MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

1. Pressure in Fluids Bernoulli’s Principle Stokes’ Law

Pressure is force per unit area. For a fluid in steady flow, the total energy per unit For a small sphere falling in a fluid:
P=F/A volume is constant. Fviscous = -6 π η r v
Fluids apply pressure in all directions. P + 1/2ρ v² + ρ g h = constant
Unit: Pascal (Pa) When velocity increases → pressure decreases
Terminal Velocity
Used in aircraft wings, carburetors, atomizers.
Pressure at a depth (h) When net force becomes zero, the object falls
P=hρg with constant velocity.
ρ = density of fluid
Torricelli’s Law
Total pressure = atmospheric pressure + fluid pressure Torricelli’s law gives the speed of efflux (speed of a fluid
Ptotal = Patm + h ρ g flowing out of a small hole in a tank).
Surface Tension
Surface tension is the force per unit length
acting along the surface of a liquid.
Pascal’s Law T=F/L
Makes droplets spherical
Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted
Causes capillary rise or fall
equally in all directions.
Decreases with temperature
Used in hydraulic lifts and brakes.
A1v1 = A2v2 ,If v2 << v1
Capillary Rise Formula
h = 2T cosθ/ ρ g r
Archimedes’ Principle h ∝ 1/a
A body immersed in a fluid experiences an upward When P >> Pa and 2gh may be ignored. r = radius of tube
buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. On the other hand take is open to atmosphere ,
Buoyant force: then P = Pa Streamline and Turbulent Flow
FB = ρl g V ρb Streamline Flow:- Smooth, orderly flow
If ρl < ρb (body will float) Turbulent Flow:- Irregular flow with mixing
If ρb = ρl ( body will just float with fully submerged)
If ρb > ρl (body will sink)
Viscosity
Viscosity is the internal friction between fluid layers. Reynolds Number (Re)
More viscosity = fluid flows slowly. Re = ρ v d/η
Density and Relative Density Re < 2000 →Streamline
Density = Mass/Volume Newton’s Law of Viscous Force Re > 3000 →Turbulent
ρ=m/V F = η A (dv/dy)
Relative density = (Density of substance / Density of η = coefficient of viscosity Continuity Equation
water) Unit: Pa·s
Flow rate remains constant in a tube:
No unit.
A₁ v₁ = A₂ v₂
If area decreases →
velocity increases.

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