Unit-4

[Link] a program to sort words in a file and put them in another file. The
output file should have only lower-case words, so any upper-case words from
source must be lowered.
Aim:
To Write a program to sort words in a file and put them in another file. The
output file should have only lower-case words, so any upper-case words from
source must be lowered.
Program:
# Create a sample input file

with open("[Link]", "w") as f:

[Link]("Apple banana Mango grape ORANGE")

print("[Link] created successfully!")

o/p:[Link] created successfully!

# Function to sort words from input file and write to output file

def sort_words(input_file, output_file):

try:

# Read words from input file

with open(input_file, "r") as file:

words = [Link]().split()

# Convert words to lowercase

lower_words = [[Link]() for word in words]

# Sort words alphabetically

sorted_words = sorted(lower_words)
 # Write sorted words to output file

with open(output_file, "w") as file:

for word in sorted_words:

[Link](word + "\n")

print("Words sorted and written successfully!")

except FileNotFoundError:

print("Error: Input file not found.")

# Run the function

sort_words("[Link]", "[Link]")

o/p:

Words sorted and written successfully!

# Display contents of output file

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:

print([Link]())
Output:
apple
banana
grape
mango
orange

Result:

Hence above code is executed successfully.

19. Python program to print each line of a file in reverse order.
Aim:
To Write a Python program to print each line of a file in reverse order.
Program:
# Create sample file
with open("[Link]", "w") as f:
[Link]("Hello World\nPython Programming\nGoogle Colab")
print("Sample file created.")
o/p: Sample file created.
# Function to print each line in reverse order
def reverse_lines(filename):
try:
with open(filename, 'r') as file:
for line in file:
# Remove newline and reverse the line
reversed_line = [Link]()[::-1]
print(reversed_line)
except FileNotFoundError:
print("Error: File not found.")
# Call function
reverse_lines("[Link]")
o/p: dlroW olleH
gnimmargorP nohtyP
baloC elgooG
Result:
Hence above code is executed successfully.

20. Python program to compute the number of characters, words and lines in a
file.
Aim:
To write a Python program to compute the number of characters, words and lines
in a file.
Program:
with open("[Link]", "w") as f:
[Link]("Hello World\nPython is Easy")

print("Sample file created.")

# Function to count characters, words, and lines
def count_file_details(filename):
try:
with open(filename, 'r') as file:
content = [Link]()
# Count characters (including spaces)
characters = len(content)
# Count words
words = len([Link]())
# Count lines
lines = [Link]('\n') + 1 if content else 0
print("Number of characters:", characters)
print("Number of words:", words)
print("Number of lines:", lines)
except FileNotFoundError:
print("Error: File not found.")
# Call function
count_file_details("[Link]")

Output:
Sample file created.
Number of characters: 26
Number of words: 5
Number of lines: 2
Result:
Hence above code is executed successfully.

21. Write a program to create, display, append, insert and reverse the order of
the items in the array.
Aim:
To Write a program to create, display, append, insert and reverse the order of the
items in the array.
Program:
# Create an array (using list in Python)
arr = []
# Take number of elements from user
n = int(input("Enter number of elements: "))
print("Enter elements:")
# Add elements to array
for i in range(n):
element = input()
[Link](element)
# Display array
print("Array elements are:", arr)
# Append an item
append_item = input("Enter item to append: ")
[Link](append_item)
print("After append:", arr)
# Insert an item
insert_item = input("Enter item to insert: ")
position = int(input("Enter position (index) to insert: "))
[Link](position, insert_item)
print("After insertion:", arr)
# Reverse the array
[Link]()
print("After reversing:", arr)
Output:
Enter number of elements: 3
Enter elements:
10
20
30
Array elements are: ['10', '20', '30']
Enter item to append: 40
After append: ['10', '20', '30', '40']
Enter item to insert: 15
Enter position (index) to insert: 1
After insertion: ['10', '15', '20', '30', '40']
After reversing: ['40', '30', '20', '15', '10']
Result:
Hence above code is executed successfully.
[Link] a program to add, transpose and multiply two matrices.
Aim:
To Write a program to add, transpose and multiply two matrices.
Program:
# Input matrix size
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))
cols = int(input("Enter number of columns: "))
print("\nEnter elements of Matrix A:")
A = []
for i in range(rows):
row = []
for j in range(cols):
[Link](int(input()))
[Link](row)
print("\nEnter elements of Matrix B:")
B = []
for i in range(rows):
row = []
for j in range(cols):
[Link](int(input()))
[Link](row)
# Matrix Addition
print("\nMatrix Addition (A + B):")
result_add = []
for i in range(rows):
row = []
for j in range(cols):
[Link](A[i][j] + B[i][j])
result_add.append(row)
for row in result_add:
print(row)
# Transpose of Matrix A
print("\nTranspose of Matrix A:")
transpose = []
for j in range(cols):
row = []
for i in range(rows):
[Link](A[i][j])
[Link](row)
for row in transpose:
 print(row)
# Matrix Multiplication (A × B)
print("\nMatrix Multiplication (A × B):")
result_mul = []
for i in range(rows):
row = []
for j in range(cols):
sum_value = 0
for k in range(cols):
sum_value += A[i][k] * B[k][j]
[Link](sum_value)
result_mul.append(row)
for row in result_mul:
print(row)
Output:
Enter number of rows: 2
Enter number of columns: 2
Enter elements of Matrix A:
6
8
10
12
Enter elements of Matrix B:
1
3
2
4
Matrix Addition (A + B):
[7, 11]
[12, 16]
Transpose of Matrix A:
[6, 10]
[8, 12]
Matrix Multiplication (A × B):
[22, 50]
[34, 78]
Result:Hence above code is executed successfully.
23. Write a Python program to create a class that represents a shape. Include
methods to calculate its area and perimeter. Implement subclasses for different
shapes like circle, triangle, and square.
Aim:
To Write a Python program to create a class that represents a shape. Include
methods to calculate its area and perimeter. Implement subclasses for different
shapes like circle, triangle, and square.
Program:
import math
# Base Class
class Shape:
def area(self):
pass
def perimeter(self):
pass
# Subclass: Circle
class Circle(Shape):
def __init__(self, radius):
[Link] = radius
def area(self):
return [Link] * [Link] ** 2
def perimeter(self):
return 2 * [Link] * [Link]
# Subclass: Square
class Square(Shape):
def __init__(self, side):
[Link] = side
def area(self):
return [Link] ** 2
def perimeter(self):
return 4 * [Link]
# Subclass: Triangle
class Triangle(Shape):
def __init__(self, a, b, c):
self.a = a
self.b = b
 self.c = c
def area(self):
# Heron's formula
s = (self.a + self.b + self.c) / 2
return [Link](s * (s - self.a) * (s - self.b) * (s - self.c))
def perimeter(self):
return self.a + self.b + self.c

# Example Usage
# Circle
circle = Circle(5)
print("Circle Area:", [Link]())
print("Circle Perimeter:", [Link]())
# Square
square = Square(4)
print("\nSquare Area:", [Link]())
print("Square Perimeter:", [Link]())
# Triangle
triangle = Triangle(3, 4, 5)
print("\nTriangle Area:", [Link]())
print("Triangle Perimeter:", [Link]())
Output:
Circle Area: 78.53981633974483
Circle Perimeter: 31.41592653589793
Square Area: 16
Square Perimeter: 16
Triangle Area: 6.0
Triangle Perimeter: 12
Result:Hence above code is executed successfully