TORQUE:
The torque produced by a force about an axis is equal to the product of the magnitude of
force and the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action force.
Also, torque is sometime called turning or twisting effect of a force about an axis.
Torque is symbolized by τ (tau).
Mathematically
Torque, τ = Force, F × perpendicular distance, r
τ=F×r
The SI unit of torque is Nm.
Workdone by torque
Workdone by torque is equal to the product of torque and the angular displacement.
Workdone, (W) = torque, τ × angular displacement, θ
W = τθ
MOMENT OF INERTIA
The tendency of a body to resist change in its linear velocity is called linear inertia, while
the tendency of a body to resist change in its angular velocity is called rotational inertia or
moment of inertia.
Moment of inertia of a rigid body
The moment of inertia of a rigid body about a given axis of rotation is the sum of the
products of the masses of its particles and the squares of their respective perpendicular
distances from the axis of rotation.
Moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation is
I = m1r12 + m2 r22 + m3r32 +....................+ mn rn2
n
I= mi ri2
i =1
Therefore,
the moment of inertia, I = mr2
whereas m is the point mass and r is perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation.
RADIUS OF GYRATION
Is the distance from the given axis of rotation at which if whole mass of the object were
supposed to be concentrated, the moment of inertia would be the same as with the actual
distribution of mass.
It is denoted by the symbol K. the moment of inertia of a body of mass M and radius of gyration,
K is given by:
I = MK2
I
K=
M
THEOREMS OF PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR AXES
The calculation of the moments of inertia for various bodies can be simplified by using two
important theorems on moment of inertia:
(i) Theorem of parallel axes.
It states that the moment of inertia of a rigid body about any given axis is equal to its
moment of inertia about a parallel axis through its centre of mass plus the product of the
mass of the body and the square of the perpendicular between the two parallel axes.
If ICM is the moment of inertia of a body about an axis passing through the centre of mass
of the body, then moment of inertia I of the body about any other axis parallel to the
centre of mass axis is given by;
I = ICM + Mh2
where: M = total mass of the body.
h = perpendicular distance between the parallel axes.
(ii) Theorem of perpendicular axes.
It states that the moment of inertia of a plane body about an axis perpendicular to its
plane is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia of the plane body about any two
mutually perpendicular axes in the plane of the body which intersect the first axis.
Mathematically:
Iz = Ix + Iy
Moment of Inertia of Rigid Bodies
(i) M.I of uniform thin rod about an axis through its centre and perpendicular to its length;
Ml 2
I=
12
(ii) M.I of a thin ring about an axis passing through the centre of the ring and perpendicular
to the plane of the ring;
I = MR2
(iii) M.I of a disc about an axis passing through the centre of the disc and perpendicular to
the plane of the disc;
1
I= MR 2
2
(iv) M.I of a uniform solid cylinder about axis of symmetry.
1
I= MR 2
2
(v) M.I of uniform hollow cylinder about axis of symmetry
I = MR2
(vi) M.I of a uniform solid sphere about its diameter
2
I= MR 2
5
(vii) M.I of uniform hollow sphere about a diameter
2
I= MR 2
3