1

WESTERN LEYTE COLLEGE

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS (STEM)
K to 12 CURRICULUM

MODULE
in

Stoichiometry

Instructor: Elton Jhon M. Meridor

Principal: Isabelita T. Peroso

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STOICHIOMETRY

Objectives
The topic aims to understand:
 the mole concept in relation to Avogadro’s number and mass;
 the relationship of percent composition and chemical formula; and
 the quantitative relationship of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

Overview
In this lesson, you will learn to describe and measure the quantitative relationships among elements
in compounds (composition stoichiometry) and chemical changes they undergo (reaction stoichiometry).
Background
The quantitative study of products and reactants in chemical reactions is called stoichiometry. It is
done by expressing both the known and unknown quantities in terms of moles and then converting to other
units if necessary. Mole is derived from a Latin word “moles” which means “a mass”. It is the SI unit for
the amount of substance that contains as many entities (atoms, molecules, or other particles). The mass of
one mole of atoms of a pure element in grams is numerically equal to the atomic weight of that element
in atomic mass units and is also called the molar mass with the unit of grams/mole (Whitten et al., 2010).
1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles/atoms/molecules
Examples
1. Calculate the molar mass of acetic acid, CH3COOH, using the rounded values of the molar mass
of the elements found in the periodic table.
Element No. of Atoms Mass of One Atom Mass due to Element
C 2 12 g/mol = 24 g/mol
O 2 16 g/mol = 32 g/mol
H 4 1 g/mol = 4 g/mol
Molar Mass of Acetic Acid = 60 g/mol
2. How many moles of atoms does 136.9 g of iron metal contain (Whitten et al., 2010)?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒
139.6 g Fe x = 2.451 mol Fe
55.85 𝑔 𝐹𝑒

3. How many atoms are contained in 2.451 mol of iron (Whitten et al., 2010)?

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1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 atoms

6.022 x 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
2.451 mol Fe x = 1.476 x 1024 Fe atoms
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒

REACTION/QUESTION:

Based on the chemical formula of the compound, the percent composition of each element can be
computed. Moreover, chemical formula can also be expressed from the given percent composition of the
elements.
Examples
1. Calculate the percent composition by mass of HNO3.
Element No. of Atoms Mass of One Atom Mass due to Element
H 1 1 g/mol = 1 g/mol
N 1 14 g/mol = 14 g/mol
O 3 16 g/mol = 48g/mol
Molar Mass of Nitric Acid = 63 g/mol
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 1.𝑜 𝑔 𝐻
%H= x 100% = x 100% = 1.6% H
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 HNO3 63.0 𝑔 HNO3
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 14.0 𝑔 𝑁
%N= x 100% = x 100% = 22.2% N
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 HNO3 63.0 𝑔 HNO3
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 48.0 𝑔 𝑂
%O= x 100% = x 100% = 76.2 % O
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 HNO3 63.0 𝑔 HNO3
Total = 100%
2. Compounds containing sulfur and oxygen are serious air pollutants, major components of acid
rain. Analysis of a sample of a pure compound reveals that it contains 50.1% sulfur and 49.9%
oxygen by mass. What is the simplest formula of the compound?
Assume that the compound is 100 g: Sulfur = 50.1 g
Oxygen = 49.9 g
Calculate for the amount of moles of each element using the assumed masses and the molar mass
of each element.

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1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆
50.1 g S x = 1.56 mols S
32.1 𝑔 𝑆
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂
49.9 g O x = 3.12 mols O
16.0 𝑔 𝑂
Use the lesser value to obtain a whole number ratio of atoms in the simplest formula. Comparing
the number of moles between sulfur and oxygen, sulfur is lesser and it will be the factor.
1.56 3.12
S= =1S O= = 2.00 O
1.56 1.56
Formula = SO2
3. A 20.882-g sample of an ionic compound is found to contain 6.072 g of Na, 8.474 g of S, and
6.336 g of O. What is its simplest formula?
Element Relative Mass Relative Number of Divide by Conversion
with molar of Element Moles (divide by molar Smallest Factor to
mass mass) Number Whole Number
(multiplied by
an integer)

Na (23.0 6.072 g 6.072 𝑔 0.264 1.00 x 2 = 2 Na

= 0.264 mol = 1.00
g/mol) 23.0 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.264

S (32.1 8.474 g 8.474 𝑔 0.264 1.00 x 2 = 2 S

= 0.264 mol = 1.00
g/mol) 32.1 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.264

O (16.0 6.336 g 6.336 𝑔 0.396 1.50 x 2 = 3 O

= 0.396 mol = 1.50
g/mol) 16 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.264

Note: conversion factor is necessary to obtain the nearest whole number ratio.
Formula = Na2S2O3
4. What mass of potassium chlorate, KClO3, would contain 40.0 g of oxygen?
Plan: Mass O  Mol O  Mol KClO3  Mass KClO3
Solution:
Molar Mass KClO3 = 122.6 g KClO3
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 KClO3 122.6 𝑔 KClO3
40.0 g O x x x
16.𝑜 𝑔 𝑂 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 KClO3
= 102 g KClO3
5. What mass of sulfur dioxide, SO2, would contain the same mass of oxygen as is contained in 33.7
g of arsenic pentoxide, As2O5?

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Plan: mass As2O5 mol As2O5 mol O atoms mol SO2 mass SO2
Solution:
Molar Mass: As2O5 = 229.8 g/mol
SO2 = 64.1 g/mol
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 As2O5 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 SO2 64.1 𝑔 SO2
33.7 g As2O5 x x x x
229.8 As2O5 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 As2O5 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 SO2
= 23.5 g SO2
REACTION/QUESTION:

A limiting reagent is the reactant that is present in the smallest stoichiometric amount. It limits the
amount of product that can be formed. The amount of product obtained in a reaction (the actual yield) may
be less than the maximum possible amount (the theoretical yield). The ratio of the two multiplied by 100
percent is expressed as the percent yield as shown below (Chang, 2010).
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
The general approach for solving stoichiometric problems:
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
2. Convert the given amount of the reactant (in grams or other units) to number of moles.
3. Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of product formed.
4. Convert the moles of product to grams (or other units) of product.
Examples
1. Using the chemical equation below:
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
(a.) Calculate how many moles could be produced by reacting 3.5 mol of methane.
(b.) What mass of oxygen is required to react completely with 1.20 mol CH4?
(c.) What mass of CH4, in grams, is required to react with 96.0 g of O2?
(d.) Calculate the mass of CO2, in grams, that can be produced by burning 6.00 mol of CH4?
Solution:

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2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂
a. 3.5 mol CH4 x = 7.0 mol H2O
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 CH4
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 32 𝑔 𝑂2
b. 1.20 mol CH4 x x = 76.8 g O2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 16.0 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4
c. 96.0 g O2 x x x = 24.0 g CH4
32.0 𝑔 𝑂2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 44.0 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2
d. 6 mol CH4 x x = 2.64 x 102 g CO2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2
2. What mass of CO2 could be formed by the reaction of 16.0 g of CH4 with 48.0 g of O2?
Plan: Balanced Chemical Equation Finding Limiting Reactant Desired Product
Solution:
Balanced Chemical Equation:
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
Finding Limiting Reactant:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2
16.0 g CH4 x x = 1 mol CO2
16 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2
48.0 g O2 x x = 0.75 mol CO2
32 𝑔 𝑂2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
Limiting Reagent is O2
Desired Product:
Molar Mass CO2 = 44.0 g/mol
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 44.𝑜 𝐶𝑂2
48.0 g O2 x x x = 33.0 g CO2
32 𝑔 𝑂2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2
3. Titanium is a strong, lightweight, corrosion-resistant metal that is used in rockets, aircraft, jet
engines, and bicycle frames. It is prepared by the reaction of titanium(IV) chloride with molten
magnesium between 950◦C and 1150◦C:
TiCl4 + 2Mg Ti 2MgCl2
In a certain industrial operation 3.54 x 107 g of TiCl4 are reacted with 1.13 x 107 g of Mg.
a. Calculate the theoretical yield of Ti in grams.
b. Calculate the percent yield if 7.91 x 106 g of Ti is actually obtained.
Solution:
a. Theoretical Yield

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Molar Mass: TiCl4 = 189.7 g/mol

Mg = 24.31 g/mol
Ti = 47.88 g/mol
Liming Reactant:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝐶𝑙4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑇𝑖
3.54 x 107 g TiCl4 x x = 1.87 x 105 mol Ti
189.7 𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝐶𝑙4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝐶𝑙4
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑇𝑖
1.13 x 107 g Mg x x = 2.32 x 105 mol Ti
24.31 𝑔 𝑀𝑔 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔
Limiting Reactant is TiCl4
Amount of theoretical yield in grams:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝐶𝑙4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑇𝑖 47.88 𝑔 𝑇𝑖
3.54 x 107 g TiCl4 x x x = 8.95 x 106 g Ti
189.7 𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝐶𝑙4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝐶𝑙4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑇𝑖
b. Percent Yield
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Actual Yield: = 7.91 x 106 g Ti
Theoretical Yield = 8.95 x 106 g Ti
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
PY = x 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

7.91 x 106 g Ti
= x 100%
8.95 x 106 g Ti

PY = 88.4%

REACTION/QUESTION:

Exercise

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1. How many (a) moles of O2, (b) O2 molecules, and (c) O atoms are contained in 40.0 g of oxygen
gas (dioxygen) at 25ºC?
2. Copper, a metal known since ancient times, is used in electrical cables and pennies, among other
things. The atomic masses of its two stable isotopes, 63 65
29𝐶𝑢 (69.09%) and 29𝐶𝑢 (30.91%), are 62.93

amu and 64.9278 amu, respectively. Calculate the average atomic mass of copper. The relative
abundances are given in parentheses.
3. Calculate the molecular masses of the following compounds: (a) sulfur dioxide (SO2) and (b)
caffeine (C8H10N4O2).
4. When baking soda (sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3) is heated, it
releases carbon dioxide gas, which is responsible for the rising of cookies, donuts, and bread. (a)
Write a balanced equation for the decomposition of the compound (one of the products is Na2CO3).
(b) Calculate the mass of NaHCO3 required to produce 20.5 g of CO2.
5. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) cures scurvy. It is composed of 40.92% carbon (C), 4.58% hydrogen
(H), and 54.50% oxygen (O) by mass. Determine its empirical formula.
6. Urea [(NH2)2CO] is prepared by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide:
2NH3 + CO2 (NH2)2CO + H2O
In one process, 637.2 g of NH3 are treated with 1142 g of CO2.
(a) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent?
(b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed.
(c) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?
7. What mass of calcium chloride, CaCl2, would contain the same number of chloride ions as are
contained in 48.6 g of sodium chloride, NaCl?
8. What is the maximum mass of Ni(OH)2 that could be prepared by mixing two solutions that contain
25.9 g of NiCl2 and 10.0 g of NaOH, respectively?
9. A 15.6-g sample of C6H6 is mixed with excess HNO3. We isolate 18.0 g of [Link] is the
percent yield of C6H5NO2 in this reaction?
10. Nitroglycerin (C3H5N3O9) is a powerful explosive. Its decomposition may be represented by
4C3H5N3O9 6N2 + 12CO2 + 10H2O + O2
The reaction generates a large amount of heat and many gaseous products. It is the sudden
formation of these gases, together with their rapid expansion, that produces the explosion.

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(a) What is the maximum amount of O2 in grams that can be obtained from 2.00 x 102 g of
nitroglycerin?
(b) Calculate the percent yield in this reaction if the amount of O 2 generated is found to be 6.55 g.

REFERENCES

CALIBO, C., A. ACABAL, J. G. JANSALIN, A. ACABAL, O. CORALES, E. QUEVEDO, M. P.

LORETO, A. RAMAL, F. SALAS, E. LANDERITO, and D. A. VARRON. 2010. Laboratory
manual in Chemistry 11: General Chemistry. Revised Ed. Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay
City.

CHANG, R. 2010. Chemistry, 10th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

WHITTEN, K., DAVIS, R., PECK, M. L. and G. STANLEY. 2010. Chemistry, 9th ed.

SMITH, J. 2011. Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed.

USC Chemistry Review Center. 2016. Chemistry Review Manual.

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Name: ______________________________ Section: ________________________________

Date Received: _______________________ Date Submitted: _________________________
Score: ____________

1. Calculate the number of hydrogen atoms in 39.6 g of ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4.

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2. The atomic masses of the two stable isotopes of boron, 5𝐵 (19.78%) and 5𝐵 (80.22%), are
10.0129 amu and 11.0093 amu, respectively. Calculate the average atomic mass of boron.

3. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon. A 0.1647-g
sample of a pure hydrocarbon was burned in a C-H combustion train to produce 0.4931 g of CO2
and 0.2691 g of H2O. Determine the masses of C and H in the sample and the percentages of these
elements in this hydrocarbon.

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4. Determine the empirical formula of a compound having the following percent composition by
mass: K: 24.75%; Mn: 34.77%; O: 40.51%.

5. Allicin is the compound responsible for the characteristic smell of garlic. An analysis of the
compound gives the following percent composition by mass: C: 44.4 percent; H: 6.21 percent; S:
39.5 percent; O: 9.86 percent. Calculate its empirical formula. What is its molecular formula given
that its molar mass is about 162 g?

6. A reaction requires pure anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4. Only an unidentified hydrate of
calcium sulfate, CaSO4 * xH2O, is available. A 67.5 g of unknown hydrate was heated until all
the water has been driven off. The resulting mass of pure CaSO4 is 53.4 g. What is the formula of
the hydrate, and what is its formula weight?

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7. Which of the following statements is correct for the equation shown below? (show solution)
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
a. 6 g of H2O are produced for every 4 g of NH3 reacted.
b. 1 mole of NO is produced per mole of NH3 reacted.
c. 2 moles of NO are produced for every 3 moles of O2 reacted

8. The reaction between aluminum and iron(III) oxide can generate temperatures approaching
3000◦C and is used in welding metals:
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3.
a. Calculate the mass in grams of Al2O3 formed.
b. How much of the excess reagent is left at the end of the reaction?

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9. Industrially, vanadium metal, which is used in steel alloys, can be obtained by reacting
vanadium(V) oxide with calcium at high temperatures:
5Ca + V2O5 5CaO + 2V
In one process, 1.54 x 103 g of V2O5 reacts with 1.96 x 103 g of Ca.
a. Calculate the theoretical yield of V.
b. Calculate the percent yield if 803 g of V are obtained.

10. Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is a very important compound used to make fertilizers. It is also present
in cola drinks. H3PO4 can be prepared in a two-step process.
Reaction 1: P4 + 5O2 P4O10
Reaction 2: P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4
A 272 g of phosphorus to react with excess oxygen, which forms tetraphosphorus decoxide,
P4O10, in 89.5% yield. In the second step reaction, a 96.8% yield of H3PO4 is obtained. What mass
of H3PO4 is obtained?

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