QUICK REVISION NOTES!
Ch 1: Chemical Reactions & Equations
1. Chemical reaction – Process in which new substances are formed
2. Reactants – Substances that react
3. Products – Substances formed
4. Balanced equation – Equal atoms on both sides
5. Combination reaction – Two or more substances combine
6. Decomposition reaction – One substance breaks down
7. Displacement reaction – More reactive displaces less reactive
8. Double displacement – Exchange of ions
9. Oxidation – Loss of electrons / gain of oxygen
10. Reduction – Gain of electrons / loss of oxygen
11. Redox reaction – Oxidation & reduction together
12. Corrosion – Slow destruction of metal
13. Rancidity – Oxidation of fats
14. Precipitation reaction – Formation of insoluble solid
15. Exothermic reaction – Heat released
16. Endothermic reaction – Heat absorbed
17. Skeletal equation – Unbalanced equation
18. State symbols – (s), (l), (g), (aq)
19. Catalyst – Changes rate, not consumed
20. Energy change – Heat absorbed/released
Ch 2: Acids, Bases & Salts
1. Acid – Produces H⁺ ions
2. Base – Produces OH⁻ ions
3. Salt – Formed from acid + base
4. pH scale – Measures acidity/basicity
5. Strong acid – Low pH
6. Weak acid – High pH
7. Indicator – Shows nature of solution
8. Universal indicator – Shows pH by color
9. Neutralisation – Acid + base → salt + water
10. Washing soda – Na₂CO₃·10H₂O
11. Baking soda – NaHCO₃
12. Plaster of Paris – CaSO₄·½H₂O
13. Crystallisation – Formation of crystals
14. Efflorescence – Loss of water of crystallisation
15. Common salt – NaCl
16. Bleaching powder – CaOCl₂
17. Acid rain – Rain with acidic nature
18. Tooth decay – Due to low pH
19. Alkali – Water soluble base
20. Olfactory indicator – Smell based indicator
Ch 3: Metals & Non-metals
1. Metal – Good conductor, malleable
2. Non-metal – Poor conductor
3. Malleability – Can be beaten into sheets
4. Ductility – Can be drawn into wires
5. Sonorous – Produces sound
6. Reactivity series – Arrangement by reactivity
7. Ore – Naturally occurring mineral
8. Mineral – Natural substance containing metal
9. Roasting – Heating sulphide ore
10. Calcination – Heating carbonate ore
11. Electrolysis – Decomposition using electricity
12. Corrosion – Rusting of iron
13. Rust – Hydrated iron oxide
14. Alloy – Mixture of metals
15. Galvanisation – Zinc coating
16. Anode – Oxidation electrode
17. Cathode – Reduction electrode
18. Extraction – Obtaining metal from ore
19. Slag – Waste material
20. Flux – Removes impurities
Ch 4: Carbon & Its Compounds
1. Covalent bond – Sharing of electrons
2. Hydrocarbon – Compound of C & H
3. Saturated hydrocarbon – Single bonds
4. Unsaturated hydrocarbon – Double/triple bond
5. Homologous series – Same functional group
6. Functional group – Determines properties
7. Ethanol – C₂H₅OH
8. Ethanoic acid – CH₃COOH
9. Esterification – Acid + alcohol
10. Saponification – Ester + base
11. Soap – Sodium salt of fatty acid
12. Detergent – Synthetic cleansing agent
13. Cleansing action – Micelle formation
14. Alkane – Saturated hydrocarbon
15. Alkene – Double bond
16. Alkyne – Triple bond
17. Oxidation – Addition of oxygen
18. Combustion – Burning
19. Substitution reaction – Replacement of atom
20. Denatured alcohol – Poisoned ethanol
Ch 5: Sources of Energy
1. Renewable energy – Replenishable
2. Non-renewable – Limited
3. Thermal power plant – Uses coal
4. Solar energy – Sun’s energy
5. Wind energy – Moving air
6. Hydel power – Flowing water
7. Biogas – Methane rich fuel
8. Nuclear energy – Fission reaction
9. Fossil fuels – Coal, petrol
10. Calorific value – Heat produced
11. Biodegradable – Can decompose
12. Non-biodegradable – Cannot decompose
13. Tidal energy – Sea waves
14. Geothermal – Earth heat
15. Thermal pollution – Heat waste
16. Energy efficiency – Useful output/input
17. Biomass – Plant waste
18. Conventional sources – Traditional
19. Non-conventional – Modern
20. Advantages of renewables – Clean energy
⚡ PHYSICS
Light – Reflection & Refraction
1. Reflection – Bouncing back of light
2. Incident ray – Incoming ray
3. Reflected ray – Outgoing ray
4. Normal – Perpendicular line
5. Laws of reflection – Angle i = r
6. Pole – Centre of mirror
7. Focus – Point of convergence
8. Focal length – Distance PF
9. Radius of curvature – Distance PC
10. Real image – Can be obtained on screen
11. Virtual image – Cannot be obtained
12. Refraction – Bending of light
13. Refractive index – Speed ratio
14. Lens – Transparent medium
15. Convex lens – Converging
16. Concave lens – Diverging
17. Image formation – Position & nature
18. Magnification – Image size/object size
19. Power of lens – 1/f
20. Dispersion – Splitting of light
Human Eye
1. Retina – Image formed
2. Pupil – Controls light entry
3. Iris – Controls pupil size
4. Cornea – Refraction surface
5. Optic nerve – Sends signals
6. Myopia – Near-sightedness
7. Hypermetropia – Far-sightedness
8. Cataract – Cloudy lens
9. Correction – Using lens
10. Persistence of vision – Image retention
11. Blind spot – No rods/cones
12. Rods – Night vision
13. Cones – Color vision
14. Power of accommodation – Adjust focus
15. Least distance – 25 cm
16. Defect correction – Ray diagram
17. Spectrum – Band of colors
18. Scattering – Rayleigh scattering
19. Blue sky – Scattering of blue light
20. Red sun – At sunset
Electricity
1. Electric current – Flow of charge
2. Potential difference – Work done
3. Ohm’s law – V ∝ I
4. Resistance – Opposition to current
5. Ammeter – Measures current
6. Voltmeter – Measures voltage
7. Series circuit – Same current
8. Parallel circuit – Same voltage
9. Electric power – Rate of work
10. Watt – Unit of power
11. Kilowatt-hour – Commercial unit
12. Heating effect – Joule heating
13. Fuse – Safety device
14. Short circuit – Excess current
15. Overloading – Too many devices
16. Conductor – Allows current
17. Insulator – Blocks current
18. Resistance formula – R = ρl/A
19. Resistivity – Material property
20. Electric energy – Power × time
⚡ BIOLOGY
Life Processes
1. Nutrition – Intake of food
2. Autotrophic nutrition – Self food making
3. Heterotrophic – Depends on others
4. Photosynthesis – Food making process
5. Respiration – Release of energy
6. Aerobic respiration – With oxygen
7. Anaerobic respiration – Without oxygen
8. Breathing – Exchange of gases
9. Heart – Pumps blood
10. Blood – Transport medium
11. Artery – Away from heart
12. Vein – Towards heart
13. Excretion – Removal of wastes
14. Kidney – Filters blood
15. Nephron – Functional unit
16. Transpiration – Water loss
17. Xylem – Water transport
18. Phloem – Food transport
19. Stomata – Gas exchange
20. Digestive enzymes – Break food
Control & Coordination
1. Hormone – Chemical messenger
2. Nervous system – Electrical control
3. Reflex action – Instant response
4. Brain – Control centre
5. Spinal cord – Reflex centre
6. Endocrine glands – Hormone glands
7. Pituitary – Master gland
8. Thyroxine – Growth hormone
9. Insulin – Controls sugar
10. Adrenaline – Emergency hormone
11. Auxin – Plant hormone
12. Gibberellin – Stem growth
13. Cytokinin – Cell division
14. Abscisic acid – Growth inhibitor
15. Stimulus – Change in environment
16. Response – Reaction
17. Coordination – Working together
18. Synapse – Gap between neurons
19. Receptor – Receives stimulus
20. Effector – Muscle/gland
Reproduction
1. Reproduction – Production of offspring
2. Asexual reproduction – Single parent
3. Binary fission – Cell division
4. Multiple fission – Many cells
5. Budding – Outgrowth formation
6. Sexual reproduction – Two parents
7. Gametes – Sex cells
8. Fertilisation – Fusion of gametes
9. Zygote – Fertilised egg
10. Puberty – Sexual maturity
11. Menstrual cycle – Female cycle
12. Ovulation – Release of egg
13. Placenta – Nourishment
14. Gestation – Development period
15. Contraception – Prevent pregnancy
16. Vegetative propagation – Plant reproduction
17. Pollination – Transfer of pollen
18. Self-pollination – Same flower
19. Cross-pollination – Different flowers
20. Reproductive health – Well-being
Heredity & Evolution
1. Heredity – Transmission of traits
2. Variation – Differences
3. Gene – Unit of heredity
4. Allele – Alternate gene form
5. Dominant – Expressed trait
6. Recessive – Hidden trait
7. Genotype – Genetic makeup
8. Phenotype – Physical appearance
9. Mendel – Genetics father
10. Monohybrid cross – One trait
11. Dihybrid cross – Two traits
12. Acquired trait – Not inherited
13. Inherited trait – Passed on
14. Evolution – Gradual change
15. Homologous organs – Same origin
16. Analogous organs – Same function
17. Speciation – New species
18. Fossils – Remains of organisms
19. Natural selection – Survival of fittest
20. Sex determination – XX/XY
Environment
1. Ecosystem – Living + non-living
2. Food chain – Energy flow
3. Food web – Interconnected chains
4. Trophic level – Energy level
5. Producers – Make food
6. Consumers – Eat others
7. Decomposers – Break waste
8. Biotic factors – Living
9. Abiotic factors – Non-living
10. 10% law – Energy transfer
11. Ozone layer – UV protection
12. Ozone depletion – Layer thinning
13. Biodegradable waste – Decomposes
14. Non-biodegradable – Does not
15. Biomagnification – Toxin increase
16. Greenhouse effect – Heat trapping
17. Global warming – Temperature rise
18. Conservation – Protection
19. Deforestation – Cutting forests
20. Sustainable development – Balanced use