INDEX
[Link]. Topic
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVE
3. SCOPE & LIMITATION
4. PRINCIPLE / THEORY
5. EXPERIMENT NO. 1
✓ AIM
✓ REQUIREMENT
✓ PROCEDURE
✓ OBSERVATION
6. EXPERIMENT NO. 2
✓ AIM
✓ REQUIREMENT
✓ PROCEDURE
✓ OBSERVATION
7. RESULT AND CONCLUSION
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abbreviations :-
M/10 - 0.1 Molarity
g - Gram
NaOH - Sodium hydroxide
HCl - Hydrochloric acid
N – Newton
INTRODUCTION:-
Fibre is a class of materials that are continuous
filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces,
similar to lengths of thread. A fiber is an elongated
tapering thick-walled plant cell that imparts
elasticity, flexibility, and tensile strength. Tensile
strength of fibres can be determined by hanging
weights tied to it and comparing the weight a
string can hold. Traditionally, natural fibers have
been used in all cultures for making utilitarian
products. Different parts of the plant are used.
Fibers can be extracted from the bark (banana,
jute, hemp, and ramie), stem (banana, palm, and
bamboo), leaf (palm, screw pine, sisal, agave),
husk (coir), seeds (cotton), and grass (sikki,
madhurkati, benakati, munj). Animal fibers are
obtained from a variety of animal coats, and
insect fibers from cocoons.
Even before the arrival of man-made fibers,
manufacturers could create hundreds of different
kinds of fabrics, differing mainly by fiber content,
weight, style of weave, or sheen. Here are just a
few of these historic fabrics, along with the
natural fiber from which they were originally
made (nearly all can be made now with other
fibers, either natural or synthetic). They are very
important in the biology of both plants and
animals, for holding tissues together.
Human uses for fibers are diverse. They can be
spun into filaments, string, or rope, used as a
component of composite materials, or made into
sheets to make products such as paper or felt.
Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other
materials. The strongest engineering materials are
generally made as fibers, for example carbon fiber
and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.
The history of man-made fibers is less than a
century old; until 1910, there were no synthetic or
chemical fibers. Today, by mixing different
components, manufacturers can take the basic
fibers listed below and make them more
waterproof or more absorbent, warmer or cooler,
thicker or thinner, stiffer or more supple. Some,
like polyester etc.
TYPES OF FIBRES:-
1. Natural Fibres
Natural fibres come from plants, animals, and
minerals. They typically have short fibres called
staple fibres.
• Exception: Silk is a natural fibre whose
continuous filaments can be up to one
kilometre in length. Sources of natural fibres:
• Cotton from the cotton plant.
• Linen from the flax plant.
• Wool from sheep.
• Silk from silkworms.
2. Man-made Fibres
Man-made or chemical fibres have their chemical
composition, structure, and properties
significantly modified during the manufacturing
process.
• Man-made fibres consist of regenerated
fibers and synthetic fibers (Note: The
document lists Synthetic fibres separately
under heading 3).
Examples:
• Rayon
• Bamboo fiber
• Lyocell (a brand of rayon)
• Modal
• Diacetate fiber
• Triacetate fiber.
3. Synthetic Fibres
Synthetic fibres are man-made, usually derived
from chemical sources.
• They are continuous filament fibres, meaning
they are long and don't always need to be
spun into yarn.
Sources of Synthetic Fibres:
o Viscose comes from pine trees or
petrochemicals.
o Acrylic, nylon, and polyester come from
oil and coal.
Types of Synthetic Fibres:
• Metallic Fibers: These can be drawn from
ductile metals (like copper, gold, or silver) or
extruded/deposited from more brittle ones
(like nickel, aluminum, or iron). Stainless steel
fibers are also mentioned.
• Carbon Fiber: Often based on oxidized and via
pyrolysis carbonized polymers like PAN, the
end product is almost pure carbon.
• Silicon Carbide Fiber: Here, the basic
polymers are not hydrocarbons but poly-
carbo-silanes, where about 50% of the carbon
atoms are replaced by silicon atoms. The
pyrolysis yields an amorphous silicon carbide.
• Fiberglass: Made from specific glass. Optical
fiber, made from purified natural quartz, is
also a man-made fiber.
4. Mineral Fibres
Mineral fibers can be particularly strong because
they are formed with a low number of surface
defects. Asbestos is given as a common example.
• Silica fiber is made from sodium silicate
(water glass).
• Basalt fiber is made from melted basalt.
5. Polymer Fibres
Polymer fibres are a subset of man-made fibers.
They are based on synthetic chemicals (often
from petrochemical sources) rather than arising
from natural materials by a purely physical
process.
Natural fibres from plants :-
1)COTTON :
Cotton is a natural fibre used for making jeans, T-
shirts, and towels. It has the following qualities:
• It is cool to wear.
• It is very absorbent, but dries slowly.
• It has a soft handle and a good drape.
• It is durable.
• It creases easily.
• It can be washed and ironed.
2) Linen
Linen, sourced from the flax plant, is used for
summer clothing, tea towels, and tablecloths.
It has the following qualities:
• It is fresh and cool to wear.
• It is very absorbent, but dries quickly.
• It has a stiffer handle and a good drape.
• It is durable.
• It creases badly.
• It can be washed and ironed.
🐑 Natural Fibres from Animals
1) Wool
Wool, which comes from sheep, is used for
jumpers, suits, and blankets. It is noted for the
following quality:
• It is warm to wear.
• absorbent, dries slowly
• breathable, repels rain
• soft or coarse handle
• can shrink, should be dry cleaned
• good drape
• not durable
• creases drop out
2) Silk
• Used for evening wear and ties and has the
following qualities:
• • warm to wear
• absorbent
• soft handle
• good lustre and drape
• durable
• creases drop out
• dry clean
Synthetic fibre
1) Acrylic
Used for jumpers, fleece jackets and blankets
and has the following qualities:
• warm to wear
• non-absorbent, dries quickly
• stiffer handle, like wool
• good drape
• durable
• crease resistant
• easy care
2) Nylon (Tactel)
Used for active sportswear, fleece jackets,
socks and seat belts and has the following
qualities:
• warm to wear
• absorbent, dries slowly
• breathable, repels rain
• soft or coarse handle
• can shrink, should be dry cleaned
• good drape
• durable
• creases drop out
3) Polyester
Used for raincoats, fleece jackets, children's
nightwear, medical textiles and working
clothes and has the following qualities:
• low warmth
• non-absorbent, dries quickly
• soft handle
• good drape
• very durable
• crease resistant