Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

ARCH-502 Steel Structures Design

Tutorial 7 : Loads
Dr. Ahmed Maher
Eng. Dalia Akram
Eng. Radwa Amr
Eng. Karim Maaly

Civil Engineering Program 1

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Our target
Internal forces
Load calculation Load distribution calculation due to the
different load types

Determine the load

Design the steel combination that Calculate all possible
members gives the max internal load combinations
forces

Civil Engineering Program 2

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Types
Loads Classification:

Primary Loads Secondary Loads

• Dead Load (D.L.) • Wind Load (W.L.)
• Live Load (L.L.) • Seismic Load (S.L.)
• Dynamic Loads • Lateral Shock
• Centrifugal Forces • Braking Loads

Civil Engineering Program 3

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Types Dead load

Own weight of steel

Corrugated sheet Collateral (services) load
structure

Single layer 𝑊𝑠 = 5-8 kg/𝑚2

Own weight = 𝑊𝑜𝑤 = span
of the main system kg/𝑚2 MEP Loads; Given.

Double layer 𝑊𝑠 = 12-18 kg/𝑚2

𝑊𝐷.𝐿. = 𝑊𝑠 + 𝑊𝑜𝑤 + 𝑊𝑀𝐸𝑃 kg/𝑚2

Civil Engineering Program 4
 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Types
Live Load

Accessible roof Inaccessible roof

𝑊𝐿.𝐿. = 200 − 250 tan(𝛼) kg/𝑚2 𝑊𝐿.𝐿. = 60 − 66.67 tan 𝛼 kg/𝑚2

Where 𝛼 is the angle of roof inclination

Civil Engineering Program 5

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Types
Wind load

𝑊𝑊.𝐿. = 𝐶𝑒. x K x q (kg/𝑚2 )

• 𝐶𝑒. : external wind pressure factor

• q : principle wind pressure ( Given )
• K: exposure factor ( from the following table)

Civil Engineering Program 6

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Types
Wind front 𝐶𝑒 Wind back

Wind front and wind back are out of plane forces for
the truss. Hence, we use Bracings System
Civil Engineering Program 7
 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Types 𝐶𝑒
Wind left Wind right
Suction or action
Suction or action
depending on
depending on
the roof slope
the roof slope
Suction 𝐶𝑒 = ± ⋯
𝐶𝑒 = ± ⋯
𝐶𝑒 = -0.5

Pressure
Pressure
(action) Suction
(action)
𝐶𝑒 = +0.8 𝐶𝑒 = -0.5
𝐶𝑒 = +0.8
Civil Engineering Program 8
 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Types 𝐶𝑒
Wind left
depend on
the roof
slope (𝛼)

Wind right
depend on
the roof
slope (𝛼)

Civil Engineering Program 9

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Types R=Wx

Lw
2

Example: Dead load Example: Live load Example: Wind load

Civil Engineering Program 10

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Distribution
Beam

𝑆
2

𝑆
2

Beam
t t S
Wline ( ) = Warea ( 2 ) x
m m 2
Civil Engineering Program 11
 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Distribution
S S

𝑡 𝑡
𝑊𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑊𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥𝑎
𝑚 𝑚2

Civil Engineering Program 12

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Distribution

S S

S S
Wline x Wline x
2 2

𝑡 𝑡
𝑊𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑊𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥𝑎
𝑚 𝑚2

𝑡 𝑡
𝑃 𝑡 = 𝑊𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑥 𝑆 = 𝑊𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥𝑎𝑥𝑆
𝑚 𝑚2

Civil Engineering Program 13

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Distribution
S S

𝑡
𝑃 𝑡 = 𝑊𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥𝑆𝑥𝑎
𝑚2

Civil Engineering Program 14

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Summary
Concentrated load on the truss
joints

𝑎
𝑎 𝑃𝐿.𝐿. = 𝑊𝐿.𝐿. 𝑥 𝑠 𝑥 𝑎 𝑃𝑊.𝐿.2,3 = 𝑊𝑊.𝐿. 𝑥 𝑠 𝑥
𝑃𝐷.𝐿. = 𝑊𝐷.𝐿. 𝑥 𝑠 𝑥 cos 𝛼
cos 𝛼
𝑊𝑊.𝐿.1,4 = 𝑊𝑊.𝐿. 𝑥 𝑠

Civil Engineering Program 15

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Example 1
Calculate the load on the shown truss joints ,which is the main supporting element
t
for a factory located at el Fayoum governorate ( q= 0.05625 2) with span 25 m .
m
Given that the own weight of the corrugated sheets is 5 kg/m2 and the weight of the
electro-mechanical installations is 20 kg/m2 and height is 8 m, the slope of the truss
upper chord is 1:10 . The spacing between purlins (a) is 2 m and the distance
between the main trusses (S) is 6 m.
The truss is located at a straight topography where the slope around the building is
less than 5% and the roof is inaccessible roof.

Civil Engineering Program 16

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Solution
1- Dead Load:
Given:
• a=2m
• S=6m
• Wsteel = span= 25 kg/m2
• Wsheets= 5 kg/m2
• Wins= 20 kg/m2
Calculation:
• Tan α = 0.1
• Cos α = 0.995

𝟐
𝐏𝐃.𝐋. = 𝟓 + 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝟓 𝐱 𝐱𝟔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟑. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐠 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝐭
𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟓

Civil Engineering Program 17

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Solution
2- Live load:
Given:
Inaccessible roof (𝑊𝐿.𝐿. = 60 − 66.67 tan 𝛼 kg/𝑚2 )
Calculation:

𝐏𝐋.𝐋. = 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝐱𝟎. 𝟏 𝐱𝟐𝐱𝟔 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎 𝐤𝐠 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝐭

Civil Engineering Program 18

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Solution
3- Wind Load:
Given:
t
q= 0.05625 m2
Calculation:
𝑊𝑊.𝐿. = 𝐶𝑒. x K x q (kg/𝑚2 )

• 𝐶𝑒. : external wind pressure factor

• q : principle wind pressure ( Given )
• K: exposure factor ( from the following table)

K= 1 (from table )

Civil Engineering Program 19

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Solution
3- Wind Load: By considering the wind direction from Left
Given:
Roof slope 1:10
Calculation:
tan 𝛼 = 1/10 = 0.1
𝐶𝑒 = -0.8

0.1

Civil Engineering Program 20

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Solution
3- Wind Load: By considering the wind direction from Left

𝐭
• 𝐖𝐖.𝐋,𝟏 = (𝐂𝐞 𝐊 𝐪)𝐒 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟔 𝐱 𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝐦

𝟐𝐱𝟔
• 𝐏𝐖.𝐋,𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟖 𝐱 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟔 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱 = − 0.54 t
𝟎.𝟗𝟗𝟓

𝟐𝐱𝟔
• 𝐏𝐖.𝐋,𝟑 = −𝟎. 𝟓 𝐱 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟔 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱 𝟎.𝟗𝟗𝟓= - 0.337 t
𝐭
• 𝐖𝐖.𝐋,𝟒 = (𝐂𝐞 𝐊 𝐪)𝐒 = −𝟎. 𝟓𝐱𝟏𝐱𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟔𝐱𝟔 = − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟖 𝐦

The wind direction from Right should also be considered

Civil Engineering Program 21
 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Types
Loads Classification:

Primary Loads Secondary Loads

• Dead Load (D.L.) • Wind Load (W.L.)
• Live Load (L.L.) • Seismic Load (S.L.)
• Dynamic Loads • Lateral Shock
• Centrifugal Forces • Braking Loads

Civil Engineering Program 22

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Combinations
Notes should be taken in consideration in load combinations
calculations:
1- The dead load must be taken in consideration during addition process.
2- The live load must be taken in consideration in the addition process but it is not added
except if its value will increase the total load value (considering the sign ).

3- The wind load should be only considered Left OR right , It is impossible to consider
both cases together.

4- Calculate values :

• The maximum load value considering secondary load (Case II)

• The maximum value of primary load only (Case I)

Civil Engineering Program 23

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Combinations
Case 1 Case 2
(DL, LL) (DL,LL,WL,WR)

• Load combination =DL • Load combination =DL+WL

• Load combination =DL+LL • Load combination =DL+WR
• Load combination =DL+LL+WL
• Load combination =DL+LL+WR

Allowable stresses = F Allowable stresses = 1.2 F

• When a load combination does not include any secondary load, the combination is called case
(I).
• When a load combination includes any secondary load, the combination is called case (II).

Civil Engineering Program 24

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Load Combinations
Get:

• Maximum Tension From Case 1 AND Maximum Tension from Case 2.

• Maximum Compression From Case 1 AND Maximum Compression from
Case 2.

Then check:

[Link] II value − [Link] I value

[Link] I value

If:
• < 20 % Then design according to loads obtained from Case I

• > 20 % Then design according to loads obtained from Case II

Civil Engineering Program 25

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Example 2
• Calculate the load combination for the following cases of loading:

Member D.L. L.L. W.L. (left) W.L. (right)

M1 -2 -1.5 +3 -1.1
M2 +9 +6 +4 -3
M3 -9 +4 -2 +1
M4 +4 -3 -5 +2
M5 -3 +4 -2 +1
M6 +5 +2 +3 -1.5

Civil Engineering Program 26

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Solution
• For Member M1:

Member D.L. L.L. W.L. (left) W.L. (right)

M1 -2 -1.5 +3 -1.1

• Load combination (1) = D.L. + L.L. + W.L(right) = -2-1.5 -1.1= -4.6 t (Case II)
• Load combination (2) = D.L. + W.L(left) = -2 +3= +1 t (Case II)
• Load combination (3) = D.L. + L.L. = -2 -1.5 = -3.5 t (Case I)
Check
[Link] II value − [Link] I value 4.6 −3.5
= *100 = 31.42% > 20%
[Link] I value 3.5
Design according to case II =-4.6 t

Civil Engineering Program 27

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Solution
• For Member M2:

Member D.L. L.L. W.L. (left) W.L. (right)

M2 +9 +6 +4 -3

• Load combination (1) = D.L. + L.L. + W.L. (left) = +9 +6 +4 = +19 t (Case II)
• Load combination (2) = D.L. + W.L. (right) = +9 -3= +6 t (Case II)
• Load combination (3) = D.L. + L.L. = +9+6 = +15 t (Case I)
Check
[Link] II value − [Link] I value 19 −15
= *100 = 26.66% > 20%
[Link] I value 15
Design according to case II= +19 t

Civil Engineering Program 28

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Solution
• For Member M3:

Member D.L. L.L. W.L. (left) W.L. (right)

M3 -9 +4 -2 +1

• Load combination (1)=D.L. + L.L. + W.L. (left) = -9 +4 -2 = -7 t (Case II)

• Load combination (2)=D.L. + W.L. (left)= -9-2 = -11 t (Case II)
• Load combination (3)=D.L. + L.L. +W.L. (right)= -9+4+1= -4 t (Case II)
• Load combination (4)=D.L. = -9 t (Case I)
• Load combination (5)=D.L. + L.L. = -9+4= -5 t (Case I)
Check
[Link] II value − [Link] I value 11 −9
= *100 = 22.22% > 20%
[Link] I value 9
Design according to case II= -11 t

Civil Engineering Program 29

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Solution
• For Member M4:

Member D.L. L.L. W.L. (left) W.L. (right)

M4 +4 -3 -5 +2

• Load combination (1)=D.L. + L.L. + W.L. (left) = +4 -3 -5= -4 t (Case II)

• Load combination (2)=D.L. + W.L. (right) = +4 +2 = +6 t (Case II)
• Load combination (3)=D.L. = +4 t (Case I)
Check
[Link] II value − [Link] I value 6 −4
= *100 = 50% > 20%
[Link] I value 4
Design according to case II= +6 t

Civil Engineering Program 30

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Solution
• For Member M5:

Member D.L. L.L. W.L. (left) W.L. (right)

M5 -3 +4 -2 +1

• Load combination (1)=D.L. + W.L. (left)= -3 - 2 = -5 t (Case II)

• Load combination (2)=D.L. + L.L. + W.L. (right) = -3 +4 +1 = +2 t (Case II)
• Load combination (3)=D.L. = -3 t (Case I)
• Load combination (4)= D.L. + L.L. = -3 + 4 = +1 t (Case I)
Check
[Link] II value − [Link] I value 5−3
• = *100 =66.6% > 20%
[Link] I value 3
Design according to case II= -5 t
[Link] II value − [Link] I value 2−1
• = *100 =100% > 20%
[Link] I value 1
Design according to case II= +2 t

Civil Engineering Program 31

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Solution
• For Member M6:

Member D.L. L.L. W.L. (left) W.L. (right)

M6 +5 +2 +3 -1.5

• Load combination (1)=D.L. + L.L. + W.L. (left) = +5 +2+3 = +10 t (Case II)
• Load combination (2)=D.L. + W.L. (right) = +5-1.5= +3.5 t (Case II)
• Load combination (3)=D.L.+ L.L = +7 t (Case I)
Check
[Link] II value − [Link] I value 10 −7
= *100 = 42.8% > 20%
[Link] I value 7
Design according to case II= +10 t

Civil Engineering Program 32

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Solution
Member D.L. L.L. W.L. (left) W.L. (right) Design load

- 4.6 t (Case II)

M1 -2 -1.5 +3 -1.1
+ 1 t (Case II)
M2 +9 +6 +4 -3 + 19 t (case II)

M3 -9 +4 -2 +1 - 11 t (case II)

+ 6 t (case II)
M4 +4 -3 -5 +2
- 4 t (Case II)
- 5 t (case II)
M5 -3 +4 -2 +1
+2 t (Case II)

M6 +5 +2 +3 -1.5 +10 t (case II)

Civil Engineering Program 33

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

Internal forces
1. Assuming the joint loads is 1 t in the gravity direction (the assumed positive
direction) and 0.5 t at the edge joints.

2. Calculate the internal forces based on this load case.

3. Calculate the internal forces from the calculated dead, live and wind loads
using this equation:

FD, L, W = F1t x PD, L ,W

4. Calculate the critical load combination that causes the maximum tension and
compression in the members

Civil Engineering Program 34

 Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

To Be Continued…..…..

Civil Engineering Program 35

Winter 2025 ARCH502-Steel Structure Design

THANK YOU

Civil Engineering Program 36