English Notes - Follows after a linking verb
Functions of Nouns: Linking verbs: am, is, are, was,
to ,be , to be, become, seem,
1) Subject sound, feel
- “who” or “what” is the do-er
of the action. Example: The house feels like/
home.
Example: John kicked the ball.
It doesn’t make sense if home is
Who kicked the ball? John. removed.
2) Direct Object 6) Appositive
- For “whom” or “what” is - Renames the subject in a
receiving the action. sentence
Example: John kicked the ball. - After the noun has a comma
(,)
John kicked what? The ball.
Example: Meet my new
classmate, John.
3) Indirect object John defined who the classmate
- “for whom” or “to which” is.
something is done by the
subject.
Example: Jane supplied him some 7) Object of a Preposition
goods. - A noun that follows a
preposition
For whom did Jane supply the - Shows the direction or
goods? Him location, place, time of
the noun
4) Object Complement Prepositions: in, on, at, of, across,
- Can be an adjective over, up, down, with, by, among,
- After the direct object behind, amidst, beneath, beside,
- Renames or modify the between, from, in front of, inside,
direct object near, off, out of, through, toward,
under, within
Example: We met the boy eating.
Example: We drove the car to the
After the direct object and (preposition) store.
describes without signal words.
Where is the car driven to?
5) Predicate Nominative
Forms of Nouns:
– the sentence doesn’t make
sense when removed. 1. Single-word noun
- Simplest form of noun
Example: he, they, we, she, lamp,
bag
2. Verbal noun
- Verb but does not function
as a verb.
Gerund- base + ing
“Eating”
Infinitive- to + base “ to
eat”
3. Noun Clause
- Subordinate clause used by
a noun.
Clauses: how, however, if, that,
what, when, whenever, where,
wherever, whether, who,
whoever, whom, whoever, whom,
why
Example: How you behave is an
important factor.
4. Adjective used as a noun
- Nouns that modify other
nouns
- Attributive nouns
Example: Herod ordered the
killing of the innocent.
7 Types of Pronouns:
1. Personal pronouns
- Used for a specific person or
object.
Subjective: what, or who the - Used when referring to
sentence is about. things that are unspecified.
Objective: what, or who is Such as: somebody, someone,
receiving the action in the anyone, many, nowhere,
sentence. nothing, something, nowhere,
nobody
Possessive: who the object belong
to in the sentence. Example: Anybody could’ve done
it.
Example: Can you(subjective)
help me(objective) wash
her(possessive) car?
6. Reciprocal pronouns
- Pronouns we use when a
group of nouns are doing
the same thing.
Two reciprocal pronouns:
2. Demonstrative
Each other
pronouns
One another
- Used to show one or more
nouns that might be far or Example: They gave each other
near in distance and time. gifts.
Example: (Q) Which ball do you 7. Reflexive & Intensive
want? (A) That one! pronouns
- Are used when showing a
noun which has been used
3. Interrogative pronouns in an earlier part of the
- Question pronouns sentence.
- These types of pronouns
Such as: who, what, which,
end with
why
-self, -selves, and the words
Example: Which ball is yours? yourself, myself, herself,
himself, themselves.
4. Relative pronouns
- Used to connect clauses Reflexive
together.
- key part of a sentence
Such as: who, whom, which,
- the sentence doesn’t make
whose, that
sense when removed
Examples: My friends who are
- refers to the subject in the
very happy.
sentence
Example: I made coffee for
5. Indefinite Pronouns myself.
Intensive
- Adds emphasis to the
sentence
- If removed from the
sentence, it still makes
sense
Example: The man himself
came through the door.