3 3
to:-
1
(3) 3 (4)
2a 2b 2
(1) (2)
a+b+c a+b+c 15. In DABC, a = 5, b = 3, c = 7. Then value of
3cosC + 7cosB is equal :-
2c
(3) (4) None of these (1) 5 (2) 10
a+b+c
(3) 7 (4) 3
6. If c2 = a2 + b2, 2s = a + b + c, then 4D2 = 16. In triangle ABC of r1 = 2r2 = 3r3. Then a : b is
(1) s4 (2) b2c2 equal :-
(3) c2a2 (4) a2b2
4 5 7 4
7. If in a D the ex-radii r1, r2, r3 are in the ratio (1) (2) (3) (4)
5 4 4 7
1 : 2 : 3, then their sides are in the ratio :-
(1) 5 : 8 : 9 (2) 1 : 2 : 3 A B C
17. In DABC, if cot , cot , cot are in A.P. Then
(3) 3 : 5 : 7 (4) 1 : 5 : 9 2 2 2
8. If in a triangle (r2 – r1) (r3 – r1) = 2r2r3, then the a, b, c are in :-
triangle is :- (1) A.P. (2) G.P.
(1) right angled (2) isosceles (3) H.P. (4) None
(3) equilateral (4) none of these 18. In DABC of a : b : c = 7 : 8 : 9. Then cosA : cosB is
9. r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1 = equal to :-
(1) s (2) D
11 22
(3) s 2
(4) D2 (1) (2)
63 63
10. In a triangle ABC, (a+b+c) (b+c–a) = kbc if
(1) k < 0 (2) k >6 2 14
(3) (4)
(3) 0 < k < 4 (4) k > 4 9 11

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80 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
19. The ratio of area of a regular polygon of n sides
25. If A = 75°, B = 45°, then b + c 2 is equals :-
inscribed in a circle to that of the polygon of same
number of side circum scribe the same circle is (1) a (2) a + b + c
3 : 4 , then value of 'n' is :-
1
(1) 1 (2) 8 (3) 2a (4) (a + b + c)
2
(3) 12 (4) 6
26. In equilateral triangle, ratio of inradius, cirum radii
p and exradii is :-
20. In DABC ÐA = &b:c=2: 3 , then ÐB is :-
6 (1) 2 : 3 : 5 (2) 1 : 2 : 3
(3) 3 : 7 : 9 (4) 3 : 7 : 8
p p
(1) (2) 1 1 1 1
3 2 27. Value of + + + is :
r12 r22 r32 r2
p
(3) (4) None
4 a 2 + b2 + c 2
(1) 0 (2)
21. In a triangle ABC a= 4, b = 3, ÐA = 60°, Then c is D2
root of equation :-
D2 a 2 + b2 + c 2
(1) c2 + 3c – 7 = 0 (2) c2 – 3c – 7 = 0 (3) (4)
a + b2 + c 2
2
D
(3) c2 – 3c + 7 = 0 (4) c2 + 3c + 7 = 0
28. In DABC, a = 6, b = 3 and cos(A – B) = 4/5. Then
æ a cöæ b aö area of triangle is
22. If DABC, ç 1 + + ÷ ç 1 + - ÷ = 3 , then ÐA=
è b bø è c cø (1) 4 square-unit (2) 6 square-unit
(1) 90° (2) 60° (3) 9 square-unit (4) 12 square-unit
(3) 120° (4) None 29. If in a triangle ABC,
cos A cos B cos C a b
23. Given b = 2, c = 3 , ÐA = 30°, then inradius of 2 + +2 = + , then the
a b c bc ca
DABC is :-
value of the angle A is
3 -1 3 +1
(1) (2) p p
2 2 (1) (2)
3 4
3 -1 p
(3) (4) none p
4 (3) (4)
2 6
p p
24. In a triangle ABC,ÐB = and ÐC = , let D A æ B - Cö
3 4 30. In DABC, å (b + c) tan 2 tan çè 2 ø
÷ =
divide BC internally in the ratio 1 : 3 . Then
(1) a (2) b
sin ( ÐBAD )
(3) c (4) 0
Sin ( ÐCAD ) is equal to

1 1 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 3 3 3

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Ans. 2 1 2 3 1 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 3 1 2
Que. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 4

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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS S.O.T. EXERCISE-II

1. If angle of triangle are in ratio 4 : 1 : 1, then ratio 7. ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD are
of the longest side to the perimeter is parallel and BC ^ CD. If ÐADB = q, BC = p and
[JEE(Adv.)-2003] CD = q, then AB is equal to [JEE(Main)-2013]

(1) 3 :2 + 3 (2) 1 : 3 (p2 + q 2 ) sin q p2 + q 2 cos q

(1) (2)
(3) 1 : 2 + 3 (4) 2 : 3 p cos q + q sin q p cos q + q sin q

2. If a, b, c are sides of triangle such that

p2 + q 2 (p2 + q 2 ) sin q
a:b:c=1: 3 : 2, then A : B : C is equal to (3) (4)
p 2 cos q + q 2 sin q (p cos q + q sin q)2
[JEE(Adv.)-2004]

(1) 3 : 2 : 1 (2) 3 : 1 : 2 a
8. In a DABC, = 2 + 3 and ÐC = 60º. Then the
(3) 1 : 2 : 3 (4) 1 : 3 : 2 b
3. In isosceles triangle whose are angle is 120° and ordered pair (ÐA, ÐB) is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2015]

radius of incircle is 3 , then area of triangle is (1) (75º , 45º) (2) (45º , 75º)
[JEE(Adv.)-2006] (3) (15º , 105º) (4) (105º , 15º)
9. In a triangle, the sum of lengths of two sides is x and
(1) 7 + 12 3 (2) 12 – 7 3
the product of the lengths of the same two sides is
(3) 12 + 7 3 (4) 4p y. If x2 – c2 = y, where c is the length of the third
4. Two parellel chords of a circle of radius 2 are at side of the triangle, then the circumradius of the
triangle is : [JEE(Main)-2019, January]
distance 3 + 1 apart. It the chord subtend angle
p 2p y c
and at centre, where k > 0, then [k] = (1) (2)
k k 3 3
[JEE(Adv.)-2010]

(1) 3 (2) 4 c 3
(3) (4) y
(3) 5 (4) 6 3 2
5. In DABC, a = 6, b = 10 and area of triangle is
10. The angles A, B and C of a triangle ABC are in A.P.
15 3 . If ÐACB is obtuse and r is inradius then and a : b = 1 : 3 . If c = 4 cm, then the area (in
r2 = [JEE(Adv.)-2010]
sq. cm) of this triangle is :
(1) 4 (2) 5
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]
(3) 6 (4) 3
6. In a triangle the sum of two sides is x and the product (1) 4 3
of the same two sides is y. If x2 – c2 = y, where
c is a third side of the triangle, then the ratio of
2
the in-radius to the circum-radius of the triangle is- (2)
3
[JEE(Adv.)-2014]

3y 3y (3) 2 3
(1) (2)
2x(x + c) 2c(x + c)
4
3y 3y (4)
3
(3) (4)
4x(x + c) 4c(x + c)

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 1 3 3 1 4 2 1 4 2 3
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82 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
MATHEMATICAL REASONING
1. STATEMENT :

A sentence which is either true or false but cannot be both are called a statement. A sentence which is an
exclamatory or a wish or an imperative or an interrogative can not be a statement.
If a statement is true then its truth value is T and if it is false then its truth value is F
For ex.
(i) "New Delhi is the capital of India", a true statement
(ii) "3 + 2 = 6", a false statement
(iii) "Where are you going ?" not a statement because
it connot be defined as true or false
Note : A statement cannot be both true and false at a time
2. SIMPLE STATEMENT :
Any statement whose truth value does not depend on other statement are called simple statement

For ex. (i) " 2 is an irrational number" (ii) "The set of real number is an infinite set"
3. COMPOUND STATEMENT :
A statement which is a combination of two or more simple statements are called compound statement
Here the simple statements which form a compound statement are known as its sub statements
For ex.
(i) "If x is divisible by 2 then x is even number"
(ii) "DABC is equilatral if and only if its three sides are equal"
4. LOGICAL CONNECTIVES :
The words or phrases which combined simple statements to form a compound statement are called logical
connectives.
In the following table some possible connectives, their symbols and the nature of the compound statement
formed by them

S.N. Connectives symbol use operation

1. and Ù p Ù q conjunction
2. or Ú p Ú q disjunction
3. not : or ' : p or p' negation
4. If .... then ..... Þ or ® p Þ q or p ® q Implication or conditional
5. If and only if (iff) Û or « p Û q or p « q Equivalence or Bi-conditional

Explanation :
(i) p Ù q º statement p and q
(p Ù q is true only when p and q both are true otherwise it is false)
(ii) p Ú q º statement p or q
(p Ú q is true if at least one from p and q is true i.e. p Ú q is false only when p and q both are false)
(iii) ~ p º not statement p
(~ p is true when p is false and ~ p is false when p is true)
(iv) p Þ q º statement p then statement q
(p Þ q is false only when p is true and q is false otherwise it is true for all other cases)
(v) p Û q º statement p if and only if statement q
(p Û q is true only when p and q both are true or false otherwise it is false)
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 83
5. TRUTH TABLE :
A table which shows the relationship between the truth value of compound statement S(p, q, r ....) and the
truth values of its sub statements p, q, r, ... is said to be truth table of compound statement S
If p and q are two simple statements then truth table for basic logical connectives are given below
Conjunction Disjunction Negation
p q pÙq p q pÚq
p (~ p)
T T T T T T
T F
T F F T F T
F T
F T F F T T
F F F F F F

Conditional Biconditional
p q p®q p q p ® q q ® p (p ® q) Ù (q ® p) or p « q
T T T T T T T T
T F F T F F T F
F T T F T T F F
F F T F F T T T
Note : If the compound statement contain n sub statements then its truth table will contain 2n rows.
6. LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE :
Two compound statements S1(p, q, r...) and S2(p, q, r ....) are said to be logically equivalent or simply
equivalent if they have same truth values for all logically possibilities
Two statements S1 and S2 are equivalent if they have identical truth table i.e. the entries in the last column of
their truth table are same. If statements S1 and S2 are equivalent then we write S1 º S2
For ex. The truth table for (p ® q) and (~p Ú q) given as below
p q (~ p) p ® q ~ p Ú q
T T F T T
T F F F F
F T T T T
F F T T T
We observe that last two columns of the above truth table are identical hence compound statements
(p ® q) and (~p Ú q) are equivalent
i.e. p ® q º~ p Ú q
7. TAUTOLOGY AND CONTRADICTION :
(i) Tautology : A statement is said to be a tautology if it is true for all logical possibilities
i.e. its truth value always T. it is denoted by t.
For ex. the statement p Ú ~ (p Ù q) is a tautology
p q p Ù q ~ (p Ù q) pÚ ~ (p Ù q)
T T T F T
T F F T T
F T F T T
F F F T T
Clearly, The truth value of p Ú ~ (p Ù q) is T for all values of p and q. so p Ù ~ (p Ù q) is a tautology
(ii) Contradiction (Fallacy) : A statement is a contradiction if it is false for all logical possibilities.
i.e. its truth value always F. It is denoted by c.
For ex. The statement (p Ú q) Ù (~p Ù ~q) is a contradiction
p q ~ p ~ q p Ú q (~ pÙ ~ q) (p Ú q) Ù (~ pÙ ~ q)
T T F F T F F
T F F T T F F
F T T F T F F
F F T T F T F

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84 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Clearly, then truth value of (p Ú q) Ù (~p Ù ~q) is F for all value of p and q. So (p Ú q) Ù (~p Ù ~q) is a
contradiction.
Note : The negation of a tautology is a contradiction and negation of a contradiction is a tautology

8. CONVERSE, INVERSE AND CONTRAPOSITIVE OF THE CONDITIONAL STATEMENT (p ® q):

(i) Converse : The converse of the conditional statement p ® q is defined as q ® p
(ii) Inverse : The inverse of the conditional statement p ® q is defined as ~p ® ~q
(iii) Contrapositive : The contrapositive of conditional statement p ® q is defined as ~q ® ~p
9. NEGATION OF COMPOUND STATEMENTS :
If p and q are two statements then
(i) Negation of conjunction : ~(p Ù q) º ~p Ú ~q
p q ~ p ~ q (p Ù q) ~ (p Ù q) (~ pÚ ~ q)
T T F F T F F
T F F T F T T
F T T F F T T
F F T T F T T

(ii) Negation of disjunction : ~(p Ú q) º ~p Ù ~q

p q ~ p ~ q (p Ú q) (~ p Ú q) (~ pÙ ~ q)
T T F F T F F
T F F T T F F
F T T F T F F
F F T T F T T

(iii) Negation of conditional : ~(p ® q) º p Ù ~q

p q ~ q (p ® q) ~ (p ® q) (pÙ ~ q)
T T F T F F
T F T F T T
F T F T F F
F F T T F F

(iv) Negation of biconditional : ~ (p « q) º (p Ù ~q) Ú (q Ù ~p)

we know that p « q º (p ® q) Ù (q ® p)
\ ~(p « q) º ~[(p ® q) Ù (q ® p)]
º ~ (p ® q) Ú ~ (q ® p)
º (p Ù ~q) Ú (q Ù ~p)
Note : The above result also can be proved by preparing truth table for ~(p « q) and (p Ù ~q) Ú (q Ù ~p)

10. ALGEBRA OF STATEMENTS :

If p, q, r are any three statements then the some low of algebra of statements are as follow
(i) Idempotent Laws :
(a) p Ù p º p (b) p Ú p º p
i.e. p Ù p º p º p Ú p
p (p Ù p) (p Ú p)
T T T
F F F

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(ii) Comutative laws :
(a) p Ù q º q Ù p (b) p Ú q º q Ú p
p q (p Ù q) (q Ù p) (p Ú q) (q Ú p)
T T T T T T
T F F F T T
F T F F T T
F F F F F F

(iii) Associative laws :

(a) (p Ù q) Ù r º p Ù (q Ù r)
(b) (p Ú q) Ú r º p Ú (q Ú r)
p q r (p Ù q) (q Ù r) (p Ù q) Ù r p Ù (q Ù r)
T T T T T T T
T T F T F F F
T F T F F F F
T F F F F F F
F T T F T F F
F T F F F F F
F F T F F F F
F F F F F F F
Similarly we can proved result (b)
(iv) Distributive laws : (a) p Ù (q Ú r) º (p Ù q) Ú (p Ù r) (c) p Ù (q Ù r) º (p Ù q) Ù (p Ù r)
(b) p Ú (q Ù r) º (p Ú q) Ù (p Ú r) (d) p Ú (q Ú r) º (p Ú q) Ú (p Ú r)
p q r (q Ú r) (p Ù q) (p Ù r) p Ù (q Ú r) (p Ù q) Ú (p Ù r)
T T T T T T T T
T T F T T F T T
T F T T F T T T
T F F F F F F F
F T T T F F F F
F T F T F F F F
F F T T F F F F
F F F F F F F F

Similarly we can prove result (b), (c), (d)

(v) De Morgan Laws : (a) ~ (p Ù q) º ~p Ú ~q
(b) ~(p Ú q) º ~p Ù ~q
p q ~ p ~ q (p Ù q) ~ (p Ù q) (~ pÚ ~ q)
T T F F T F F
T F F T F T T
F T T F F T T
F F T T F T T
Similarly we can proved resulty (b)
(vi) Involution laws (or Double negation laws) : ~(~p) º p
p ~ p ~ (~ p)
T F T
F T F

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86 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
(vii) Identity Laws : If p is a statement and t and c are tautology and contradiction respectively then
(a) p Ù t º p (b) p Ú t º t (c) p Ù c º c (d) p Ú c º p
p t c (p Ù t) (p Ú t) (p Ù c) (p Ú c)
T T F T T F T
F T F F T F F

(viii) Complement Laws :

(a) p Ù (~p) º c (b) p Ú (~p) º t (c) (~t) º c (d) (~c) º t
p ~ p (pÙ ~ p) (pÚ ~ p)
T F F T
F T F T

(ix) Contrapositive laws : p ® q º ~q ® ~p

p q ~ p ~ q p ® q ~ q ®~ p
T T F F T T
T F F T F F
F T T F T T
F F T T T T

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 Which of the following is correct for the statements p and q ?
(1) p Ù q is true when at least one from p and q is true
(2) p ® q is true when p is true and q is false
(3) p « q is true only when both p and q are true
(4) ~ (p Ú q) is true only when both p and q are false
Sol.(4) We know that p Ù q is true only when both p and q are true so option (1) is not correct
we know that p ® q is false only when p is true and q is false so option (2) is not correct
we know that p « q is true only when either p and q both are true or both are flase
so option (3) is not correct
we know that ~(p Ú q) is true only when (p Ú q) is false
i.e. p and q both are false
So option (4) is correct
Ex.2 ~(p Ú q) Ú (~p Ù q) is equivalent to-
(1) p (2) ~p (3) q (4) ~q
Sol.(2) Q ~(p Ú q) Ú (~p Ù q) º (~p Ù ~q) Ú (~p Ù q) (By Demorgan Law)
º ~p Ù (~q Ú q) (By distributive laws)
º ~p Ù t (By complement laws)
º ~p (By Identity Laws)
Ex.3 Which of the following is logically equivalent to (p Ù q) ?
(1) p ® ~q (2) ~p Ú ~ q (3) ~(p ® ~q) (4) ~(~p Ù ~q)
Sol.(3) Q p ® ~q º ~p Ú ~q º ~(p Ù q) (Q p ® q º ~p Ú q)
i.e. ~(p ® ~q) º p Ù q
Q ~p Ú ~q º ~(p Ù q)
and ~(~p Ù ~q) º p Ú q
Ex.4 If p ® (q Ú r) is false, then the truth values of p, q, r respectively are-
(1) T, F, F (2) F, F, F (3) F, T, T (4) T, T, F
Sol.(1) We know p ® (q Ú r) is false only when p is true and (q Ú r) is false. but (q Ú r) is false only when q and r both
are false
Hence truth values of p, q, r are respectively T, F, F
Ex.5 Statement (p Ù ~q) Ù (~p Ú q) is
(1) a tautology (2) a contradiction
(3) neither a tautology not a contradiction (4) None of these
Sol.(2) Q (p Ù ~q) Ù (~p Ú q)
º (p Ù ~q) Ù ~(p Ù ~q) (By Demargon Laws)
º c, where c is contradiction (By complement laws)
Ex.6 Negation of the statement p ® (q Ù r) is-
(1) ~p ® ~(q Ù r) (2) ~p Ú (q Ù r) (3) (q Ù r) ® p (4) p Ù (~q Ú ~r)
Sol.(4) ~(p ® (q Ù r)) º p Ù ~(q Ù r) (Q ~(p ® q) º p Ù ~q)
º p Ù (~q Ú ~r)
Ex.7 If x = 5 and y = –2 then x – 2y = 9. The contrapositive of this statement is-
(1) If x – 2y ¹ 9 then x ¹ 5 or y ¹ –2 (2) If x – 2y ¹ 9 then x ¹ 5 and y ¹ –2
(3) If x – 2y = 9 then x = 5 and y = –2 (4) None of these
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88 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Sol.(1) Let p, q, r be the three statements such that

p : x = 5, q : y = –2 and r : x – 2y = 9

Here given statement is (p Ù q) ® r and its contrapositive is ~r ® ~(p Ù q)

i.e. ~r ® (~p Ú ~q)

i.e. if x – 2y ¹ 9 then x ¹ 5 or y ¹ –2

Ex.8 Which of the following is wrong ?

(1) p ® q is logically equivalent to ~p Ú q

(2) If the (p Ú q) Ù (q Ú r) is true then truth values of p, q, r are T, F, T respectively

(3) ~(p Ù (q Ú r)) º (~p Ú ~q) Ù (~p Ú ~r)

(4) The truth value of p Ù ~(p Ú q) is always T

Sol.(4) We know that p ® q º ~p Ú q

If (p Ú q) Ù (q Ú r) is true then

(p Ú q) and (q Ú r) both are true.

i.e. truth values of p, q, r may be T, F, T respectively

Q ~(p Ù (q Ú r)) º ~((p Ù q) Ú (p Ù r) º ~(p Ù q) Ù ~(p Ù r) º (~p Ú ~q) Ù (~p Ú ~r)

If p is true and q is false then ~(p Ú q) is false i.e. p Ù ~(p Ú q) is false

Ex.9 The negation of the statement "If a quadrilateral is a square then it is a rhombus"

(1) If a quadrilateral is not a square then is a rhombus it

(2) If a quadrilateral is a square then it is not a rhombus

(3) a quadrilateral is a square and it is not a rhombus

(4) a quadritateral is not a square and it is a rhombus

Sol.(3) Let p and q be the statements as given below

p : a quadrilateral is a square

q : a quadritateral is a rhombus

the given statement is p ® q

Q ~(p ® q) º p Ù ~q

Therefore the negation of the given statement is a quadrilateral is a square and it is not a rhombus

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 89
CHECK YOUR GRASP MATHEMATICAL REASONING EXERCISE-I
1. The inverse of the statement (p Ù ~q) ® r is- 12 If statements p, q, r have truth values T, F, T
respectively then which of the following statement
(1) ~(p Ú ~q) ® ~r (2) (~p Ù q) ® ~r
is true-
(3) (~p Ú q) ® ~r (4) None of these
(1) (p ® q) Ù r (2) (p ® q) Ú ~r
2. (~p Ú ~q) is logically equivalent to-
(3) (p Ù q) Ú (q Ù r) (4) (p ® q) ® r
(1) p Ù q (2) ~p ® q
13. If statement p ® (q Ú r) is true then the truth values
(3) p ® ~q (4) ~p ®~q
of statements p, q, r respectively-
3. The equivalent statement of (p « q) is-
(1) T, F, T (2) F, T, F
(1) (p Ù q) Ú (p Ú q) (2) (p ® q) Ú (q ® p)
(3) F, F, F (4) All of these
(3) (~p Ú q) Ú (p Ú ~q) (4) (~p Ú q) Ù (p Ú ~q)
14. Which of the following statement is a contradiction-
4. If the compound statement p ® (~p Ú q) is false
then the truth value of p and q are respectively- (1) (p Ù q) Ù (~(p Ú q)) (2) p Ú (~p Ù q)
(1) T, T (2) T, F (3) F, T (4) F, F (3) (p ® q) ® p (4) ~p Ú ~q
5. The statement (p ® ~p) Ù (~p ® p) is- 15. The negative of the statement "If a number is
(1) a tautology divisible by 15 then it is divisible by 5 or 3"

(2) a contradiction (1) If a number is divisible by 15 then it is not divisible

by 5 and 3
(3) neither a tautology nor a contradiction
(2) A number is divisible by 15 and it is not divisible
(4) None of these by 5 or 3
6. Negation of the statement (p Ù r) ® (r Ú q) is-
(3) A number is divisible by 15 or it is not divisible
(1) ~(p Ù r) ® ~(r Ú q) (2) (~p Ú ~r) Ú (r Ú q) by 5 and 3
(3) (p Ù r) Ù (r Ù q) (4) (p Ù r) Ù (~r Ù ~q)
(4) A number is divisible by 15 and it is not divisible
7. Which of the following is correct- by 5 and 3
(1) (~p Ú ~q) º (p Ù q) 16. Which of the following is a statement-
(2) (p ® q) º (~q ® ~p) (1) Open the door
(3) ~(p ® ~q) º (p Ù ~q) (2) Do your home work
(4) ~(p « q) º (p ® q) Ú (q ® p) (3) Hurrah! we have won the match
8. The contrapositive of p ® (~q ® ~r) is- (4) Two plus two is five
(1) (~q Ù r) ® ~p (2) (q ® r) ® ~p 17. The negation of the statement "2 + 3 = 5 and
(3) (q Ú ~r) ® ~p (4) None of these 8 < 10" is-
9. The converse of p ® (q ® r) is- (1) 2 + 3 ¹ 5 and 8 </ 10
(1) (q Ù ~r) Ú p (2) (~q Ú r) Ú p (2) 2 + 3 ¹ 5 or 8 > 10
(3) (q Ù ~r) Ù ~p (4) (q Ù ~r) Ù p (3) 2 + 3 ¹ 5 or 8 ³ 10
10. If p and q are two statement then (p « ~q) is true (4) None of these
when-
18. For any three simple statement p, q, r the statement
(1) p and q both are true (2) p and q both are false
(p Ù q) Ú (q Ù r) is true when-
(3) p is false and q is true (4) None of these
(1) p and r true and q is false
11. Statement (p Ù q) ® p is-
(2) p and r false and q is true
(1) a tautology (2) a contradiction
(3) p, q, r all are false
(3) neither (1) nor (2) (4) None of these
(4) q and r true and p is false
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90 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
19. The negation of the statement q Ú (p Ù ~r) is 25. The statement "If 22 = 5 then I get first class" is
equivalent to- logically equivalent to-
(1) ~q Ù (p ® r) (2) ~q Ù ~(p ® r) (1) 22 = 5 and I donot get first class
(3) ~q Ù (~p Ù r) (4) None of these (2) 22 = 5 or I do not get first class
20. Which of the following is not a statement- (3) 22 ¹ 5 or I get first class
(1) every set is a finite set
(4) None of these
(2) every square is a rectangle
26. If statement (p Ú ~r) ® (q Ù r) is false and statement
(3) The sun is a star q is true then statement p is-
(4) Shut the window (1) true (2) false
21. The statement ~(p ® q) « (~p Ú ~q) is-
(3) may be true or false (4) None of these
(1) a tautology
27. Which of the following statement are not logically
(2) a contradiction equivalent-
(3) neither a tautology nor a contradiction (1) ~(p Ú ~q) and (~p Ù q)
(4) None of these (2) ~(p ® q) and (p Ù ~q)
22. Which of the following is equivalent to (p Ù q) (3) (p ® q) and (~q ® ~p)

(1) p ® ~q (2) ~(~p Ù ~q) (4) (p ® q) and (~p Ù q)

(3) ~(p ® ~q) (4) None of these 28. Either p or q is equivalent to :-

23. Which of the following is a statement- (1) p Ú q (2) (p Ù ~q) Ú (q Ù ~p)

(3) (p Ú ~q) Ù (q Ú ~p) (4) None
(1) Where are you going ?
29. Neither p nor q is equivalent to :-
(2) Logic is an interesting subject
(1) ~p Ù ~q (2) ~(p Ù q)
(3) A triangle is a circle and 10 is a prime number
(4) None of these (3) (~p Ú q) Ù (p Ú ~q) (4) None

24. If p, q, r are simple statement with truth values T,

F, T respectively then the truth value of
((~p Ú q) Ù ~r) ® p is-
(1) True (2) False
(3) True if r is false (4) True if q is true

CHACK YOUR GRASP ANSWER KEY Exercise-I

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 3 3 4 2 2 4 2 1 1 3
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 4 4 1 4 4 3 4 1 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Ans. 3 3 3 1 3 3 4 2 1
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 91
PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS MATHEMATICAL REASONING EXERCISE-II

1. Statement–1 : ~(p « ~ q) is equivalent to p « q. 6. Let p and q denote the following statements

Statement–2 : ~(p « ~ q) is a tautology. p : the sun is shining
[AIEEE-2009]
q : I shall play tennis in the afternoon.
(1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false.
(2) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true. The negation of the statement "If the sun is shining
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ; then I shall play tennis in the afternoon", is :
Statement–2 is a correct explanation for
[AIEEE-2012 (Online)]
Statement–1.
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ; (1) ~q Þ ~p (2) p Ù ~q
Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for (3) q Ù ~p (4) q Þ ~p
Statement–1.
7. The statement that is TRUE among the following
2. Let S be a non-empty subset of R. is :- [AIEEE-2012 (Online)]
Consider the following statement :
(1) The contrapositive of 3x + 2 = 8 Þ x = 2
p : There is a rational number x Î S such that x > 0 is x ¹ 2 Þ 3x + 2 ¹ 8.
which of the following statements is the negation of (2) p Ú q and p Ù q have the same truth value
the statement p ? [AIEEE-2010]
(3) The converse of tan x = 0 Þ x = 0
(1) There is a rational number x Î S such that x £ 0
is x ¹ 0 Þ tan x = 0
(2) There is no rational number x Î S such that x £ 0
(4) p Þ q is equivalent to p Ù ~q
(3) Every rational number x Î S satisfies x £ 0
(4) x Î S and x £ 0 Þ x is not rational 8. Let p and q be two statements. Amongst the
3. Consider the following statements :- following, the statement that is equivalent to
P : Suman is brilliant. p ® q is :- [AIEEE-2012 (Online)]

Q : Suman is rich. (1) p Ù ~ q (2) ~p Ú q

R : Suman is honest. (3) ~p Ù q (4) p Ú ~ q
The negation of the statement, 9. The logically equivalent proposition of p Û q is :-
"Suman is brilliant and dishonest if and only if Suman [AIEEE-2012 (Online)]

is rich" can be equivalently expressed as: (1) (p Ù q) Þ (q Ú p) (2) p Ù q

[AIEEE-2011,Main 2015(Online)] (3) (p Ù q) Ú (q Þ p) (4) (p Þ q) Ù (q Þ p)
(1) ~ Q « ~ P Ú R 10. Consider :
(2) ~ Q « ~ P Ù R Statement-I : (pÙ ~ q) Ù (~ p Ù q) is a fallacy.
(3) ~ Q « P Ù ~ R
Statement-II : (p ® q) « (~ q ® ~p) is a tuatology.
(4) ~ Q « P Ú ~ R
[JEE (Main)-2013]
4. The only statement among the followings that is a
(1) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true; statement
tautology is : [AIEEE-2011]
II is a correct explanation for Statement-I.
(1) q ® [p (p ® q)] (2) p (p q)
>

>
>

(2) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true;

(3) p (p q) (4) [p (p ® q)] ® q statement-II is not a correct explanation for
>

>
>

5. The negation of the statement :- [AIEEE-2012] Statement-I.

"If I become a teacher, then I will open a school", is : (3) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(1) I will not become a teacher or I will open a school. (4) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
(2) I will become a teacher and I will not open a school. 11. The statement ~(p « ~q) is : [JEE (Main)-2014]

(3) Either I will not become a teacher or I will not (1) equivalent to p « q
open a school. (2) equivalent to ~p « q
(4) Neither I will become a teacher nor I will open (3) a tautology
a school. (4) a fallacy

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92 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
12. The proposition ~(pv~q)v~(pÚq) is logically 19. The following statement [JEE(Main)-2017]

equivalent to :- [JEE(Main)-2014 (Online)] (p ® q ) ® [(~p ® q) ® q] is :

(1) ~p (2) ~q (3) p (4) q (1) a fallacy (2) a tautology
13. Let p, q, r denote arbitrary statements. Then the (3) equivalent to ~ p ® q (4) equivalent to p ® ~q
logically equivalent of the statement p Þ (q Ú r) is
20. Contrapositive of the statement 'If two numbers are
[JEE(Main)-2014 (Online)] not equal, then their squares are not equal', is:
[JEE(Main)-2017 (Online), JEE(Main)-2019, January]
(1) (p Ú q) Þ r (2) (p Þ ~ q) Ù (p Þ r)
(1) If the squares of two numbers are equal, then
(3) (p Þ q) Ù (p Þ ~r) (4) (p Þ q) Ú (p Þ r) the numbers are equal.
14. The contrapositive of the statement "If it is raining, (2) If the squares of two numbers are not equal, then
then I will not come", is : the numbers are equal.
[JEE(Main)-2015 (Online)] (3) If the squares of two numbers are not equal, then
(1) If I will not come, then it is raining. the numbers are not equal.

(2) If I will not come, then it is not raining. (4) If the squares of two numbers are equal, then
the numbers are not equal.
(3) If I will come, then it is not raining.
21. The Boolean expression ~ (p Ú q) Ú (~ p Ù q) is
(4) If I will come, then it is raining. equivalent to : [JEE(Main)-2018 (Offline)]

15. The negation of ~ s Ú ( ~ r Ù s ) is equivalent (1) p (2) q (3) ~q (4) ~p

to : [JEE(Main)-2015]
22. If (P Ù ~q) Ù (p Ù r) ® ~p Ú q is false, then the
[JEE(Main)-2019, April] truth values of p,q and r are respectively
(1) s Ú ( r Ú ~ s ) (2) s Ù r [JEE(Main)-2018 (Online)]

(1) T,T,T (2) F,F,F (3) T,F,T (4) F,T,F

(3) sÙ ~ r (4) s Ù ( r Ù ~ s )
16. The Boolean Expression (pÙ ~q)Ú qÚ (~pÙ q) is 23. If p ® ( ~ pÚ ~ q ) is false, then the truth values of
equivalent to :- [JEE(Main)-2016] p and q are respectively : [JEE(Main)-2018]
(1) pÚ~q (2) ~pÙq (3) pÙq (4) pÚq (1) F, F (2) F, T (3) T, T (4) T, F
17. Consider the following two statements : 24. If q is false and p Ù q « r is true, then which one
P: If 7 is an odd number, then 7 is divisible by 2. of the following statements is a tautology ?
Q: If 7 is a prime number, then 7 is an odd number [JEE(Main)-2019, January]

If V1 is the truth value of the contrapositive of P and (1) (p Ú r) ® (p Ù r) (2) p Ú r

V2 is the truth value of contrapositive of Q, then the
(3) p Ù r (4) (p Ù r) ® (p Ú r)
ordered pair (V1, V2) equals :
[JEE(Main)-2016 (Online)]
25. If the Boolean expression
(p Å q) ^ (~p q) is equivalent to p ^ q,
(1) (F, F) (2) (T, T) (3) (F, T) (4) (T, F)
18. The contrapositive of the following statement, where Å, Î {Ù, Ú} , then the ordered pair (Å, ) is:

"If the side of a square doubles, then its area [JEE(Main)-2019, January]
increases four times", is: [JEE(Main)-2016 (Online)]
(1) If the side of a square is not doubled, then its (1) ( Ù, Ú ) (2) ( Ú, Ú ) (3) ( Ù, Ù ) (4) ( Ú, Ù )
area does not increase four times.
26. The logical statement
(2) If the area of a square does not increase four
times, then its side is not doubled. éë~ ( ~ p Ú q ) Ú ( p Ù r ) Ù ( ~ q Ù r ) ùû is equivalent to:
(3) If the area of a square increases four times, then [JEE(Main)-2019, January]
its side is not doubled. (1) (p ^ r) ^ ~q (2) (~p ^ ~q) ^ r
(4) If the area of a square increases four times, then
(3) ~p Ú r (4) (p ^ ~q) Ú r
its side is doubled.

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 93

27. The expression ~(~p®q) is logically equvalent to : 33. If P Þ (q Ú r) is false, then the truth values of p,
[JEE(Main)-2019, January] q, r are respectively :-
(1) ~ p Ù ~ q (2) p Ù q [JEE(Main)-2019, April]

(3) ~ p Ù q (4) p Ù ~ q (1) F, T, T (2) T, F, F

28. Consider the following three statements : (3) T, T, F (4) F, F, F

P : 5 is a prime number. 34. Which one of the following Boolean expressions is

a tautology ?
Q : 7 is a factor of 192.
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]
R : L.C.M. of 5 and 7 is 35.
Then the truth value of which one of the following (1) ( P Ú q ) Ù (: pÚ : q) (2) ( P Ù q ) Ú (p Ù : q)
statements is true ? [JEE(Main)-2019, January]
(3) ( P Ú q ) Ù (p Ú : q) (4) ( P Ú q ) Ú (p Ú : q)
(1) (P Ù Q) Ú (~R) (2) (~P) Ù (~Q Ù R)
(3) (~P) Ú (Q Ù R) (4) P Ú (~Q Ù R) 35. If the truth value of the statement P ® (~p Ú r) is
false(F), then the truth values of the statements p,
29. The Boolean expression
q, r are respectively :
((p Ù q) Ú (pÚ ~ q)) Ù (~ p Ù ~ q) is equ ivalent [JEE(Main)-2019, April]

to : [JEE(Main)-2019, January] (1) F, T, T (2) T, F, F

(1) p Ù (~ q) (2) p Ú (~ q) (3) T, T, F (4) T, F, T

36. The Boolean expression ~(pÞ (~q)) is equivalent
(3) (~ p) Ù (~ q) (4) p Ù q
to :
30. The contrapositive of the statement "If you are born [JEE(Main)-2019, April]
in India, then you are a citizen of India", is :
(1) (~p)Þ q (2) p Ú q
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]

(1) If you are born in India, then you are not a citizen (3) qÞ ~p (4) p ^ q
of India. 37. The logical statement (p Þ q) ^ (q Þ ~p) is
(2) If you are not a citizen of India, then you are not equivalent to :
born in India. [JEE(Main)-2020, January]

(3) If you are a citizen of India, then you are born (1) p (2) q (3) ~p (4) ~q
in India. 38. Let A, B, C and D be four non-empty sets. The
(4) If you are not born in India, then you are not a contrapositive statement of "If A Í B and B Í D,
citizen of India. then A Í C" is :
[JEE(Main)-2020, January]
31. Which one of the following statements is not a
tautology ? [JEE(Main)-2019, April] (1) If A Í C, then B Ì A or D Ì B

(1) (p Ù q) ® p (2) ( p Ù q ) ® ( ~ p ) Ú q (2) If AË C , then AË B or BË D

(3) p ® (p Ú q) (4) ( p Ú q ) ® ( p Ú ( ~ q ) ) (3) If AË C , then A Í B and B Í D

32. For any two statements p and q, the negation of the (4) If AË C , then AË B and B Í D
expression pÚ(~pÙq) is 39. Which one of the following is a tautology ?
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]
(1) P Ù ( P Ú Q ) [JEE(Main)-2020, January]
(1) pÙq (2) p«q
(2) P Ú ( P Ù Q )
(3) ~pÚ~q (4) ~pÙ~q
(
(3) Q ® P Ù ( P ® Q ) )
( )
(4) P Ù ( P ® Q ) ® Q

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94 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
40. Negation of the statement : 41. If p ® (p Ù ~q) is false, then the truth values of p
and q are respectively :
[JEE(Main)-2020, January]
[JEE(Main)-2020, January]
5 is an integer or 5 is irrational is : (1) F, T (2) T, T (3) F, F (4) T, F
(1) 5 is irrational or 5 is an integer..
(2) 5 is not an integer and 5 is not irrational.
(3) 5 is an integer and 5 is irrational.
(4) 5 is not an integer or 5 is not irrational.

PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY Exercise-II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 1 3 1 4 2 2 1 2 4 2
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 4 3 2 4 3 2 2 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 4 3 3 4 1 1 1 4 3 2
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 4 2 4 3 4 3 2 4 2
Que. 41
Ans. 2
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 95
STATISTICS
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY :
An average value or a central value of a distribution is the value of variable which is representative of the
entire distribution, this representative value are called the measures of central tendency.
Generally the following five measures of central tendency.
(a) Mathematical average
(i) Arithmetic mean (ii) Geometric mean (iii) Harmonic mean
(b) Positional average
(i) Median (ii) Mode
1. ARITHMETIC MEAN :
(i) For ungrouped dist. : If x1, x2, ...... xn are n values of variate xi then their A.M. x is defined as
n

å
x1 + x 2 + ..... + x n i =1
xi
x = =
n n
Þ Sxi = n x
(ii) For ungrouped and grouped freq. dist. : If x1, x2, .... xn are values of variate with corresponding
frequencies f1, f2, ... fn then their A.M. is given by
n

åf x i i n
f x + f x + .... + fn x n
x = 1 1 2 2
f1 + f2 + .... + fn
= i =1

N
, where N = åf
i =1
i

Ex.1 Find the A.M. of the following freq. dist.

xi 5 8 11 14 17
fi 4 5 6 10 20
Sol. Here N = Sfi = 4 + 5 + 6 + 10 + 20 = 45
Sfixi = (5 × 4) + (8 × 5) + (11 × 6) + (14 × 10) + (17 × 20) = 606
Sfi x i 606
\ x = = = 13.47
N 45
(iii) By short method : If the value of xi are large, then the calculation of A.M. by using previous formula is
quite tedious and time consuming. In such case we take deviation of variate from an arbitrary point a.
Let d i = xi – a
Sfi d i
\ x =a+ , where a is assumed mean
N
(iv) By step deviation method : Sometime during the application of short method of finding the A.M. If
each deviation di are divisible by a common number h(let)
d xi - a
Let ui = i =
h h
æ Sfi u i ö
\ x =a+ ç ÷h
è N ø
Ex.2 Find the mean of the following freq. dist.
x i 5 15 25 35 45 55
fi 12 18 27 20 17 6
Sol. Let assumed mean a = 35, h = 10
(x i - 35)
here N = Sfi = 100, ui =
10
\ Sfiui = (12 × –3) + (18 × –2) + (27 × –1) + (20 × 0) + (17 × 1) + (6 × 2) = – 70

æ Sf u ö (–70)
\ x = a + ç i i ÷ h = 35 + × 10 = 28
è N ø 100

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96 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

(v) Weighted mean : If w1, w2, ...... wn are the weights assigned to the values x1, x2, ..... xn respectively then
their weighted mean is defined as
n

w x + w2 x2 + ..... + w n x n
åw x
i =1
i i

Weighted mean = 1 1 =
w1 + ..... + w n n

åw
i =1
i

Ex.3 Find the weighted mean of first n natural numbers when their weights are equal to their squares respectively
1.12 + 2.22 + .... + n.n2 13 + 23 + ..... + n3 [n(n + 1) / 2]2 3n(n + 1)
Sol. Weighted Mean = = 2 2 2
= =
12 + 22 + .... + n2 1 + 2 + .... + n [n(n + 1)(2n + 1) / 6] 2(2n + 1)
(vi) Combined mean : If x1 and x2 be the means of two groups having n 1 and n2 terms respectively then
the mean (combined mean) of their composite group is given by
n1 x1 + n2 x2
combined mean =
n1 + n2
n1 x1 + n1 x2 + n3 x 3 + ....
If there are more than two groups then, combined mean =
n1 + n2 + n3 + ....
Ex.4 The mean income of a group of persons is Rs. 400 and another group of persons is Rs. 480. If the mean
income of all the persons of these two groups is Rs. 430 then find the ratio of the number of persons in the
groups.
Sol. Here x1 = 400, x2 = 480, x = 430
n1 x1 + n2 x2 400n1 + 480n2
Q x = Þ 430 =
n1 + n2 n1 + n2
n1 5
Þ =
n2 3
(vii) Properties of Arithmetic mean :
l Sum of deviations of variate from their A.M. is always zero i.e. S(xi – x ) = 0, Sfi(xi – x ) = 0
l Sum of square of deviations of variate from their A.M. is minimum i.e. S(xi – x )2 is minimum
l If x is the mean of variate xi then A.M. of (xi + l) = x + l
A.M. of (lxi) = l x
A.M. of (axi + b) = a x + b (where l, a, b are constant)
l A.M. is independent of change of assumed mean i.e. it is not effected by any change in assumed mean.
2. GEOMETRIC MEAN :
(i) For ungrouped dist. : If x1, x2, ..... xn are n positive values of variate then their geometric mean G is
given by
G = (x1 × x2 × ..... × xn)1/n
é1 n ù
Þ G = antilog ê å log x i ú
ëê n i =1 ûú
(ii) For freq. dist. : If x1, x2, .... xn are n positive values with corresponding frequencies f1, f2, .... fn resp.
then their G.M.
G = (x if1 ´ x2f2 ´ ..... ´ x nfn )1 / N

é1 n ù
Þ G = antilog ê å
êë N i =1
fi log x i ú
úû
Note :- If G1 and G2 are geometric means of two series which containing n1 and n2 positive values resp.
and G is geometric mean of their combined series then
1
n n2 n1 + n2
G= (G11 ´ G2 )
é n log G1 + n2 log G2 ù
Þ G = antilog ê 1 ú
ë n1 + n2 û

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 97
Ex.5 Find the G.M. of 1, 2, 22, ....., 2n
1
Sol. G.M. = (1.2.22......2n ) n +1
1
é n(n +1) ù n +1
= ê2 2 ú = 2n/2
êë úû
3. HARMONIC MEAN :
(i) For ungrouped dist. : If x1, x2, ..... xn are n non-zero values of variate then their harmonic mean H is
defined as
n n
H= = n
1 1 1 1
+
x1 x 2
+ .... +
xn å x
i =1 i
(ii) For freq. dist. : If x1, x2, .... xn are n non-zero values of variate with corresponding frequencies
f1, f2, ..... fn respectively the their H.M.
N N
H= = n
f1 f2 fn fi
+
x1 x2
+ .... +
xn å x
i =1 i
1 1 1 1
Ex.6 Find the H.M. of , , , .....
2 3 4 17
n 16 2
Sol. H.M. = = =
1 1 1 2 + 3 + .... + 17 19
+ + ..... +
x1 x 2 xn
Note :- If A, G, H are A.M. G.M. H.M. of a series respectively then
A³G³H
4. MEDIAN :
The median of a series is the value of middle term of the series when the values are written in ascending
order. Therefore median, divided an arranged series into two equal parts.
Formulae of median :
(i) For ungrouped distribution : Let n be the number of variate in a series then
éæ n + 1ö th
êç ÷ term, (when n is odd)
êè 2 ø
Median = ê th th
ê Mean of æ n ö and æ n + 1ö terms, (when n is even)
êë çè 2 ÷ø çè 2 ÷ø
(ii) For ungrouped freq. dist. : First we prepare the cumulative frequency (c.f.) column and Find value of
N then
éæ N + 1ö th
êç ÷ term, (when N is odd)
êè 2 ø
Median = ê th th
ê Mean of æ N ö and æ N + 1ö terms, (when N is even)
êë ç ÷
è 2ø ç
è2 ø ÷

N
(iii) For grouped freq. dist : Prepare c.f. column and find value of then find the class which contain
2
value of c.f. is equal or just greater to N/2, this is median class
æN ö
ç 2 –F÷
\ Median = l + è ø ×h
f
where l — lower limit of median class
f — freq. of median class
F — c.f. of the class preceeding median class
h — Class interval of median class
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98 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN

Ex.7 Find the median of following freq. dist.

class 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50
f 8 30 40 12 10

Sol. class fi c.f.

0 - 10 8 8
10 - 20 30 38
20 - 30 40 78
30 - 40 12 90
40 - 50 10 100

N 100
Here = = 50 which lies in the value 78 of c.f. hence corresponding class of this c.f. is 20-30 is the
2 2
median class, so
l = 20, f = 40, F = 38, h = 10

æN ö
ç 2 -F ÷
\ Median = l + è ø × h = 20 + (50 - 38) × 10 = 23
f 40

5. MODE :
In a frequency distribution the mode is the value of that variate which have the maximum frequency
Method for determining mode :
(i) For ungrouped dist. : The value of that variate which is repeated maximum number of times
(ii) For ungrouped freq. dist. : The value of that variate which have maximum frequency.
(iii) For grouped freq. dist. : First we find the class which have maximum frequency, this is model calss
f0 - f1
\ Mode = l + ×h
2f0 - f1 - f2
where l — lower limit of model class
f0 — freq. of the model class
f1 — freq. of the class preceeding model class
f2 — freq. of the class succeeding model class
h — class interval of model class
Ex.8 Find the mode of the following frequecy dist
class 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80
fi 2 18 30 45 35 20 6 3
Sol. Here the class 30–40 has maximum freq. so this is the model class
l = 30, f0 = 45, f1 = 30, f2 = 35, h = 10

f0 - f1 45 - 30
\ Mode = l + × h = 30 + × 10 = 36
2f0 - f1 - f2 2 ´ 45 - 30 - 35

6. RELATION BETWEEN MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE :

In a moderately asymmetric distribution following relation between mean, median and mode of a distribution.
It is known as imprical formula.
Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
Note (i) Median always lies between mean and mode
(ii) For a symmetric distribution the mean, median and mode are coincide.

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 99
7. MEASURES OF DISPERSION :
The dispersion of a statistical distribution is the measure of deviation of its values about the their average
(central) value.
It gives an idea of scatteredness of different values from the average value.
Generally the following measures of dispersion are commonly used.
(i) Range (ii) Mean deviation (iii) Variance and standard deviation
(i) Range : The difference between the greatest and least values of variate of a distribution, are called the
range of that distribution.
If the distribution is grouped distribution, then its range is the difference between upper limit of the
maximum class and lower limit of the minimum class.
difference of extreme values
Also, coefficient of range =
sum of extreme values
Ex.9 Find the range of following numbers 10, 8, 12, 11, 14, 9, 6
Sol. Here greatest value and least value of the distribution are 14 and 6 resp. therefore
Range = 14 – 6 = 8
(ii) Mean deviation (M.D.) : The mean deviation of a distribution is, the mean of absolute value of
deviations of variate from their statistical average (Mean, Median, Mode).
If A is any statistical average of a distribution then mean deviation about A is defined as
n

å|x - A|
i =1
i

Mean deviation = (for ungrouped dist.)

n
n

å f |x - A|
i =1
i i

Mean deviation = (for freq. dist.)

N
Note :- Mean deviation is minimum when it taken about the median
Ex.10 Find the mean deviation of number 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 about the mean.
Sol. Here n = 5, x = 5
S|x i - x|
\ Mean deviation =
n
1
= [|3 – 5| + |4 – 5| + |5 – 5| + |6 – 5| + |7 – 5|]
5
1 6
=
[2 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 2] = = 1.2
5 5
Ex.11 Find the mean deviation about mean from the following data
xi 3 9 17 23 27
fi 8 10 12 9 5

Sol. xi fi fi xi |x i - x| fi |xi - x|
3 8 24 12 96
9 10 90 6 60
17 12 204 2 24
23 9 207 8 72
27 5 135 12 60
N = 44 Sfi x i = 660 Sfi |x i - x|= 312
Sfi x i 660
Mean ( x ) = = = 15
N 44
Sfi |x i - x| 312
Mean deviation = = = 7.09
N 44
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100 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
(iii) Variance and standard deviation : The variance of a distribution is, the mean of squares of deviation
of variate from their mean. It is denoted by s2 or var(x).
The positive square root of the variance are called the standard deviation. It is denoted by s or S.D.
Hence standard deviation = + variance
Formulae for variance :
(i) for ungrouped dist. :
S(xi - x)2
s2x =
n
2
Sx2i Sx2i æ Sx i ö
s2x = – x2 = – ç ÷
n n è n ø
2
Sd2i æ Sd i ö
s2d = – ç ÷ , where di = xi – a
n è n ø
(ii) For freq. dist. :
Sfi (x i - x)2
s2x =
N
2
Sf x 2 Sf x 2 æ Sfi x i ö
s2x = i i – (x)2 = i i – ç ÷
N N è N ø
2
Sf d2 æ Sfi d i ö
s2d = i i – ç ÷
N è N ø

é Sf u 2 æ Sf u ö ù
2
di
i i
s 2u = h2 ê –ç i i ÷ ú where ui =
êë N è N ø ú h
û

s
(iii) Coefficient of S.D. =
x
s
Coefficient of variation = × 100 (in percentage)
x
Note :- s2 = s 2x = s 2d = h2 s 2u
Ex.12 Find the variance of first n natural numbers

{ }
2 2 2
Sx2i æ Sx ö Sn2 æ Sn ö n(n + 1) (2n + 1) n(n + 1) n2 - 1
Sol. s2 = – çè i ÷ø = – çè ÷ø = – =
n n n n 6n 2n 12
18 18
Ex.13 If å (x i - 8) = 9 and å (x
i =1
i - 8)2 = 45, then find the standard deviation of x , x , .... x
1 2 18
i =1
Sol. Let (xi – 8) = di
2 2
Sd 2i
æ Sd ö 45 æ 9 ö 5 1 3
\ sx = sd = -ç i ÷ = -ç ÷ = - =
n
è n ø 18 è 18 ø 2 4 2
Ex.14 Find the coefficient of variation of first n natural numbers
Sol. For first n natural numbers.
n +1 n2 - 1
Mean ( x ) = , S.D.(s) =
2 12

s n2 - 1 1 (n - 1)
\ coefficient of variance = × 100 = × × 100 = × 100
x 12 æ + 1ö
n 3(n + 1)
çè ÷ø
2
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 101

Ex.15 Determine the variance of the following frequency dist.

class 0 - 2 2 - 4 4 - 6 6 - 8 8 - 10 10 - 12
fi 2 7 12 19 9 1

Sol. Let a = 7, h = 2
xi - a
class xi fi ui = fi u i fi u2i
h
0-2 1 2 -3 -6 18
2-4 3 7 -2 -14 28
4-6 5 12 -1 -12 12
6-8 7 19 0 0 0
8 - 10 9 9 1 9 9
10 - 12 11 1 2 2 4
N = 50 Sfi u i = -21 Sfi u2i = 71

é Sf u2 é 71 æ -21 ö2 ù
æ Sf u ö ù
2

\ s =h ê
2 i i
2 -ç i i ÷ ú = 4 ê -ç ÷ ú = 4[1.42 – 0.1764] = 4.97
êë N è N ø úû êë 50 è 50 ø úû

8. MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIANCE :

l Var.(xi + l) = Var.(xi)
Var.(lxi) = [Link](xi)
Var(axi + b) = [Link](xi)
where l, a, b, are constant
l If means of two series containing n1, n2 terms are x1 , x2 and their variance's aree s12 , s22 respectively and

their combined mean is x then the variance s2 of their combined series is given by following formula
n1 (s12 + d12 ) + n2 (s22 + d22 )
s2 = where di = x1 – x , d2 = x2 – x
(n1 + n2 )

n1s12 + n2 s22 n1n2

i.e. s2 = + 2
(x1 - x2 )2
n1 + n2 (n1 + n2 )

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102 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 If in an examination different weights are assigned to different subjects Physics (2), Chemistry (1), English (1),
Mathematics (2) A student scores 60 in Physics, 70 in Chemistry, 70 in English and 80 in Mathematics, then
weighted mean is-
(1) 60 (2) 70 (3) 80 (4) 85
n

åw x i i
2 ´ 60 + 1 ´ 70 + 1 ´ 70 + 2 ´ 80
Sol.(2) Weighted mean = i =1
= = 70
n
6
åw
i =1
i

Ex.2 The mean of two groups of sizes 200 and 300 are 25 and 10 [Link] standard deviation are 3 and
4 respectively. The variance of combined sample of size 500 is-
(1) 64 (2) 65.2 (3) 67.2 (4) 64.2

n1 x1 + n2 x2 200 ´ 25 + 300 ´ 10
Sol.(3) Combined mean x = = = 16
n1 + n2 500

Here d1 = x1 - x = 25 - 16 = 9 and d2 = x2 - x = 10 - 16 = -6

n1 ( s12 + d12 ) + n2 (s22 + d22 ) 200(9 + 81) + 300(16 + 36) 33600

We know that s2 = = = = 67.2
n1 + n2 500 500

Ex.3 If the mean of the series x1, x2, ......, xn is x , then the mean of the series xi + 2i, i = 1, 2, ........, n will be-
(1) x + n (2) x + n + 1 (3) x + 2 (4) x + 2n

x1 + x 2 + ..... + x n
Sol.(2) As given x = ....(1)
n

If the mean of the series xi + 2i, i = 1, 2, ....., n be X , then

(x1 + 2) + (x 2 + 2.2) + (x 3 + 2.3) + ..... + (x n + 2.n)
X=
n
x1 + x 2 + ..... + x n 2(1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n)
= +
n n
2n(n + 1)
= x+ from (1)
2n
= x +n+1
Ex.4 The variance of first 20-natural numbers is-
133 379 133 399
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 12 2 4
2
Sx2i æ Sx i ö
Sol.(1) Q s2 = – ç ÷
n è n ø
2
1 2 é1 ù
= [1 + 22 + ...... + 202 ] - ê (1 + 2 + .... + 20) ú
20 ë 20 û
2
1 20 ´ 21(2 ´ 20 + 1) é 1 20 ´ 21 ù 7 ´ 41 441 133
= -ê = - = .
20 6 ë 20 2 úû 2 4 4
n2 - 1
In fact, the variance of first n-natural numbers is
12
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 103

Ex.5 The mean of the following freq. table is 50 and Sf = 120

class 0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 80 - 100
f 17 f1 32 f2 19
the missing frequencies are-
(1) 28, 24 (2) 24, 36 (3) 36, 28 (4) None of these
Sol.(1) Sf = 120 = 17 + f1 + 32 + f2 + 19
Þ f1 + f2 = 52 ...... (1)
and Sfx = (10 × 17) + (30 × f1) + (50 × 32) + (70 × f2) + (90 × 19) = 30f1 + 70f2 + 3480

S fx 30f1 + 70f2 + 3480

\ x = Þ 50 =
Sf 120

Þ 30f1 + 70f2 = 2520 Þ 3f1 + 7f2 = 252 ..... (2)

by (1) and (2) we get f1 = 28, f2 = 24
Ex.6 A student obtained 75%, 80%, 85% marks in three subjects. If the marks of another subject are added then
his average marks can not be less than-
(1) 60% (2) 65% (3) 80% (4) 90%
Sol.(1) Total marks obtained from three subjects out of 300 = 75 + 80 + 85 = 240
if the marks of another subject is added then total marks obtained out of 400 is greater than 240
if marks obtained in fourth subject is 0 then
240
minimum average marks = × 100 = 60%
400
Ex.7 The mean and variance of a series containing 5 terms are 8 and 24 respectively. The mean and variance of
another series containing 3 terms are also 8 and 24 respectively. The variance of their combined series will
be-
(1) 20 (2) 24 (3) 25 (4) 42

n1s12 + n2 s22 n1n2 5(24) + 3(24) 5(3)

Sol.(2) Using s2 = + (x1 - x2 )2 Þ s2 = + (8 - 8)2 = 24
n1 + n2 (n1 + n2 ) 2
5+3 (5 + 3)2

Ex.8 The mean deviation about median from the following data 340, 150, 210, 240, 300, 310, 320, is-
(1) 52.4 (2) 52.5 (3) 52.8 (4) none of these
Sol.(3) Arranging the observations in ascending order of magnitude, we have 150, 210, 240, 300, 310, 320, 340.
Clearly, the middle observation is 300. So, median = 300
Calculation of Mean deviation

xi |x i - 300|
340 40
150 150
210 90
240 60
300 0
310 10
320 20
Total å |x i - 300|= 370

1 370
Mean deviation from median = å|x i - 300| = = 52.8
7 7
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104 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Ex.9 Variance of the data given below is
Size of item 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5
Frequency 3 7 22 60 85 32 8
(1) 1.29 (2) 2.19 (3) 1.32 (4) none of these
Sol.(3) Let the assumed mean be a = 6.5
Calculation of variance
xi fi di = xi – 6.5 fidi fidi2
3.5 3 –3 –9 27
4.5 7 –2 –14 28
5.5 22 –1 –22 22
6.5 60 0 0 0
7.5 85 1 85 85
8.5 32 2 64 128
9.5 8 3 24 72
N = åfi = 217 åfidi = 128 åfidi2 = 362

Here N = 217, å fidi = 128 and å fidi2 = 362

2 2
æ1 2ö æ1 ö 362 æ 128 ö
\ Var (X) = ç å fi di ÷ - ç å fi d i ÷ = - = 1.668 - 0.347 = 1.321
èN ø èN ø 217 çè 217 ÷ø

Ex.10 If a variable takes the value 0, 1, 2......n with frequencies proportional to the bionomial coefficients nC0,
n
C1,.....,nCn then the mean of the distribution is-

n(n + 1) n n(n - 1) n(n + 1)

(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 2 2 2
Sol.(2) N = åfi = k [nC0 + nC1 + .... + nCn] = k2n
n n

å fi xi = k [1.nC1 + 2. nC2 + .... + n nCn] = k å r. Cr = kn å Cr -1 = kn2

n n -1 n -1

r =1 r =1

1 n
Thus x = (n 2n -1 ) = .
2n 2

Ex.11 The mean and variance of 5 observations of an experiment are 4 and 5.2 respectively. If from these observations
three are 1, 2 and 6, then the remaining will be-
(1) 2, 9 (2) 5, 6 (3) 4, 7 (4) 3, 8
Sol.(3) As given x = 4 , n = 5 and s2 = 5.2. If the remaining observations are x1, x2 then

å (x i - x)2
s2 = = 5.2
n

(x1 - 4)2 + (x2 - 4)2 + (1 - 4)2 + (2 - 4)2 + (6 - 4)2

Þ = 5.2
5

Þ (x1 – 4)2 + (x2 – 4)2 = 9 ....(1)

x1 + x 2 + 1 + 2 + 6
Also x = 4 Þ = 4 Þ x1 + x2 = 11 ....(2)
5

from eq.(1), (2) x1, x2 = 4, 7

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 105

Ex.12 The mean deviation of the series a, a + d, a + 2d, ......, a + 2nd from its mean is-

n +1 n(n + 1) n(n - 1)
(1) |d| (2) |d| (3) |d| (4) none of these
2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1
Sol.(2) Number of terms in the series = 2n + 1

a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ..... + (a + 2nd) 1 é 2n + 1 ù

\ mean x = = ê (a + a + 2nd) ú = a + nd
2n + 1 2n + 1 ë 2 û

Also å|xi – x | =|–nd| + |(1–n)d|+.......+|–d|+0 + |d| + ........+ |nd|

n(n + 1)
= 2|d|[n+(n–1) + .......+ 1] = 2|d| = n(n + 1)|d|
2

å|x i - x| n(n + 1)
\ mean deviation from mean = = |d|
N 2n + 1
Ex.13 Let x1, x2 ....., xn be values taken by a variable X and y1, y2, ..., yn be the values taken by a variable Y such that
yi = axi + b, i = 1, 2, ..., n. Then-
(1) Var (Y) = a2 Var(X) (2) Var(Y) = a2 Var(X) + b (3) Var(Y) = Var(X) + b (4) None of these
Sol.(1) We have,

1 n
Var(Y) =
n
å (y
i =1
i - y)2

[Q yi = axi + b; i = 1, 2, ....., n Þ Y = a X + b]

1 n
Þ Var(Y) =
n åa
i =1
2
(x i - X)2

ì1 n ü
Þ Var(Y) = a2 í å (x i - X)2 ý = a2 Var(X)
î n i =1 þ

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106 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
CHECK YOUR GRASP STATISTICS EXERCISE-I
Arithmetic mean, weighted mean, Combined mean 10. The A.M. of n observation is x . If the sum of n – 4
1. Mean of the first n terms of the A.P. a, (a + d), observations is K, then the mean of remaining
(a + 2d), ........ is- observations is-
nd (n - 1)d x-K nx - K
(1) a + (2) a + (1) (2)
2 2 4 n-4
(3) a + (n – 1) d (4) a + nd nx - K nx - (n - 4)K
(3) (4)
2. The A.M. of first n even natural number is - 4 4
1 1 1
n+1 11. The mean of values 1, , ,...... which have
(1) n(n + 1) (2) 2 3 n
2 frequencies 1, 2, 3, ........ n resp., is :-
n 2n + 1 2
(3) (4) n + 1 (1) (2)
2 3 n
3. The A.M. of nC0 , nC1 , nC2, .....nCn is - n +1 2
(3) (4)
2 n +1
2n 2n+1
(1) (2) 12. If the mean of following feq. dist. is 2.6, then the
n n
value of f is :-
2n 2n+1 xi 1 2 3 4 5
(3) (4)
n+1 n+1 fi 5 4 f 2 3
4. If the mean of numbers 27, 31, 89, 107, 156 is 82, (1) 1 (2) 3
then the mean of numbers 130, 126, 68, 50, 1 (3) 8 (4) None of these
will be- 13. The weighted mean of first n natural numbers when
(1) 80 (2) 82 their weights are equal to corresponding natural
number, is :-
(3) 75 (4) 157
5. The mean of 9 terms is 15. if one new term is
n +1 2n + 1
(1) (2)
added and mean become 16, then the value of 2 3
new term is :- (n + 1)(2n + 1)
(3) (4) None of these
(1) 23 (2) 25 6
(3) 27 (4) 30 14. The average income of a group of persons is x
6. If the mean of first n natural numbers is equal to and that of another group is y . If the number of
n+7 persons of both group are in the ratio 4 : 3, then
, then n is equal to-
3 average income of combined group is :-
(1) 10 (2) 11 x+ y 3x+4y
(3) 12 (4) none of these (1) (2)
7 7
7. The mean of first three terms is 14 and mean of
4x+3y
next two terms is 18. The mean of all the five terms (3) (4) None of these
is- 7
(1) 15.5 (2) 15.0 15. In a group of students, the mean weight of boys is
(3) 15.2 (4) 15.6 65 kg. and mean weight of girls is 55 kg. If the
8. If the mean of five observations x, x + 2 , x + 4, mean weight of all students of group is 61 kg, then
x+ 6 and x + 8 is 11, then the mean of last three the ratio of the number of boys and girls in the
obsevations is- group is :-
(1) 11 (2) 13 (1) 2 : 3 (2) 3 : 1
(3) 15 (4) 17 (3) 3 : 2 (4) 4 : 3
9. The mean of 50 observations is 36. If its two Geometric mean, Harmonic mean
observations 30 and 42 are deleted, then the mean
of the remaining observations is- 16. The G.M. of numbers 4, 5, 10, 20, 25 is :-
(1) 48 (2) 36 (1) 12.8 (2) 10
(3) 38 (4) none of these (3) 7.8 (4) None of these

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 107
17. The geometric mean of the first n terms of the series 25. Mode of the following freqency distribution

a, ar, ar2, ...., is- x: 4 5 6 7 8

f: 6 7 10 8 3
(1) arn/2 (2) arn (3) ar(n–1)/2 (4) arn–1
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 8 (4) 10
18. If G1 and G2 are geometric mean of two series of Symmetric and asymmetric distribution, Range
sizes n1 and n2 resp. and G is geometric mean of
26. The relationship between mean, median and mode
their combined series, then log G is equal to :- for a moderately skewed distribution is-
(1) log G1 + log G2 (1) mode = median – 2 mean
(2) n1 log G1 + n2log G2 (2) mode = 2 median – mean
(3) mode = 2 median – 3 mean
logG1 + log G 2
(3) (4) mode = 3 median – 2 mean
n1 + n2
27. The range of observations 2, 3, 5, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 7,
n1logG1 + n 2 log G2
(4) 4, 3 is :-
n1 + n2
(1) 6 (2) 7 (3) 5.5 (4) 11
19. The H.M. of the numbers 2, 3, 4 is :-
Mean Deviation
36 13
(1) 3 (2) 2(3)1/3 (3) (4) 28. Mean deviation from the mean for the observation
13 36
–1, 0, 4 is-
20. The H.M. of following freq. dist. is :-
14 2
xi 3 6 9 12 (1) (2) (3) 2 (4) none
3 3
fi 1 2 3 4
29. Mean deviation of the observations 70, 42, 63,
(1) 9 (2) 3
34, 44, 54, 55, 46, 38, 48 from median is :-
(3) 7.5 (4) None of these (1) 7.8 (2) 8.6 (3) 7.6 (4) 8.8
Median, Mode 30. Mean deviation of 5 observations from their mean
3 is 1.2, then coefficient of mean deviation is :-
21. The median of the numbers 6, 14, 12, 8, 10, 9,
11, is :- (1) 0.24 (2) 0.4 (3) 2.5 (4) None
31. The mean deviation from median is
(1) 8 (2) 10 (3) 10.5 (4) 11 (1) greater than the mean deviation from any other
22. Median of the following freq. dist. central value
(2) less than the mean deviation from any other
xi 3 6 10 12 7 15 central value
fi 3 4 2 8 13 10 (3) equal to the mean deviation from any other
central value
(1) 7 (2) 10 (3) 8.5 (4) None (4) maximum if all values are positive
23. Median is independent of change of :- Variance and Standard Deviation

(1) only Origin 32. The S.D. of the first n natural numbers is-

(2) only Scale n2 - 1 n2 - 1

(1) (2)
2 3
(3) Origin and scale both

(4) Neither origin nor scale n2 - 1 n2 - 1

(3) (4)
4 12
24. A series which have numbers three 4's, four 5's,
five 6's, eight 7's, seven 8's and six 9's then the 33. The variance of observations 112, 116, 120, 125,
mode of numbers is :- 132 is :-
(1) 9 (2) 8 (3) 7 (4) 6 (1) 58.8 (2) 48.8 (3) 61.8 (4) None

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108 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
10 10
37. If each observation of a dist. whose S.D. is s, is
34. If å (x i - 15) = 12 and å (x i
2
- 15) = 18 then the increased by l, then the variance of the new
i =1 i =1
observations is -
S.D. of observations x1, x2 ............ x10 is :-
(1) s (2) s + l (3) s2 (4) s2 + l
2 3 4 38. The variance of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 is-
(1) (2) (3) (4) None
5 5 5
(1) 8 (2) 8 (3) 6 (4) none
35. Variance is independent of change of- 39. If each observation of a dist., whose variance is s2 ,
(1) only origin (2) only scale is multiplied by l, then the S.D. of the new new
(3) origin and scale both (4) none of these observations is-

36. If the coefficient of variation and standard deviation (1) s (2) ls (3) |l|s (4) l2 s
40. The standard deviation of variate xi is s. Then
of a distribution are 50% and 20 respectively, then
ax i + b
its mean is- standard deviation of the variate ,
c
(1) 40 (2) 30 (3) 20 (4) None where a , b, c are constants is-
æaö a æ a2 ö
(1) ç ÷ s (2) s (3) ç 2 ÷s (4) None
ècø c èc ø

CHECK YOUR GRASP ANSWER KEY Exercise-I

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 2 4 3 3 2 2 4 2 2 3
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 1 2 3 3 2 3 4 3 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 3 4 3 2 4 2 3 2 2
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 4 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 2
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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 109
NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE QUESTIONS STATISTICS EXERCISE-II

1. xi(i = 1,2,3,......n) denotes a distribution whose 6. The mean of first three terms is 14 and mean of
variance is 10 then variance of a distribution next two terms is 18. The mean of all the five terms
3x1 + 2, 3x2 +2, 3x3 + 2,........3xn + 2 will be : is-

2. Standard deviation of a set of observations is 8. If 7. If the coefficient of variation and standard deviation
each observation is divided by 4, then new standard of a distribution are 50% and 20 respectively, then
deviation for the observations will be : its mean is :

3. If the variance of 1, 2, 2, 3 is l, then the value of 8. Let x1, x2,......., xn be n observations such that
log2l is :
åx 2
i = 400 and å xi = 80 . Then a minimum

4. In a set of 2n observations, half of them are equal

possible value of n is :
to 'a' and the remaining half are equal to '-a'. If the
standard deviation of all the observations is 2, then 9. The median of 19 observations of a group is 30. If

|a| is equal to : two observations with values 8 and 32 are further

included, then the median of the new group of 21
5. The average marks of 10 students in a class was
observation will be
60 with a standard deviation 4, while the average
marks of other ten students was 40 with a standard 10. If in a frequency distribution, the mean and median

deviation 6. If all the 20 students are taken are 21 and 22 respectively, then its mode is

together, their standard deviation will be : approximately -

ANSWER KEY Exercise-II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 90 2 –1 2 11.20 15.60 40 18 30 24
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110 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS STATISTICS EXERCISE-III
1. If the mean deviation of the numbers 1, 1 + d, 6. Let x1, x2, .... , xn be n observations, and let x be
1 + 2d, ..., 1 + 100d from their mean is 255, then their arithmetic mean and s2 be their variance.
that d is equal to- [AIEEE-2012]

[AIEEE-2009][JEE (Main)-2016 (Online)]

Statement–1 : Variance of 2x1, 2x2, ..... , 2xn is 4s2.
Statement–2 : Arithmetic mean of
(1) 10.1 (2) 20.2 (3) 10.0 (4) 20.0
2x1, 2x2, .... , 2xn is 4 x .
2. Statement–1 : The variance of first n even natural (1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false.
n2 - 1 (2) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true.
numbers is
4 (3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ;
Statement–2 : The sum of first n natural numbers Statement–2 is a correct explanation for
Statement–1.
n(n + 1)
is and the sum of squares of first n natural (4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ;
2 Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) Statement–1.
numbers is . [AIEEE-2009]
6 7. Statement–1 : The variance of first n odd natural
(1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false. n2 - 1
numbers is .
3
(2) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true. Statement–2 : The sum of first n odd natural
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ; numbers is n2 and the sum of squares of first n odd
Statement–2 is a correct explanation for n ( 4n 2 + 1)
natural numbers is .
Statement–1. 3
[AIEEE-2012 (Online)]
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ; (1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and
Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-2 is the correct explanation of Statement-1.
statement–1. (2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and
Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
3. For two data sets each of size is 5, the variances
statement-1.
are given to be 4 and 5 and the corresponding
(3) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
means are given to be 2 and 4 respectively, then
(4) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
the variance of the combined data set is :-
[AIEEE-2010]
8. The frequency distribution of daily working
expenditure of families in a locality is as follows. If
the mode of the distribution is Rs. 140 then the value
5 11 13
(1) (2) (3) 6 (4) of b is :-
2 2 2
Expenditu
0–50 50–100 100–150 150–200 200–250
4. If the mean deviation about the median of the re in Rs.
No. of 24 33 37 b 25
numbers a, 2a, .........., 50a is 50, then |a|
equals:- [AIEEE-2011] [AIEEE-2012 (Online)]
(1) 34 (2) 31 (3) 26 (4) 36
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 2 (4) 3
9. The median of 100 observations grouped in classes
5. A scientist is weighing each of 30 fishes. Their mean of equal width is 25. If the median
weight worked out is 30 gm and a standard deviation class interval is 20 – 30 and the number of
of 2 gm. Later, it was found that the measuring scale observation less than 20 is 45, then the frequency
of median class is :- [AIEEE-2012 (Online)]
was misaligned and always under reported every fish
weight by 2 gm. The correct mean and standard (1) 12 (2) 20 (3) 10 (4) 15
deviation (in gm) of fishes are respectively: 10. If the mean of 4, 7, 2, 8, 6 and 'a' is 7, then the
mean deviation from the median of these
[AIEEE-2011]
observation is :- [AIEEE-2012 (Online)]
(1) 28, 4 (2) 32, 2 (3) 32, 4 (4) 28, 2
(1) 5 (2) 8 (3) 3 (4) 1

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 111
11. All the students of a class performed poorly in 17. The mean of data set comprising of 16 observation
Mathematics. The teacher decided to give grace is 16. If one of the observation valued 16 is deleted
marks of 10 to each of the students. Which of the and three new observation valued 3, 4 and 5 are
following statistical measures will not change even added to the data, then the mean of resultant data,
after the grace marks were given ? is - [JEE (Main)-2015]

[JEE (Main)-2013] (1) 16.8 (2) 16.0 (3) 15.8 (4) 14.0
(1) mean (2) median (3) mode (4) variance 18. If the standard deviation of the numbers 2, 3, a and
12. The variance of first 50 even natural numbers is:- 11 is 3.5, then which of the following is true ?
[JEE (Main)-2014] [JEE (Main)-2016]

(1) 3a2
– 23a + 44 = 0
833 437 (2) 3a2 – 26a + 55 = 0
(1) (2) 833 (3) 437 (4)
4 4
(3) 3a2 – 32a + 84 = 0
13. In a set of 2n distinct observations, each of the (4) 3a2 – 34a + 91 = 0
observation below the median of all the observations 19. The mean age of 25 teachers in a school is
is increased by 5 and each of the remaining 40 years. A teacher retires at the age of 60 years
observations is decreased by 3. Then the mean of and a new teacher is appointed in his place. If now
the new set of observations : the mean age of the teachers in this school is 39
[JEE (Main)-2014 (Online)] years, then the age (in years) of the newly appointed
(1) increases by 1 (2) decreases by 2 teacher is : [JEE (Main)-2017 (Online)]
(3) increases by 2 (4) decreases by 1 (1) 25 (2) 35 (3) 30 (4) 40
20. The sum of 100 observations and the sum of their
14. Let X and M.D. be the mean and the mean
squares are 400 and 2475, respectively. Later on,
deviation about X of n o bservation three observations, 3, 4 and 5, where found to be
xi, i = 1,2,...., n. If each of the observation is incorrect. If the incorrect observations are omitted,
increased by 5, then the new mean and the mean then the variance of the remaining observations is:
deviation about the new mean respectively, are :- [JEE (Main)-2017 (Online)]
[JEE (Main)-2014 (Online)] (1) 9.00 (2) 8.50
(1) X + 5, M.D. (2) X + 5, M.D. + 5 (3) 8.00 (4) 8.25

(3) X , M.D. (4) X , M.D. + 5 9 9

15. Let x , M and s2 be respectively the mean, mode

21. If å (x i - 5) = 9 and å (x i - 5)2 = 45 , then the
i =1 i =1
and variance of n observations x1, x2, ...., xn and
standard deviation of the 9 items x1, x2, ....., x9 is-
di = – xi – a, i = 1, 2, ..., n, where a is any number.
[JEE (Main)-2018 (Offline)]
[JEE (Main)-2014 (Online)]
(1) 4 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 9
Statement I : Variance of d1, d2, ..., dn is s2.
22. The mean of a set of 30 observations is 75. If each
Statement II : Mean and mode of d1, d2, ..., dn
observation is multiplied by a non-zero number l
are – x – a and – M –a, respectively
and then each of them is decreased by 25, their
(1) Statement I and statement II are both true mean remains the same. Then l is equal to
(2) Statement I and statement II are both false [JEE (Main)-2018 (Online)]
(3) Statement I is true and Statement II is false
(4)Statement I is false and Statement II is true 2 10 1 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
16. A factory is operating in two shifts, day and night, 3 3 3 3
with 70 and 30 workers respectively. If per day 23. If the mean of the data : 7,8,9,7,8,7,l,8 is 8, then
mean wage of the day shift workers is 54 and per the variance of this data is :-
day mean wage of all the workers is 60, then per [JEE (Main)-2018 (Online)]
day mean wage of the night shift workers
(in ) is : [JEE (Main)-2015 (Online)] 7 9
(1) 2 (2) (3) (4) 1
(1) 75 (2) 74 (3) 69 (4) 66 8 8

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112 JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
24. The mean and the standard deviation(s.d.) of five 31. The mean and variance of seven observations are
observations are 9 and 0, respectively. If one of the 8 and 16, respectively. If 5 of the observations are
observations is changed such that the mean of the 2, 4, 10, 12, 14, then the product of the remaining
new set of five observations becomes 10, then their two observations is: [JEE(Main)-2019, April]
s.d. is : [JEE (Main)-2018] (1) 40 (2) 49 (3) 48 (4) 45
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 4 (4) 2 32. A student scores the following marks in five tests :
25. 5 students of a class have an average height 45,54,41,57,43. His score is not known for the
150 cm and variance 18 cm2. A new student, whose sixth test. If the mean score is 48 in the six tests,
height is 156 cm, joined them. The variance (in cm2) then the standard deviation of the marks in six tests
of the height of these six students is: is [JEE(Main)-2019, April]

[JEE(Main)-2019, January]
10 100 100 10
(1) 22 (2) 20 (3) 16 (4) 18 (1) (2) (3) (4)
3 3 3 3
26. A data consists of n observations:
33. If the standard deviation of the numbers
n

å ( x i + 1) = 9n and
2
x 1 , x 2 , . ...., x n . If –1, 0, 1, k is
i= 1
5 where k > 0, then k is equal to
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]
n

å(x - 1) = 5n , then the standard deviation of

2
i
i= 1 10 5
(1) 2 (2) 2 6 (3) 4 (4) 6
this data is : [JEE(Main)-2019, January] 3 3

(1) 5 (2) (3) (4) 2 34. The mean and the median of the following ten
5 7
numbers in increasing order 10, 22, 26, 29, 34,
27. The mean of five observations is 5 and their variance x 42, 67, 70, y are 42 and 35 respectively, then
is 9.20. If three of the given five observations are
1, 3 and 8, then a ratio of other two observations y
is equal to :- [JEE(Main)-2019, April]
is : [JEE(Main)-2019, January] x
(1) 4 : 9 (2) 6 : 7 (1) 7/3 (2) 9/4 (3) 7/2 (4) 8/3
(3) 5 : 8 (4) 10 : 3 35. If for some x Î R, the frequency distribution of the
28. If mean and standard deviation of marks obtained by 20 students in a test is :
5 observations x1, x2, x3,x4,x5 are 10 and 3,
respectively, then the variance of 6 observations Marks 2 3 5 7
x1,x2, ....,x5 and –50 is equal to : Frequencey (x + 1)2 2x - 5 x - 3x x
2

[JEE(Main)-2019, January]

(1) 582.5 (2) 507.5 then the mean of the marks is :

(3) 586.5 (4) 509.5 [JEE(Main)-2019, April]

29. If the sum of the deviations of 50 observations from (1) 2.8 (2) 3.2 (3) 3.0 (4) 2.5
30 is 50, then the mean of these observation is : 36. If both the mean and the standard deviation of 50
[JEE(Main)-2019, January] observations x1, x2....,x50 are equal to 16, then the
mean of (x1 – 4)2, (x2 – 4)2,..... (x50 – 4)2 is :
(1) 50 (2) 51
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]
(3) 30 (4) 31
(1) 525 (2) 380
30. The mean and the variance of five observation are
4 and 5.20, respectively. If three of the observations (3) 480 (4) 400
are 3, 4 and 4; then then absolute value of the 37. If the data x1, x2, ...., x10 is such that the mean of
difference of the other two observations, is : first four of these is 11, the mean of the remaining
[JEE(Main)-2019, January] six is 16 and the sum of squares of all of these is
2,000; then the standard deviation of this data is
(1) 1 (2) 3
[JEE(Main)-2019, April]
(3) 7 (4) 5
(1) 4 (2) 2 (3) 2 (4) 2 2

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 ALLEN JEE(Main)-Mathematics 113
38. The mean and the standard deviation (s.d.) of 10 40. The mean and variance of 20 observations are
observations are 20 and 2 resepectively. Each of found to be 10 and 4, respectively. On rechecking,
these 10 observations is multiplied by p and then it was found that an observation 9 was incorrect and
reduced by q, wh ere p ¹ 0 a nd the correct observation was 11. Then the correct
q ¹ 0. If the new mean and new s.d. become half variance is
of their original values, then q is equal to [JEE(Main)-2020, January]

[JEE(Main)-2020, January] (1) 3.99 (2) 3.98

(1) –20 (2) 10 (3) –10 (4) –5 (3) 4.02 (4) 4.01
39. Let the observations xi(1 £ i £ 10) satisfy the 41. If the variance of the first n natural numbers is 10
10 10 and the variance of the first m even natural
equations, å (x i - 5) = 10 and å (x
i=1
i - 5)2 = 40 . numbers is 16, then m + n is equal to ________.
i=1
[JEE(Main)-2020, January]
If µ and l are the mean and the variance of the
observations, x1 – 3, x2 – 3, ...., x10 – 3, then the 42. If the mean and variance of eight numbers 3, 7,
ordered pair (µ, l) is equal to : 9, 12, 13, 20, x and y be 10 and 25 respectively,
then x·y is equal to_____
[JEE(Main)-2020, January]
[JEE(Main)-2020, January]
(1) (6, 6) (2) (3, 6) (3) (6, 3) (4) (3, 3)

PPREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY Exercise-III

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 4 3 3
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 2 1 1 1 2 4 3 2 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 4 4 4 2 2 1 2 4 3
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 3 1 2 1 1 4 2 1 4 2
Que. 41 42
Ans. 8 54
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JEE ( Main) - Mathematics
ALLEN

Important Notes

80 E