Module 2 The environment
land surface (phr) the area of the Earth not covered by water
mammal /mæmal/ (n) = an animal that gives birth to babies and feeds them on milk
occupy/skjopar (v) = to fill an amount of space
anatomy/netami/ (n) = the structure of an animal's body
attached (to) tætt ta (adj) = connected (to)
body structure/bodi straktfa/(n) = the different parts of a body and how they are
connected
bony plates (phr) = flat pieces of bone
capture the imagination (phr) = cause sb to feel interested in sth chameleon Aamislion/
(n) = a type of lizard whose skin can change
colour
conserve/kansscw/(v) to protect
current/karant (n) = a steady and continuous flow of water in a river, etc
distribution range (phr) the area in which an animal lives
endangered/nidemdsad/ (adj) (of a species) being in danger of becoming extinct
estuary /estfuari/ (n) = the place where a river joins the sea
evolve /i'volv/ (v) to develop over a period of time
exceptionally limited (phr) = very small amount in range, etc
feature/futja (v) = to appear
fertilise/Patlatz/ (v) = to cause a baby animal to start forming
fin/fm/ (n) the thin part on the side or top of a fish
folklore foukla: (n) the traditional stories of a community, country, etc
for good fo god (prep phr) forever
function/fagkjan/ (n) = what sth does gills/gulz (n) the parts on the sides of fish which
allow it to breath
grave danger (pht) = 1 serious threat
habitat/hebitatan animal's natural home
horse like head (phr) a head that looks like a horse's
limbs/luuz/(n) = arms and legs
long curved tail (phr) = a long tail that bends
long pointed nose (phr) = a long nose with a point at the end
mate /mest/ (v) = to produce young
millennium/mrleniam/ (n) = 1 one thousand years
peculiar /prkjulia (adj) = unusual
pipefish/parpfi]/(n) = a small fish in
the same family as the seahorse pouch/pout/(n) a pocket of skin on an animal
pregnant/pregnant (adj) = having a baby developing in your body
resemble/rrzembal (v) to be or look similar to sth
scales/skerlz/ (n) small flat pieces of skin that cover a fish
seaweed/sirwid/ (n) a plant that grows in the sea
shallow waters (phr) = areas of water that are not deep
sharp spikes (phr) pointy pieces coming out from the body
shellfish/feti/(n)= small creatures with shells that live in the sea
stem/stem/(n) the long, thin part of a plant on which the flowers and leaves grow
suck (up) /sak hp / (v) = 1 to bring sth into the mouth inhaling
survive /e/varv (v) to continue to exist
sweep (away) /swip awer (v) = to move sth along quickly
swim bladder/swim blæda/(n)= an organ inside a fish that helps it to swim
tiny eyes (phr)= small eyes
without a doubt /wituut a dast/ (prep phr) certainly; definitely
wrap/rep/ (v) = to put your arms, legs, etc around sth tightly
2b
amphiblan emfthian/ (n) an animal that can live both in water or on land
at risk k (prep phr) = in danger beetle hinal (n) a small black insect with a hard
covering
bring about me abaut (phr v) to cause sth to happen
bring out (hing acc (phrv) to release a book, album, etc and put in on sale
bring round thrig rand (phr v) 10 help sb gain consciousness
bring up bryx (phr v) to raise a child
by law Atas Tod (prep phr) legally
deforestation Miferson (n) the act of cutting down or destroying all the trees in an area
due to ju tay (prep) because of energy waste codi west (n) the act of using more energy
than is needed
extinction stukjan (n) the death of all the members of a species
face fen (v) to have to deal with danger
feather on (n) a collection of soft hairs on a bird's body
fishing net Magnet (1) a piece of material used to catch fish
forest fire font fas (n) a fire in a wooded area
global/global/ (adj) = happening in or affecting all parts of the world
grabel (v) to take or pick up sth quickly and roughly
hide (from) hod (from) (v) to stop sth from being seen
in danger in dandsa (prep phr) = at risk
in the wild in de waild/ (prep phr) = in nature, in land not inhabited by people
in trouble /m wael/ (prep phr) at risk
insect/msekt/ (n) a small animal that has six legs and a body divided in three parts
landfill/luodfi/(n) = a hole where large amounts of rubbish are put
legally (adv) = according to the law
lossa (n) = the state of sth no longer existing
melting ice caps (phr) = large pieces. of ice which are changing into liquid
all spill/l (n) = a layer of oil floating on the sea after an accident
preserve/prizov (v) to maintain
protect (from) /proteka (fram) (v) to keep sth safe from ith eise
reduction /rrdskjan (n) decrease rely un rrlas on (v) depend on
reptile/septal (n) a cold-blooded animal with scaly skin that lays eggs
rodent (rauste(n) a small mammal with sharp front teeth (eg. rats, mice, squirrels)
salmonman (n) = a large, silver coloured fish with pink flesh
save (from) sav (frame) (v) = to stop sb or sth from being destroyed or killed
scaly/skeli (adj) - having scales, small flat pieces of skin that cover [Link]
shortage Jotidy (n) a lack of
spotted pelt (phr) the skin of an animal with coloured dots
support separ (v) to encourage sb to succeed
threatened Bretand/ (adj) = at risk of suffering harm
toad (n) a frog-like animal with warty skin
warm-blooded (wem bladıd/(adj) with a body temperature not affected by the
surrounding temperature
waste/weist (n) = the act of using too much of sth than is needed
water pollutionwata pallaan (n) the contamination of rivers, seat, etc
2d
accidental poisoning (phr) the act of causing sb/sth to take poison without meaning to
breed brud \{v\} = 10 have babies critically endangered species list
(phr) a collection of names of
animals which are in danger of
becoming extinct
cureja (n) medicine or treatment that causes anness to end
game reserve gem nav (n) = large area of land, where animals live safely
habitat loss flebitatos (1) the state of an animal's natural surroundings no longer
existing
hunting(n) chasing and killing animals for food or as a sport
land surface (phr) the outside layer of the Earth
life-threatening disease (phr) an Illness that could kell a person or animal
medicinal use (phr) = the function of sth as a medicine
oxygen supply/kontzan sapilas/(1) the amount of breathing air available
poacher pourja (n) an illegal hunter of wild animals
raise awareness (phr) to make people notice sth
urban areas (phr) places occupied by towns or cities
vanish/arm/ (v) = 10 disappear
21
absorb bob (V) to take sth in
adopt/stop (v) = 1m regularly pay a certain amount of money to a 200, charity, etc to
take care of an animal
carbon monoxide /kubon maneksaid (n) a poisonous gas produced by car fumes, otc
contribute to Aantabjaa tay (v) = 10 add to
coral/kural (n) a hard substance formed from the bones of a type of sea creature
effective flektiv (adj) producing the desired results
exhaust fumes/gaast fumz (1) gases released by a vehicle when the engine is running
frightening proportions (phr) of a size that is very serious
growth/grauil (n) - development Ivory/arvoni/(n)= a hard cream-
coloured substance which forms an elephant's tuska
loose hus (adj) (of bruit, vegetables, etc) not in packaging
urban areas (phx) = 1 places occupied by towns
Language Focus 2
at risk (phr) in a dangerous situation
continue Jantanju (v) to keep happening
develop Arvelap (v) = to become more advanced
evolve volv/ (V) = to develop gradually
expand spamd/ (v) to increase in
grow grou (v) to get bigger
in danger of (phr) the possibility that sth bad will fiappen
lastest (v) to continue
remain/mmc (y) = 1 continue to exist when do not
survive ovary (V) to continue to live after being in a difficult situation
threat vet (n) = suggestion of violence/danger
trouble/tralial (n) – difficulties
Module 2
Modals
Modal verbs:
don't take sing or ed suffixes
are followed by the bare infinitive (infinitive without to).
come before the subject in questions and are followed by not in negations
⚫ don't have tenses in the normal sense. When followed by a present bare infinitive,
they refer to an incomplete action or state (ie present or future). We should stop
wasting natural resources. When followed by a perfect bare infinitive, they refer to a
complete action or state. They should have taken measures against water polucion
Partier
Note: The tenses of the infinitive are:
Present: (to) run
Present continuous (to) be running
Perfect: (to) have nun
Perfect continuous: (to) have been running
Must expresses duty/strong obligation to do sth, anc shows that sth is essential. We
generally use must when the speaker has decided that sth is necessary (c subjective).
We must do something to protect endangere species ou must furn off the light when
you leave the room (It is your duty. You are obliged to do sth.)
Have to expresses strong necessity/obligation. We usually use have to when somebody
other than the speaker has decided that sth is necessary (l.e. abjective Mum says that
we have to pick up any litter we drop. (It's
necessary. Mum told us so.) Hod to is the past form of both must and have to.
Should/Ought to express duty, weak obligation. should do the washing-up tonight. It's
your duty-less emphatic than must)
Absence of necessity (don't have to don't need to/needn't)
Don't have to Don't need to/Needn
it luni't necessary to do sth in the present/future. Yo doe't have to bring any special
equipment with you. Yo don't need to water this plant very often. You needn't po for a
ticker to enter the new conservation park
Didn't need to Didn't have to
It wasn't necessary to do sth. We don't know if it war dane or not. They didn't have to
participate in the natur waik. (We don't know if they participated)
Needn't have past participle:
It wasn't necessary to do sth, but it was done. A action happened in the past, even
though it wasn necessary. You needn't have bought oranges, there plenty in the fridge
(but you cid)
Prohibition (must)
Mustn't: It is forbidden to do sth; it is against the rules/law, you are not allowed to do
sth. You mustn't light campfire in the forest.
Advice (should, ought to)
Should: general advice You should jale our school's ecc club. (It's my advice./I advise
you to...)
Ought to: general advice you ought to use solar powe (it's a good idea/thing to do.)
Future simple
Form: subject will main verb
AFFIRMATIVE
/You/He/She/it/We/They will/'ll ge
NEGATIVE
1/You/He/She/It/We/They will not/won't go
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
Will l/you/he/she/it/we/they go?
Yes, 1/you/he/she/it/we/ they will No, l/you/he/she/it/we/ they won't.
Use
We use the future simple:
for on-the-spot decisions.
dark turn on the lights
for future predictions based on what we believe or imagine will happen (usually with
the vertis hope, think, believe, expect, imagine, etc, with the expressions: I'm sure, I'm
afraid, etc; with the adverbs: probably, perhaps, etc). I hope averfishing will soon
become a thing of the past. Perhaps scenturs will Nind a solution to the
world's energy problems for promises. (usually with the verbs promise, swear, etc.)
promte we'll go to the armel pork tomorrow, threats Make fun of me organ and I'll tell
the lachen, warnings We should protect redture or it will turn agaila, hopes She hopes
they will accept her proprad, offers he'll give you a Alt home
for actions/events/situations which will definitely happen in the future and which we
cannot control. The sun will set soo
Time expressions used with the future simple: tomorr the day after tomorrow, next
week/ month/year, tonight, soon, in a week/month/year, etc
be going to
Form: subject verb to be (am/is/are) going to bare Infinitive of the main verb
AFFIRMATIVE
I am He/She/It is We/You/They are
going to play.
NEGATIVE
am not He/She/It is not We/You/they are not
going to play.
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
Ami Is he/she/it Are we you/they
going to play?
Yes, I am No, I'm not Yes, he/she/it is
Yes, we/you/they are/No, we you/they aren't.
Use
We use be going to
to talk about future plans and intentions, jamm lai going to buy a neve hybrid car (He's
planning to...
to make predictions based on what we see or know Be careful! You are going to step
that puddle
to talk about things we are sure about or we have already decided to do in the near
future.
We are going to join on enviental organisation this wear. (We have already decided to
do it.)
Present simple/Present continuous (future meaning)
We can use the present simple to talk about schedules or timetables. The
We use the present continuous for fixed arrangements in the near future.
We are going to the concert nest week. We've bought bickets
We use the present continuous for changing or gradually developing situations. More
and more species are hecoming cl
Future continuous
Form: subject will be verb ing
AFFIRMATIVE
1/You/He/She/it/We/They will/'ll be eating
NEGATIVE
1/You/He/She/it/We/They will not/won't be eating
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
Will I/you/he/she/it/we/they be eating
Ves, I/you/he/she/it/we/they will No, l/you/he/she/it/we/ they won't.
We use the future continuous for actions which will be in progress at a stated future
time. The on Monday, we'll be travelling to its
Future perfect
Form: will have past participle of the main verb
AFFIRMATIVE
I/You/He/She/it/We/They wili/'ll have stayed.
NEGATIVE
I/You/He/She/it/We/They will not/won't have stayed
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT ANSWERS
Will I/you/he/she/it/we/they have stayed?
Yes, 1/you/he/she/it/we/they will No, you/he/she/it/we/they won't
Wie use the future perfect for actions that will have finished before a stated time in the
future, He will have finished the report Friday
Clauses of time
Clauses of time are introduced by after, as, as long as as soon as, before, by the time
(belore, not later than), every time, immediately, just as, ance, the moment (that),
until/tilf up to the time when), when, while etc.
We should do something to help the anvoormant before it too late.
When the verb of the main clause is in a present or future lom, the verb of the time
clause is in the present form, and when the verb of the main clause it in a past form,
the verh of the time clause is in a past form, too. We don't use wil/would in a clause of
time.
We love as soon as our tow gets here. (NOT) -
When the time clause precedes the main clause, a comma is used. When the time
clause follows, no comma is used.
Every time it, the heesood BUT
The streets food every time it is
Logical (must, may/might, can't) assumptions/Deductions
Must almost certain that this is/was true Look E their uniforms. They must be medical
students. George isn't here he must have left for ovimming practice (I'm sure/certain
that sth is true.)
May/Might/Could possible that this is/was true It's a public holiday, so we might go to
the mall Dave may have sent you the information, you'd better check your email (It is
possible. It is likely./Perhaps.)
Can't/Couldn't almost certain that this is/was impossible This can't be Pam's jacket is
too small Jack couldn't have gone to school yesterday. It was Sunday (I'm sure that sth
isn't true, real, etc.)
see pp. GHS
1 Read the speech bubbles. Which of the modals in bold express:
prohibition (it's wrong/against the law/it's forbidden)?
advice/suggestion (it's the right thing to do/it's a good idea)?
obligation/duty/necessity (it's your duty/you are obliged to)?
lack of necessity (it's not necessary)?
2 Read the sentences and choose the correct words. Listen and check.
1 We mustn't/should all do what we can to protect the environment.
2 You mustn't/don't have to buy products made from endangered species.
3 More people ought to/mustn't recycle.
4 People musin't/don't have to use their cars for short distances when they can walk.
5 We needn't/mustn't damage coral reefs.
6 Making your house environmentally friendly needn't/mustn't cost a lot of money.
7 We ought to/mustn't put our litter in a bin and not throw it on the street.
8 It's a good idea to adopt an animal; more people should/mustn't do it.
3 Rewrite the sentences using appropriate modal verbs.
1 It's against the law to hunt blue whales. We mustn't hunt blue whales.
2 It's a good idea to join an environmental group.
3 It's against the law to hunt cheetahs.
4 It's the right thing to protect endangered species.
5 It's wrong to hunt animals for their fur.
Will/Going to
1 Look at those dark clouds! It's going to rain.
2 I'm going to join Greenpeace this year.
3 I think he will succeed.
see p. GR4
4 Match sentences 1-3 to what they express:
a prediction based on what we think/believe, a future plan/intention, a prediction based
on what we see. Check in the Grammar Reference Section.
5 Fill in: will or am/is/are going to.
1 A: What are you doing this afternoon, Bob?
B: 1 clean up the park. Come with me.
2 A: Have you taken the recycling to the centre?
B: Sorry. I...
do it later.
3 A: I'm helping at the animal shelter today.
B: I think I join you.
4 A: Where is Ann going?
B: To the beach, She meet Peter and help pick up litter.
5 A: Where are all these people going?
B: To the park. They plant some new trees.
Future continuous/Future Perfect
1 This time next week, I'll be travelling to Spain.
2 This time next week, I'll have finished my project.
3 I'll be seeing Ann tonight.
a) Read the examples 1-3. Which verb form expresses: o previously arranged action?
an action in progress at a certain time in the future?
an action finished before a certain future time?
Check in the Grammar Reference section.
b) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1 A: How long have you been a member of this environmental group?
B: By the end of June, I (be) with them for a year.
2 A Aren't you meeting Bob at the animal shelter?
B: By the time we get there, he ........(leave).
3 A: When's "No Car Day"?
B: This lime tomonow, I (walk) to work
4 A We park by tonight. (clean-up) the
B: That's great
What will you be doing: at 6 o'clock tomorrow afternoon? at 8:30 Sunday evening?
What will you have done by the time you are 30?
Time Clauses
He'll come as soon as he finishes work I'll leave when she gets here. (time word)
BUT: When will she get here? (question word)
sae p. GR5
8a) Read the examples. What tense do we use after time words (when, until, before, as
soon as, after, etc) to refer to the future?
b) Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or future. Compare with your
partner.
1 We should help the environment before it (be) 100 late.
2 We arough volunteers (wait) until we have
3 She (start) a clean-up campaign before she goes to college.
4 What will he do after he (finish) school?
5 She wants to be an environmentalist when she (grow up)
Choose the correct item.
We can ali do a number of simple things that 1) will/should make a big difference to
the environment and we 2) don't have to/mustn't change our lifestyles very much
either. For example, if you insulate your home, you help the environment and save on
your energy bills. Also, you 3) should/need check the settings on your central heating
and your fridge. If you 4) turn/are going to turn the temperature down just a few
degrees you 5) will/must save money and energy 6) before/when you know it. You 7)
should/ought also switch all the light bulbs in your house to energy-efficient unes and
by this time next year you'll 8) be paying/have paid a lot less.
Sentence transformations
10 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use appropriate
modal verbs.
1 It's the right thing to help protect endangered species, We
2 It's not necessary to water the plants. You
3 ll's a good idea to tum off lights when you don't need them. You
4 It's against the law to drop litter in the street You....
You are obliged to keep your dog on a short lead near farm animals. You....
11 Spend two or three minutes revising the grammar structures you have learnt in this
lesson. In pairs, make sentences using them. Tell the class.
Activities to
a) Read the examples 1-3. Which verb form expresses: o previously arranged action?
an action in progress at a certain time in the future?
an action finished before a certain future time?
Check in the Grammar Reference section.
b) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1 A: How long have you been a member of this environmental group?
B: By the end of June, I (be) with them for a year.
2 A Aren't you meeting Bob at the animal shelter?
B: By the time we get there, he ........(leave).
3 A: When's "No Car Day"?
B: This lime tomonow, I (walk) to work
4 A We park by tonight. (clean-up) the
B: That's great
What will you be doing: at 6 o'clock tomorrow afternoon? at 8:30 Sunday evening?
What will you have done by the time you are 30?
Time Clauses
He'll come as soon as he finishes work I'll leave when she gets here. (time word)
BUT: When will she get here? (question word)
sae p. GR5
8a) Read the examples. What tense do we use after time words (when, until, before, as
soon as, after, etc) to refer to the future?
b) Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or future. Compare with your
partner.
1 We should help the environment before it (be) 100 late.
2 We arough volunteers (wait) until we have
3 She (start) a clean-up campaign before she goes to college.
4 What will he do after he (finish) school?
5 She wants to be an environmentalist when she (grow up)
Choose the correct item.
We can ali do a number of simple things that 1) will/should make a big difference to
the environment and we 2) don't have to/mustn't change our lifestyles very much
either. For example, if you insulate your home, you help the environment and save on
your energy bills. Also, you 3) should/need check the settings on your central heating
and your fridge. If you 4) turn/are going to turn the temperature down just a few
degrees you 5) will/must save money and energy 6) before/when you know it. You 7)
should/ought also switch all the light bulbs in your house to energy-efficient unes and
by this time next year you'll 8) be paying/have paid a lot less.
Sentence transformations
10 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use appropriate
modal verbs.
1 It's the right thing to help protect endangered species, We
2 It's not necessary to water the plants. You
3 ll's a good idea to tum off lights when you don't need them. You
4 It's against the law to drop litter in the street You....
You are obliged to keep your dog on a short lead near farm animals. You....
11 Spend two or three minutes revising the grammar structures you have learnt in this
lesson. In pairs, make sentences using them. Tell the class.