COMPUTER GEOMETRIC
MODELLING
RE:311
INTRODUCTION
Computer Representation of Drawings
❑2D Representation: Orthographic representation of objects
as in manual drafting.
❑3D Representation: developed to overcome the limitations
of 2D representation. Types of 3D representations:
General Requirements General Requirements •
Complete part representation including Complete part representation including topological
topological and geometrical data – Geometry: shape and dimensions – Topology: the connectivity
and associativity of the object entities; it determines the relational information between object
entities
INTRODUCTION
General Requirements:
Complete part representation including topological
and geometrical data
–Geometry: Shapes and dimensions
–Topology: Connectivity and associability of the
object entities; it determines the relational
information between object entities.
INTRODUCTION
General Requirements: Topology and Geometry
Same geometry but different topology
Same topology but different geometry
INTRODUCTION
General Requirements:
Geometric modeling is only a means not the goal in
engineering.
Engineering analysis needs product geometry; the
degree of detail depends on the analysis procedure that
utilizes the geometry.
There is no model that is sufficient to study all behavioral
aspects of an engineering component or a system.
Attributes facilitate analysis and grow with application
Basic Geometric Modelling Techniques:
❑Wireframe model: Geometry defined as a series of lines and
curves representing edges of the object. It may be viewed as
an extension of 2D technique into the 3rd dimension.
Wireframe representation is economical in terms of computing
resources, useful in finite element analysis, input for tool path
in CNC manufacturing, provides input information needed to
make surfaces, solid and higher order models; but it has some
serious deficiencies, eg.
→Ambiguity in representation
→Deficiency in pictorial representation
→Difficult to interpret complex models
→ Limited ability to calculate mechanical properties or
geometric intersections
In 3D wireframe model, an object is not recorded as a solid.
Instead the vertices that define the boundary of the object, or
the intersections of the edges of the object boundary are
recorded as a collection of points and their connectivity.
Ambiguous
INTRODUCTION
Example of wire frame model:
EXAMPLES OF USING AUTOCAD TO
GENERATE WIREFRAME 3D MODELS
1. A BOX WITH A TOP LID
2. A CHAMFERED BLOCK WITH A MIDDLE HOLE
3. A BLOCK WITH MULTIPLE FEATURES
❑Surface model: Representation of object by
representing some or all the faces of the object.
→ It involves a series of simpler geometric entities.
→ The most elemental surface type is a flat plate
→ Other surface types include surface fitted (by
interpolation) to an array of data points, surface
formed by generation, surface based on primitives,
surface formed by interpolation from other surfaces.
→ Useful in shape design and representation of
complex objects such as car, ship and airplane bodies.
Example of surface created by fitting an array of points
Surfaces formed by generation include:
• Tabulated surface: surface created by projecting a generating
profile along a direction vector. The generating profile can be a
line, arc, ellipse, circle, polygon, spline etc.
• Ruled surface: surface created by linear interpolation between
two profiles
• Surface of revolution: surface created by revolving a
generating profile about a central axis
• Swept surface: an extension of revolution whereby the
defining curve is swept along an arbitrary spline curve instead
of a circular curve.
• Sculpture or curve mesh: a very general surface defined by a
grid of generating curves which intersect to form a patchwork of
surface patches.
Surface models made by generation (continuation):
Example of a Tabulated surface
❑ Translating a plane or curve through a certain distance
along the given direction
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Surface models created by generation (continuation):
Example of a Ruled surface
❑ Surface generated by two ruled curves (rails)/boundaries
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Surface models created by generation (continuation):
Example: Surface of revolution
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Surface models created by generation (continuation):
example of a sculptured surface
❑ These are also called free
form surfaces.
❑ They are created by spline
curves in one or both
directions in a 3D-space.
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Surface models (continuation)
❑Surface modelling had great impact in areas such as :
→Automotive industry (in car body design) where extensive
use has traditionally been physical models of full size clay
models of body shapes for styling purposes
→Mould and die manufacture
→Shoe industry, garments, glass, pottery etc.
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Surface models (continuation
❑Strength and weaknesses of surface models:
→Ambiguity associated with wireframe models is eliminated
→Surface model presents a good basis for generation of
manufacturing information by helping to generate The NC
tool path for complex shaped image of the product.
→However, it is more computationally demanding
→More skill is required in their presentation
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❑Solid models:
Two most common approaches of solid
modelling:
✓Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) (based on
Boolean operation): A complex solid is created
by performing Boolean operations on simpler
solid shapes called “primitives”. The primitives
may be from a library of simpler solid shapes or
constructed by sweeping (extrude, revolve) a
generating profile in space.
Alternative paths of CSG modelling
✓Boundary representation (B-Rep): This Representation is
based on the principal that, any physical object can be
considered bounded by a set of faces.
✓Building blocks of B-rep:
Vertex: A point in 3D space.
Point of intersection of 2 or more
edges
Edge: A curve/line bounded by 2
vertices. intersection of 2 faces.
Face: A closed surface bounded
by 3 or more edges
Loop: Hole in a face. 2D entity
Handle/Genus: Through hole in
a body/solid. 3D entity
✓Boundary representation (B-Rep): In this approach, a
solid model of an object is created by using a set of faces.
Each face is bounded by edges and each edge is bounded
by the vertices.
A B-rep approach is more useful to
model objects of unusual shapes
which are difficult to be modelled by
CSG approach.
The database of B-rep contains both
topology and geometry data.
Euler’s Equation: The equation is used to verify the
topological validity of the B-rep models.
✓B-rep in topologically valid, only if , it satisfies Euler’s
equation. Otherwise it is not valid.
✓Euler’s equation for general 3D objects:
F-E+V-L=2(B-G)
✓Euler’s equation for general 2D objects:
F-E+V-L=(B-G)
Where,
F = number of faces; E = number of edges, V = number of
vertices; L = number of loops; G = number of genus/handles; B
= number of bodies.
Euler’s Equation:
Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3 Fig 4
Fig 1
Fig 2
Fig 3
Fig 4
Hybrid modelling:
✓Objects with regular shapes can be easily modeled
using CSG approach. However, objects with unusual
shapes B-rep approach is more suitable.
✓Therefore, a hybrid approach has been developed
by combining the features of CSG and B-rep
approaches.
✓In a hybrid system, the user has the option to
construct the model by any of the two approaches
whichever is more convenient to the given problem.
More examples of Euler’s Equation
Check the validity of B-rep model shown in the figures below
More examples of Euler’s Equation
General Euler’s equation for 3D objects:
F-E+V-L=2(B-G)
LHS = F-E+V-L = 10-18+12-2 = 2
RHS = 2(B-G) = 2(1-0) = 2
Since; LHS=RHS, Hence the solid is topologically valid.
More examples of Euler’s Equation
Variables:
F=1, E=14,V=14,L=2,B=1, G=2 Since; LHS = RHS
Hence, the 2D object is
Euler’s equation for 2D object is;
topologically valid
F-E+V-L=(B-G)
LHS = 1-14+14-2 = -1
RHS = 1-2 = -1
✓Other solid modelling techniques:
❖Sweeping:
This is an approach where a solid
model of an object is created by
moving a surface (or curve) along a
given path.
Linear sweep:
Translational (Extrusion) Rotational
❖Sweeping:
Non-Linear sweep: Hybrid Sweep:
A surface (or curve) is moved Two surfaces (or curves) are swept
along the curved path in two different directions and then
the two resulting swept volumes are
glued together to form the object
model
❖Feature based modelling:
It is the most widely used method of creating solid
models.
The approach is more general than the CSG approach. It
allows the designer to create complex parts.
Feature is designed as the combination of shape and
operation to build the parts
Examples of operation are: extrude, revolve, sweep, fillet,
shell, chamfer etc.
❖Feature based modelling:
Steps: