ISC YEAR 2027

INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE

EXAMINATION

MATHEMATICS
(860)
February 2025
____________________________________________________________________________________________

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Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)

MISSION STATEMENT

The Council for the Indian School Certificate

Examinations is committed to serving the nation's
children, through high quality educational
endeavours, empowering them to contribute towards
a humane, just and pluralistic society, promoting
introspective living, by creating exciting learning
opportunities, with a commitment to excellence.

ETHOS OF CISCE

Trust and fair play.

Minimum monitoring.
Allowing schools to evolve their own niche.
Catering to the needs of the children.
Giving freedom to experiment with new ideas
and practices.
Diversity and plurality - the basic strength for
evolution of ideas.
Schools to motivate pupils towards the
cultivation of:
Excellence - The Indian and Global
experience.
Values - Spiritual and cultural - to be the bedrock
of the educational experience.
Schools to have an 'Indian Ethos', strong roots in
the national psyche and be sensitive to national
aspirations.
 MATHEMATICS (860)

This subject may not be taken with Applied Mathematics.

(Note: For candidates who wish to pursue a career in Mathematics/ Physics/ Chemistry/ Engineering/ Architecture/
and other related fields.)

5. To develop skills of –
Aims a. Computation.
1. To enable candidates to acquire knowledge and b. Logical thinking.
to develop an understanding of the terms, c. Handling abstractions.
concepts, symbols, definitions, principles, d. Generalizing patterns.
processes and formulae of Mathematics at the e. Mathematical modeling to solve real-time
Senior Secondary stage. problems.
2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge f. Analyzing data and solving problems using
and understanding of Mathematics to unfamiliar multiple mathematical methods.
situations or to new problems. g. Reading and interpreting tables, charts,
3. To enhance ability of analytical and rational graphs, etc.
thinking in young minds. 6. To enhance the ability to apply mathematical
4. To develop mathematical thinking and ability to skills in interdisciplinary subjects
communicate mathematical ideas logically and 7. To develop an appreciation of the role of
precisely. Mathematics in day-to-day life.
8. To develop a scientific attitude through the study
of Mathematics.

CLASS XI
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I : Theory (3 hours) ……80 marks
Paper II: Project Work ……20 marks

PAPER I- THEORY: 80 Marks

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR THE THEORY PAPER

[Link]. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Sets and Functions 18 Marks
2. Algebra 26 Marks
3. Coordinate Geometry 20 Marks
4. Calculus 8 Marks
5. Statistics & Probability 8 Marks
TOTAL 80 Marks

ISC Examination Year 2027 1

1. Sets and Functions (iii) Trigonometry
(i) Sets Positive and negative angles. Measuring
angles in radians and in degrees and
Sets and their representations. Empty set.
conversion from one measure to another.
Finite and Infinite sets. Equal sets. Subsets.
Definition of trigonometric functions with
Subsets of a set of real numbers especially
the help of unit circle. Truth of the identity
intervals (with notations). Power set.
Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union and sin2x + cos2x=1, for all x. Signs of
Intersection of sets. Difference of sets. trigonometric functions. Domain and range
Complement of a set. Properties of of trignometric functions and their graphs.
Complement of Sets. Expressing sin (x±y) and cos (x±y) in terms
of sinx, siny, cosx & cosy and their simple
(ii) Relations & Functions applications. Deducing the identities like the
Ordered pairs, Cartesian product of sets. following:
Number of elements in the cartesian product
tan x ± tan y
of two finite sets. Cartesian product of the tan (x ± y) = ,
set of reals with itself (upto R x R x R). 1  tan x tan y
Definition of relation, pictorial diagrams,
domain, co-domain and range of a relation. cot x cot y  1
cot(x ± y)=
Function as a special type of relation. coty ± cotx
Function as a type of mapping, domain, co-
domain and range of a function. Real valued 1 1
sin α ± sin β =2sin ( α ± β )cos (α  β )
functions, domain and range of these 2 2
functions, constant, identity, polynomial,
1 1
rational, modulus, signum, exponential, cos α + cos β = 2 cos (α + β ) cos (α - β )

logarithmic and greatest integer functions. 2 2

Sum, difference, product and quotient of 1 1
functions. cos α - cos β = - 2sin (α + β ) sin (α - β )
2 2
• Sets: Self-explanatory.
Identities related to sin 2x, cos2x, tan 2x,
• Basic concepts of Relations and sin3x, cos3x and tan3x.
Functions
• Angles and Arc lengths
- Ordered pairs, sets of ordered - Angles: Convention of sign of
pairs. angles.
- Cartesian Product (Cross) of two - Magnitude of an angle: Measures of
sets, cardinal number of a cross
Angles; Circular measure.
product.
Relations as: - The relation S = rθ where θ is in
radians. Relation between radians
- an association between two sets. and degree.
- a subset of a Cross Product. - Definition of trigonometric
- Domain, Range and Co-domain of a functions with the help of unit
Relation. circle.
Functions: - Truth of the identity sin2x+cos2x=1
- As special relations, concept of NOTE: Questions on the area of a sector of
writing “y is a function of x” as y a circle are required to be covered.
= f(x). • Trigonometric Functions
- Domain and range of a function - Relationship between trigonometric
- Reading, sketching and functions.
understanding the graphs of all - Proving simple identities.
standard real valued functions. - Signs of trigonometric functions.
- Domain and range of the
trigonometric functions.

ISC Examination Year 2027 2

 - Trigonometric functions of all - Product and sum of roots.
angles. - Roots are rational, irrational,
- Periods of trigonometric functions. equal, reciprocal, one square of
- Graphs of simple trigonometric the other.
functions (only sketches). - Complex roots.
NOTE: Graphs of sin x, cos x, tan x, sec x, - Framing quadratic equations with
cosec x and cot x are to be included. given roots.
• Compound and multiple angles NOTE: Questions on equations having
- Addition and subtraction formula: common roots are to be covered.
sin(A ± B); cos(A ± B); tan(A ± B);
• Quadratic Functions.
tan(A + B + C) etc., Double angle,
triple angle, half angle and one Given α, β as roots then find the
third angle formula as special equation whose roots are of the form
cases. α 3 , β 3 , etc.
- Sum and differences as products
sin C + sin D= Real roots
C+D C−D Case I: a > 0 Complex roots
2sin   cos   , etc.
 2   2  Equal roots
- Product to sum or difference Case II: a < 0 Real roots
i.e. 2sinAcosB = sin (A + B) + sin
Complex roots,
(A – B) etc.
Equal roots
2. Algebra Where ‘a’ is the coefficient of x2 in the
(i) Complex Numbers equations of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Introduction of complex numbers and their • Sign of quadratic
representation, Algebraic properties of Sign when the roots are real and when
complex numbers. Argand plane and polar they are complex.
representation of complex numbers. Square • Graph of quadratic function.
root of a complex number. Cube root of Maximum/minimum value of quadratic
unity. function and value of x for which
- Conjugate, modulus and argument of maximum/minimum occurs.
complex numbers and their properties. • Inequalities
- Sum, difference, product and quotient of - Linear Inequalities
two complex numbers additive and
Algebraic solutions of linear
multiplicative inverse of a complex
inequalities in one variable and their
number.
representation on the number line.
- Square root of a complex number.
- Cube roots of unity and their properties. Self-explanatory.
- Quadratic Inequalities
(ii) Quadratic Equations
Using method of intervals for
Statement of Fundamental Theorem of solving problems of the type:
Algebra, solution of quadratic equations
(with real coefficients). x2 + x − 6 ≥ 0
• Use of the formula: + - +

− b ± b 2 − 4ac -3 2
x=
2a A perfect square e.g. x 2 − 6 x + 9 ≥ 0 .
In solving quadratic equations. - Inequalities involving rational
expression of type
• Equations reducible to quadratic form.
f ( x)
• Nature of roots ≤ a . etc. to be covered.
g ( x)

ISC Examination Year 2027 3

 geometric mean (G.M.), relation between
(iii) Permutations and Combinations A.M. and G.M. Formulae for the following
Fundamental principle of counting. special sums ∑ n, ∑ n 2 , ∑ n 3 .
Factorial n. (n!) Permutations and
combinations, derivation of formulae for • Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
nP
r
and n Cr and their connections, - T n = a + (n - 1)d
application.
• Factorial notation n! , n! =n (n-1)!
n
- Sn = {2a + (n − 1)d }
• Fundamental principle of counting. 2
• Permutations
- Arithmetic mean: 2b = a + c
n
- Pr .
- Inserting two or more arithmetic
- Restricted permutation. means between any two numbers.
- Certain things always occur
- Three terms in A.P. : a - d, a, a + d
together.
- Four terms in A.P.: a - 3d, a - d, a
- Certain things never occur.
+ d, a + 3d
- Formation of numbers with digits.
- Word building - repeated letters - • Geometric Progression (G.P.)
No letters repeated. - T n = arn-1,
- Permutation of alike things.
a (r n − 1)
- Permutation of Repeated things. - Sn = , |r|>1,
- Circular permutation – clockwise r −1
counterclockwise – Distinguishable 𝒂𝒂(𝟏𝟏−𝒓𝒓𝒏𝒏 )
𝑺𝑺𝒏𝒏 =
𝟏𝟏−𝒓𝒓
, |𝒓𝒓| < 𝟏𝟏
/ not distinguishable.
• Combinations a
-=S∞ ; r <1
- nC r , nC n =1, nC 0 = 1, nC r = nC n–r , 1− r
n
C x = nC y , then x + y = n or x = y,
n+1
C r = nC r-1 + nC r . - Geometric Mean, b = ac
- When all things are different. - Inserting two or more Geometric
- When all things are not different. Means between any two numbers.
- Mixed problems on permutation - Three terms are in G.P. ar, a, ar-1
and combinations. - Four terms are in GP ar3, ar, ar-1,
ar-3
(iv) Binomial Theorem
• Special sums ∑ n, ∑ n 2 , ∑ n 3
History, statement and proof of the
binomial theorem for positive integral Using these summations to sum up other
indices. Pascal's triangle, General and related expression.
middle term(s) in binomial expansion, Finding nth. term of a sequence using
applications. Method of difference.

• Significance of Pascal’s triangle. 3. Coordinate Geometry

• Binomial theorem for positive integral (i) Straight Lines
powers,
Brief recall of two-dimensional geometry
i.e. (x + y )n = n
C0 x n + nC1 x n -1 y + ...... + nCn y n . from earlier classes. Shifting of origin. Slope
• Binomial coefficients. of a line and angle between two lines.
Various forms of equations of a line:
Questions based on the above. parallel to axis, point-slope form, slope-
(v) Sequence and Series intercept form, two-point form, intercept
form and normal form. General equation of
Sequence and Series. Arithmetic a line. Equation of family of lines passing
Progression (A.P.). Arithmetic Mean through the point of intersection of two
(A.M.) Geometric Progression (G.P.), lines. Distance of a point from a line.
general term of a G.P., sum of first n terms
of a G.P., infinite G.P. and its sum,

ISC Examination Year 2027

4
 • Brief recall of basic concepts of Points of a conic section. Standard equations and
and their coordinates. simple properties of parabola, ellipse and
hyperbola.
- Section formula
(internally/externally) • Conics as a section of a cone.
- Coordinates of incentre, Area of - Definition of Foci, Directrix, Latus
triangle when vertices are given Rectum.
- Condition for collinearity of three - PS = ePL where P is a point on the
points conics, S is the focus, PL is the
• The straight line perpendicular distance of the point
from the directrix.
- Slope or gradient of a line.
(i) Parabola
- Angle between two lines.
- e =1, y2 = ±4ax, x2 = 4ay,
- Condition of perpendicularity and y2 = -4ax,
parallelism.
x2 = -4ay.
- Various forms of equation of lines.
- Slope intercept form. - Rough sketch of the above.
- Two-point slope form. - The latus rectum;
- Intercept form. quadrants they lie in;
coordinates of focus and
- Perpendicular /normal form.
vertex; and equations of
- General equation of a line. directrix and the axis.
- Distance of a point from a line.
- Finding equation of
- Distance between parallel lines. Parabola when Foci and
- Equation of lines bisecting the directrix are given, etc.
angle between two lines. - Application questions
- Equation of family of lines based on the above.
- Definition of a locus.
(ii) Ellipse
- Equation of a locus.
- x2 y2
+ = 1 , e <1, b 2 = a 2 (1 − e 2 )
(ii) Circles a2 b2
• Equations of a circle in: - Cases when a > b and a <
- Standard form. b.
- Diameter form. - Rough sketch of the above.
- General form. - Major axis, minor axis;
- Parametric form. latus rectum; coordinates
• Given the equation of a circle, to find of vertices, focus and
the centre and the radius. centre; and equations of
directrices and the axes.
• Finding the equation of a circle.
- Finding equation of ellipse
- Given three non collinear points. when focus and directrix
- Given other sufficient data for are given.
example centre is (h, k) and it lies
on a line and two points on the - Simple and direct questions
circle are given, etc. based on the above.
- When circles touching each other - Focal property i.e. SP +
externally/internally. SP′ = 2a.
• Intercepts made by the circle on the (iii) Hyperbola
axes.
• Relative position of two circles. - x2 y2
− = 1 , e > 1, b2 = a 2 ( e 2 − 1)
a 2 b2
(iii) Conic Section
- Cases when coefficient y2 is
Sections of a cone, ellipse, parabola,
hyperbola, a point, a straight line and a pair negative and coefficient of
of intersecting lines as a degenerated case x2 is negative.

ISC Examination Year 2027

5
 - Rough sketch of the above. - Derivatives of product of functions.
- Focal property i.e. SP - S’P = Derivatives of quotients of
2a. functions.
- Transverse and Conjugate
axes; Latus rectum; 5. Statistics and Probability
coordinates of vertices, foci and
centre; and equations of the (i) Statistics
directrices and the axes. Measures of dispersion: range, mean
deviation, variance and standard deviation
(iv)Introduction to three-dimensional Geometry of ungrouped/grouped data.
Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in • Mean deviation about mean.
three dimensions. Coordinates of a point.
• Standard deviation - by direct method,
Distance between two points and section
short cut method and step deviation
formula.
method.
- As an extension of 2-D • Combined mean and standard deviation
- Distance formula. (ii) Probability
- Section and midpoint form
Random experiments; outcomes, sample
4. Calculus spaces (set representation). Events;
occurrence of events, 'not', 'and' and 'or'
(i) Limits and Derivatives events, exhaustive events, mutually
Derivative introduced as rate of change both exclusive events, Axiomatic (set theoretic)
as that of distance function and probability, connections with other theories
geometrically. studied in earlier classes. Probability of an
Intuitive idea of limit. Limits of polynomials event, probability of 'not', 'and' and 'or'
and rational functions trigonometric, events.
exponential and logarithmic functions. • Random experiments and their
Definition of derivative relate it to scope of outcomes.
tangent of the curve, Derivative of sum, • Events: sure events, impossible events,
difference, product and quotient of mutually exclusive and exhaustive
functions. Derivatives of polynomial and events.
trigonometric functions. - Definition of probability of an event
• Limits - Laws of probability addition
- Notion and meaning of limits. theorem.
- Fundamental theorems on limits
(statement only).
PAPER II
- Existence of lim f(x) PROJECT WORK – 20 Marks
x→a Candidates will be expected to have completed two
- Left hand limit , Right hand limit projects.
- Limits of algebraic, trigonometric Mark allocation for each Project [10 marks]:
exponential and logarithmic
functions. Overall format 1 mark
NOTE: Indeterminate forms are to be
Content 4 marks
introduced while calculating limits.
• Differentiation Findings 2 marks
- Meaning and geometrical Viva-voce based on the Project 3 marks
interpretation of derivative.
- Derivatives of simple algebraic and Total 10 marks
trigonometric functions and their
formulae.
List of suggested assignments for Project Work:
- Differentiation using first
principles. 1. Explore different methods to prove the result “If
- Derivatives of sum/difference. a set has ‘n’ number of elements, then the total
number of subsets is 2n”.

ISC Examination Year 2027

6
2. Verify that for two sets A and B, n(A × B) = perpendicular to the line from the origin and the
pq, where n(A) = p and n(B)= q, the total number x-axis) for each of the following, on the same
of relations from A to B is 2pq. graph:
3. Using Venn diagram, verify the distributive law (i) α < 90°
for three given non-empty sets A, B and C. (ii) 90° < α < 180°
4. Identify distinction between a relation and a (iii) 180° < α < 270°
function with suitable examples and illustrate
(iv) 270° < α < 360°
graphically.
14. Identify the variability and consistency of two
5. Establish the relationship between the measure sets of statistical data using the concept of
of an angle in degrees and in radians with coefficient of variation.
suitable examples by drawing a rough sketch.
15. Construct the tree structure of the outcomes of a
6. Illustrate with the help of a model, the values of random experiment, when elementary events are
sine and cosine functions for different angles not equally likely. Also construct a sample space
which are multiples of π/2 and π. by taking a suitable example.
7. Draw the graphs of sin x, sin 2x, 2 sin x, and sin 16. Let S and S1 be two(non-concentric) circles with
x/2 on the same graph using same coordinate centres A , B and radii r1, r2 and d be the
axes and interpret the same. distance between their centres. Relation between
8. Draw the graph of cos x, cos 2x, 2 cos x, and cos r1, r2 and d with respect to relative position of
x/2 on the same graph using same coordinate two circles.
axes and interpret the same. 17. Construct different types of conics by
9. Using argand plane, interpret geometrically, the PowerPoint Presentation, or by making a model,
meaning of 𝑖𝑖 = √−1 and its integral powers. using the concept of double cone and a plane.
10. Draw the graph of quadratic function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 18. Use focal property of ellipse to construct ellipse.
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐. From the graph find 19. Use focal property of hyperbola to construct
maximum/minimum value of the function. Also hyperbola.
determine the sign of the expression. 20. Write geometrical significance of X coordinate,
11. Construct a Pascal’s triangle to write a binomial Y coordinate, and Z coordinate in space. Using
expansion for a given positive integral exponent. the above, find the distance of the point in space
12. Obtain a formula for the sum of the squares/sum from x-axis/y-axis/z-axis. Explain the above
of cubes of ’n’ natural numbers. using a three-dimensional model/ power point
presentation.
13. Obtain the equation of the straight line in the
normal form, for 𝛼𝛼 (the angle between the

ISC Examination Year 2027 7

 CLASS XII

There will be two papers in the subject:

Paper I : Theory (3 hours) ……80 marks
Paper II: Project Work ……20 marks

PAPER I - THEORY: 80 Marks

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR THE THEORY PAPER

[Link]. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Relations and Functions 10 Marks

2. Algebra 10 Marks

3. Calculus 35 Marks

4 Vector Algebra 5 Marks

5 Three - Dimensional Geometry 6 Marks

6. Linear Programming 5 Marks

7. Probability 9 Marks

TOTAL 80 Marks

ISC Examination Year 2027 8

1. Relations and Functions - Formulae for 2sin-1x, 2cos-1x, 2tan-1x,
3tan-1x etc. and application of these
(i) Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric,
formulae.
transitive and equivalence relations. One to
one and onto functions, composite function
2. Algebra
and inverse of a function.
Matrices and Determinants
• Relations as:
- Relation on a set A (i) Matrices
- Identity relation, empty relation, Concept, notation, order, equality, types of
universal relation. matrices, zero and identity matrix,
- Types of Relations: reflexive, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew
symmetric, transitive and symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices:
equivalence relation. Addition and multiplication and
multiplication with a scalar. Simple
• Functions: properties of addition, multiplication and
- As special relations, concept of scalar multiplication. Non- commutativity
writing “y is a function of x” as y of multiplication of matrices and existence
= f(x). of non-zero matrices whose product is the
- Types: one to one, many to one, zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of
into, onto. order upto 3). Invertible matrices and proof
- Real Valued function. of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists (here
- Domain and range of a function. all matrices will have real entries).
- Conditions of inevitability.
(ii) Determinants
- Sketching of graph of a function and
its inverse. Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x
- Composite functions and Invertible 3 matrices), properties of determinants,
functions (algebraic functions minors, co-factors and applications of
only). determinants in finding the area of a
triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square
(ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and
Definition, domain, range, principal value number of solutions of system of linear
branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric equations by examples, solving system of
functions. Elementary properties of inverse linear equations in two or three variables
trigonometric functions. (having unique solution) using inverse of a
matrix.
- Principal values.
- Types of matrices (m × n; m, n ≤ 3),
- sin-1x, cos-1x, tan-1x etc order; Diagonal matrix, Scalar matrix,
x Identity matrix, Triangular matrix.
- sin-1x = cos −1 1 − x 2 =
tan −1 .
1 − x2 - Symmetric, Skew symmetric matrices.
Properties of Symmetric, Skew
1 π symmetric matrices.
- sin-1x= cosec −1 ; sin-1x+cos-1x=
x 2
- Operation – addition, subtraction,
and similar relations for cot-1x, tan-1x,
multiplication of a matrix with scalar,
etc.
multiplication of two matrices
sin-1 x ± = ( x 1− y ± y 1− x )
sin-1 y sin -1 2 2 (the compatibility).
1 1 
-1
cos y cos ( xy  1 − y 1 − x )
cos x ± = -1 -1 2 2 
E.g. 0 2 
 1 2 = AB( say ) but BA is
2 2
1 1  
x+ y
similarly tan-1 x +=
tan-1 y tan-1 , xy < 1 not possible.
1 − xy
- Singular and non-singular matrices.
-1 -1 x− y -1
tan
= x − tan y tan , xy > −1 - Existence of two non-zero matrices
1 + xy
whose product is a zero matrix.

ISC Examination Year 2027 9

 - Properties of adjoint of a square matrix. - Algebra of continues function.
AdjA - Removable discontinuity. Types of
−1
- Inverse (2×2, 3×3) A = removable discontinuity.
A
• Differentiation
- Properties of inverse - Concept of continuity and
• Martin’s Rule (i.e. using matrices) differentiability of x , [x], etc.
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 - Derivatives of trigonometric
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 functions.
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 - Derivatives of exponential
functions.
- Derivatives of logarithmic
a1 b1 c1   d1   x functions.
A = a 2 b2 c 2  B = d 2  X =  y 
  
- Derivatives of inverse
a 3 b3 c3   d 3   z  trigonometric functions -
differentiation by means of
AX = B ⇒ X = A −1 B substitution.
- Derivatives of implicit functions
Problems based on above.
and chain rule.
NOTE: The conditions for consistency of - Derivatives of Parametric
equations in two and three variables, using functions.
matrices, are to be covered.
- Differentiation of a function with
• Determinants respect to another function e.g.
- Order. differentiation of sinx3 with respect
to x3.
- Minors.
- Logarithmic Differentiation -
- Cofactors. x
Finding dy/dx when y = x x .
- Expansion.
- Successive differentiation up to 2nd
- Applications of determinants in finding order.
the area of triangle and collinearity.
NOTE: Derivatives of composite functions
- Properties of determinants. Problems using chain rule.
based on properties of determinants.
(ii) Applications of Derivatives
3. Calculus Applications of derivatives: rate of change
of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions,
(i) Continuity, Differentiability and
tangent and normal, maxima and minima
Differentiation. Continuity and
(first derivative test motivated
differentiability, derivative of composite
geometrically and second derivative test
functions, chain rule, derivatives of
given as a provable tool). Problems that
inverse trigonometric functions, derivative
illustrate basic principles and understanding
of implicit functions. Concept of
exponential and logarithmic functions. of the subject as well as real-life situations.
• Equation of Tangent and Normal, Angle
Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential
between two curves
functions. Logarithmic differentiation,
derivative of functions expressed in • Rate measure.
parametric forms. Second order derivatives.
• Increasing and decreasing functions.
• Continuity
• Maxima and minima.
- Continuity of a function at a point
x = a. - Critical points, Stationary/turning
points, Extreme points.
- Continuity of a function in an - Absolute maxima/minima
interval.

ISC Examination Year 2027 10

 - local maxima/minima dx dx px + q px + q
- First derivatives test and second ∫ 2 2
,∫ ,∫ 2
dx, ∫ dx
x ±a x 2 ± a 2 ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
derivatives test
- Application problems based on
maxima and minima.
and ∫ a 2 ± x 2 dx, ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx,

(iii) Integrals ∫ ∫
ax 2 + bx + c dx, ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx,
Integration as inverse process of integrations reducible to the above
differentiation. Integration of a variety of forms.
functions by substitution, by partial dx
fractions and by parts, Evaluation of ∫ a cos x + b sin x ,
simple integrals of the following types and dx dx dx
problems based on them. ∫ a + b cos x , ∫ a + b sin x ∫ a cos x + b sin x + c ,
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
(a cos x + b sin x)dx ,
(without proof). Basic properties of ∫
definite integrals and evaluation of c cos x + d sin x
definite integrals. dx
∫ a cos2 x + b sin 2 x + c
• Indefinite integral
- Integration as the inverse of 1 ± x2
differentiation.(anti-derivative). ∫ 1 + x 4 dx ,
- Anti-derivatives of polynomials and dx
functions (ax +b)n , sinx, cosx, ∫ 1+ x , ∫ 4
tan x dx, ∫ cot x dx etc.
sec2x, cosec2x etc .
• Definite Integral
- Integrals of the type sin2x, sin3x,
sin4x, cos2x, cos3x, cos4x. - Fundamental theorem of calculus
(without proof)
- Integration of 1/x, ex.
- Integration by substitution. - Properties of definite integrals.
- Integrals of the type f ' (x)[f (x)]n, - Problems based on the following
f ′( x) properties of definite integrals are
. to be covered.
f ( x)
b b
- Integration of tanx, cotx, secx,
cosecx. ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (t )dt
a a
- Integration by parts. b a
- Integration using partial fractions.
f ( x)
∫
a
f ( x)dx = − ∫ f ( x)dx
b
Expressions of the form
g ( x) b c b

when degree of f(x) < degree of g(x) ∫ a

f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx
a c
x+2 A B
E.g. = + where a < c < b
( x − 3)( x + 1) x − 3 x + 1
b b
x+2 A B C
( x − 2)( x − 1) 2
= +
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
+
x−2
∫ a
f ( x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx
a

x +1 Ax + B C a a
= 2 +
( x + 3)( x − 1) x + 3 x − 1
2
∫ f (=
0
x)dx ∫ f (a − x)dx
0

When degree of f (x) ≥ degree of g(x),

2a  a
x +12
 3x + 1  2 ∫ f ( x)dx, if f (2a − x) = f ( x)
e.g. 2
= 1−  2  ∫ f ( x)dx =  0
x + 3x + 2  x + 3x + 2  0  0, f (2a − x) =− f ( x)

• Integrals of the type:

ISC Examination Year 2027

11
  a components of a vector, addition of vectors,
∫
a
2 f ( x)dx,if f is an even function multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position
∫
−a
f ( x)dx =  0

vector of a point dividing a line segment in a
 0,if f is an odd function given ratio. Definition, Geometrical
Interpretation, properties and application of
(iv) Application of Integrals (Area under the scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross)
curve) Application in finding the area product of vectors.
bounded b y simple curves and coordinate
axes. Area enclosed between two curves. - As directed line segments.
- Magnitude and direction of a vector.
- Application of definite integrals - area
- Types: equal vectors, unit vectors, zero
bounded by curves, lines and coordinate
axes is required to be covered. vector.
- Position vector.
- Simple curves: lines, circles/
parabolas/ ellipses, polynomial - Components of a vector.
functions, modulus function, - Vectors in two and three dimensions.
exponential function, logarithmic - iˆ, ˆj , kˆ as unit vectors along the x, y and
function.
the z axes; expressing a vector in terms of
(v) Differential Equations the unit vectors.
Definition, order and degree, general and - Operations: Sum and Difference of vectors;
particular solutions of a differential scalar multiplication of a vector.
equation. Solution of differential equations - Section formula.
by method of separation of variables - Scalar (dot) product of vectors and its
solutions of homogeneous differential
geometrical significance.
equations of first order and first degree.
Solutions of linear differential equation of - Scalar and vector projection.
dy - Cross product and its geometrical
the type: + py = q, where p and q are significance. Its properties - area of a
dx
dx triangle, area of parallelogram, collinear
functions of x or constants. + px = q, vectors.
dy
where p and q are functions of y or constants. NOTE: Proofs of geometrical theorems by
- Differential equations, order and degree. using Vector algebra are excluded.
- Formation of differential equation by 5. Three - dimensional Geometry
eliminating arbitrary constant(s).
- Solution of differential equations. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line
joining two points. Cartesian equation and
- Variable separable. vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew
- Homogeneous equations. lines, shortest distance between two lines.
dy Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle
- Linear form + Py = Q where P and Q between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line
dx
are functions of x/constant. Similarly, for and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane.
dx/dy. - Equation of x-axis, y-axis, z axis and lines
NOTE 1: Equations reducible to variable parallel to them.
separable type are included. - Equation of xy - plane, yz – plane,
NOTE 2: The second order differential zx – plane.
equations are excluded. - Direction cosines, direction ratios.
- Angle between two lines in terms of
4. Vector Algebra direction cosines /direction ratios.
- Condition for lines to be perpendicular/
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction parallel.
of a vector. Direction cosines and direction
ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, • Lines
zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position - Cartesian and vector equations of a line
vector of a point, negative of a vector, through one and two points.

ISC Examination Year 2027 12

 - Coplanar and skew lines. - Baye’s theorem.
- Conditions for intersection of two lines. - Theoretical probability distribution,
- Distance of a point from a line. probability distribution function; mean of
- Shortest distance between two lines. random variable.
• Planes
PAPER II
- Cartesian and vector equation of a
plane.
PROJECT WORK – 20 Marks
- Direction ratios of the normal to the
plane. Candidates will be expected to have completed two
- One point form. projects.
- Normal form. The project work will be assessed by the subject
- Intercept form. teacher and a Visiting Examiner appointed
- Distance of a point from a plane. locally and approved by the Council.
- Intersection of the line and plane.
Mark allocation for each Project [10 marks]:
- Angle between two planes, a line and a
plane. Overall format 1 mark
6. Linear Programming Content 4 marks
Introduction, related terminology such as Findings 2 marks
constraints, objective function, optimization, Viva-voce based on the Project 3 marks
different types of linear programming (L.P.)
problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. Total 10 marks
problems, graphical method of solution for
problems in two variables, feasible and
infeasible regions (bounded and unbounded), List of suggested assignments for Project Work:
feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal 1. Using a graph, demonstrate a function which is
feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial one-one but not onto.
constraints).
2. Using a graph demonstrate a function which is
Introduction, definition of related terminology invertible.
such as constraints, objective function, 3. Draw the graph of y = sin-1 x (or any other
optimization, advantages of linear inverse trigonometric function), using the graph
programming; limitations of linear of y = sin x (or any other relevant
programming; application areas of linear trigonometric function). Demonstrate the
programming; different types of linear concept of mirror line (about y = x) and find its
programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical domain and range.
formulation of L.P problems, graphical method
of solution for problems in two variables, 4. Explore the principal value of the function
feasible (bounded/ unbounded) and infeasible sin-1 x (or any other inverse trigonometric
regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, function) using a unit circle.
optimum feasible solution(may/may not exists). 5. Find the derivatives of a determinant of the order
of 3 x 3 and verify the same by other methods.
7. Probability 6. Verify the consistency of the system of three
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem linear equations of two variables and verify the
on probability, independent events, total same graphically. Give its geometrical
probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable interpretation.
and its probability distribution, mean of 7. For a dependent system (non-homogeneous) of
r a n d o m variable. three linear equations of three variables, identify
- Independent and dependent events infinite number of solutions.
conditional events. 8. Explain the concepts of increasing and
- Laws of Probability, addition theorem, decreasing functions, using geometrical
multiplication theorem, conditional significance of dy/dx. Illustrate with proper
probability. examples.
- Theorem of Total Probability.

ISC Examination Year 2027 13

9. Explain the geometrical significance of point of 20. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of
inflexion with examples and illustrate it using compound angles, e.g. sin (A + B) = Sin A Cos
graphs. B + Sin B Cos A, etc.
10. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples) 21. Find the image of a line with respect to a given
the concept of local maxima and local minima plane.
using graph. 22. Find the distance of a point from a given plane
11. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples) measured parallel to a given line.
the concept of absolute maxima and absolute 23. Find the distance of a point from a line measured
minima using graph. parallel to a given plane.
12. Explain the conditional probability, the theorem 24. Find the area bounded by a parabola and an
of total probability and the concept of Bayes’ oblique line.
theorem with suitable examples.
25. Find the area bounded by a circle and an oblique
13. Explain the types of probability distributions line.
and derive mean and variance of binomial
probability distribution for a given function. 26. Find the area bounded by an ellipse and an
oblique line.
14. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost
by applying the concept of Transportation 27. Find the area bounded by a circle and a circle.
problem. 28. Find the area bounded by a parabola and a
15. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost parabola.
and maximum nutritional value by applying the 29. Find the area bounded by a circle and a parabola.
concept of Diet problem. (Any other pair of curves which are specified
16. Using any suitable data, find the Optimum cost in the syllabus may also be taken.)
in the manufacturing problem by formulating a 30. Analyse - Three methods (proofs) to find the area
linear programming problem (LPP). under the curve.
17. Demonstrate application of differential 31. Tessellation:
equations to solve a given problem (example,
population increase or decrease, bacteria count Types of tessellations, Geometrical shape of
in a culture, etc.). tessellation, Tessellation in nature, Man made
tessellation, application in real life situation.
18. Using vector algebra, find the area of a 32. Scared Geometry and Euclid geometry
parallelogram/triangle. Also, derive the area comparison and different approach
analytically and verify the same.
(Mathematically)
19. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of
properties of triangles (sine/cosine rule, etc.) 33. Derivation of 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 and its applications.
34. Differentiation – instantaneous rate of change of
displacement, why not rate of change of one
variable with reference to other variable.
35. Derivation of determinant.

NOTE: No question paper for Project Work will

be set by the CISCE.

ISC Examination Year 2027 14

 SAMPLE TABLE FOR PROJECT WORK

S. No. Unique PROJECT 1 PROJECT 2 TOTAL

Identification MARKS
Number A B C D E F G H I J
(Unique ID) of Teacher Visiting Average Viva- Total Teacher Visiting Average Viva- Total (E + J)
the candidate Examiner Marks Voce by Marks Examiner Marks Voce by Marks
(A + B ÷ Visiting (C + D) (F + G ÷ Visiting (H + I)
2) Examiner 2) Examiner
7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 20
Marks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

*Breakup of 7 Marks to be awarded separately by

Name of Teacher:
the Teacher and the Visiting Examiner is as follows:
Signature: Date
Overall Format 1 Mark
Content 4 Marks Name of Visiting Examiner
Findings 2 Marks
Signature: Date
NOTE: VIVA-VOCE (3 Marks) for each Project is to be conducted only by the Visiting Examiner, and should be based on the Project only

ISC Examination Year 2027

15
ISC YEAR 2027

INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE

EXAMINATION

PHYSICS
(861)
February 2025
____________________________________________________________________________________________

© Copyright, Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations

All rights reserved. The copyright to this publication and any part thereof solely vests in the Council for the Indian
School Certificate Examinations. This publication and no part thereof may be reproduced, transmitted, distributed or
stored in any manner whatsoever, without the prior written approval of the Council for the Indian School Certificate
Examinations.
Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)

MISSION STATEMENT

The Council for the Indian School Certificate

Examinations is committed to serving the nation's
children, through high quality educational
endeavours, empowering them to contribute towards
a humane, just and pluralistic society, promoting
introspective living, by creating exciting learning
opportunities, with a commitment to excellence.

ETHOS OF CISCE

Trust and fair play.

Minimum monitoring.
Allowing schools to evolve their own niche.
Catering to the needs of the children.
Giving freedom to experiment with new ideas
and practices.
Diversity and plurality - the basic strength for
evolution of ideas.
Schools to motivate pupils towards the
cultivation of:
Excellence - The Indian and Global
experience.
Values - Spiritual and cultural - to be the bedrock
of the educational experience.
Schools to have an 'Indian Ethos', strong roots in
the national psyche and be sensitive to national
aspirations.
 PHYSICS (861)

Aims
1. To enable candidates to acquire knowledge and to develop an understanding of the terms, facts, concepts,
definitions, and fundamental laws, principles and processes in the field of physics.
2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge and understanding of physics to unfamiliar situations.
3. To develop a scientific attitude through the study of physical sciences.
4. To develop skills in -
(a) the practical aspects of handling apparatus, recording observations and
(b) Drawing diagrams, graphs, etc.
5. To develop an appreciation of the contribution of physics towards scientific and technological developments
and towards human happiness.
6. To develop an interest in the world of physical sciences.

CLASS XI
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks
Project Work … 10 marks
Practical File … 5 marks

PAPER I- THEORY: 70 Marks

S. NO. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE
1. Physical World and Measurement
2. Kinematics 23 Marks
3. Laws of Motion
4. Work, Energy and Power 17 Marks
5. Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
6. Gravitation
7. Properties of Bulk Matter 20 Marks
8. Heat and Thermodynamics
9. Behaviour of Perfect Gases and Kinetic Theory of Gases
10. Oscillations and Waves 10 Marks
TOTAL 70 Marks

ISC Examination Year 2027

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 PAPER I -THEORY – 70 Marks and subtraction, (b) multiplication/
division; ‘rounding off’ the uncertain
Note: (i) Unless otherwise specified, only S. I. Units digits; order of magnitude as statement
are to be used while teaching and learning, as well as of magnitudes in powers of 10; examples
for answering questions. from magnitudes of common physical
(ii) All physical quantities to be defined as and when quantities - size, mass, time, etc.
they are introduced along with their units and (c) Dimensions of physical quantities;
dimensions.
dimensional formula; express
(iii) Numerical problems are included from all topics derived units in terms of base units
except where they are specifically excluded or where (N = kg m/s2); use symbol […] for
only qualitative treatment is required. dimensions of or base unit of; e.g.:
dimensional formula of force in terms of
1. Physical World and Measurement
fundamental quantities written as
Units and Measurements [F] = [MLT–2].Principle of homogeneity
Measurement: need for measurement; units of of dimensions. Expressions in terms of SI
measurement; systems of units: fundamental base units and dimensional formula may
and derived units in SI; measurement of be obtained for all physical quantities as
length, mass and time; errors in measurement; and when new physical quantities are
significant figures. introduced.
Dimensional formulae of physical quantities and (d) Use of dimensional analysis to (i) check
constants, dimensional analysis and its the dimensional correctness of a
applications. formula/ equation; (ii) to obtain the
dimensional formula of any derived
(a) Importance of measurement in scientific physical quantity including constants;
studies; physics is a science of (iii) to convert units from one system to
measurement. Unit as a reference another; limitations of dimensional
standard of measurement; essential analysis.
properties. Systems of units; CGS, FPS,
MKS, MKSA, and SI; the seven base 2. Kinematics
units of SI selected by the General (i) Motion in a Straight Line
Conference of Weights and Measures in
1971 and their definitions, list of Frame of references, Motion in a straight line
fundamental, supplementary and derived (one dimension): Position-time graph, speed
physical quantities; their units and and velocity.
symbols (strictly as per rule); subunits Elementary concepts of differentiation and
and multiple units using prefixes for integration for describing motion, uniform
powers of 10 (from atto for 10-18 to tera and non- uniform motion, average speed,
for 1012); other common units such as velocity, average velocity, instantaneous
fermi, angstrom (now outdated), light velocity and uniformly accelerated motion,
year, astronomical unit and parsec. A velocity - time and position - time graphs.
new unit of mass used in atomic physics
Relations for uniformly accelerated motion
is unified atomic mass unit with symbol u
(graphical treatment).
(not amu); rules for writing the names of
units and their symbols in SI (upper Frame of reference, concept of point mass,
case/lower case.) Derived units (with rest and motion; distance and displacement,
correct symbols); special names speed and velocity, average speed and
wherever applicable; expression in terms average velocity, uniform velocity,
of base units (e.g.: N= kg m/s2). instantaneous speed and instantaneous
(b) Significant figures; their significance; velocity, acceleration, instantaneous
rules for counting the number of acceleration, s-t, v-t and a-t graphs for
significant figures; rules for (a) addition uniform acceleration and conclusions drawn

ISC Examination Year 2027

2
 from these graphs; kinematic equations of (b) Addition: use displacement as an
motion for objects in uniformly accelerated example; obtain triangle law of addition;
rectilinear motion derived using graphical, graphical and analytical treatment;
calculus or analytical method, motion of an Discuss commutative and associative
object under gravity, (one dimensional properties of vector addition (Proof not
motion). required). Parallelogram Law; sum and
Differentiation as rate of change; examples difference; derive expressions for
from physics – speed, acceleration, velocity magnitude and direction from
gradient, etc. Formulae for differentiation of parallelogram law; special cases;
simple functions: xn, sinx, cosx, ex and ln x. subtraction as special case of
Simple ideas about integration – mainly. addition with direction reversed; use of
Triangle Law for subtraction also; if
∫ [Link]. Both definite and indefinite integrals      
to be mentioned (elementary calculus not to
a + b = c ; c - a = b ; In a parallelogram,
be evaluated). if one diagonal is the sum, the other
diagonal is the difference; addition and
(ii) Motion in a Plane subtraction with vectors expressed in
Scalar and Vector quantities with examples. terms of unit vectors î , ĵ , k̂ ;
Position and displacement vectors,
multiplication of a vector by a real
general vectors and their notations;
number.
equality of vectors, addition and subtraction
of vectors, Unit vector; resolution of a (c) Use triangle law of addition to
vector in a plane, rectangular components, express a vector in terms of its
Scalar and Vector product of two vectors.   
components. If a + b = c is an
Projectile motion and uniform circular   
motion. addition fact, c = a + b is a resolution;
  
(a) General Vectors and notation, position a and b are components of c .
and displacement vector. Vectors Rectangular components, relation
explained using displacement as a between components, resultant and
prototype - along a straight line (one angle between them. Dot (or scalar)
 
dimensional), on a plane surface product of vectors a . b = abcosθ;
(two dimensional) and in an open space  
example W = F . S = FS Cosθ . Special
not confined to a line or a plane (three
case of θ = 0o, 90 o and 1800. Vector (or
dimensional); symbol and  
representation; a scalar quantity, its cross) product a × b = [absinθ] n̂ ;
  
representation and unit, equality of example: torque τ = r × F ; Special
vectors. Unit vectors denoted  
cases using unit vectors iˆ , ĵ , k̂ for a . b
by î , ĵ , k̂ orthogonal unit vectors along  
and a × b .
x, y and z axes respectively. Examples of
 (d) Various terms related to projectile
one dimensional vector V 1 =a î or b ĵ or motion; obtain equations of trajectory,
c k̂ where a, b, c are scalar quantities or time of flight, maximum height,
 horizontal range, instantaneous velocity,
numbers; V 2 = a î + b ĵ is a two [projectile motion on an inclined plane

dimensional or planar vector, V 3 = a î + not included]. Examples of projectile
motion.
b ĵ + c k̂ is a three dimensional or space
(e) Examples of uniform circular motion:
vector. Concept of null vector and co-
details to be covered in unit 3 (d).
planar vectors.

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3. Laws of Motion on “Connected bodies” (not involving two
General concept of force, inertia, Newton's pulleys).
first law of motion; momentum and (b) Force diagrams; resultant or net force from
Newton's second law of motion; impulse; Triangle law of Forces, parallelogram law or
Newton's third law of motion. 
resolution of forces. Apply net force ∑ F =
Law of conservation of linear momentum and its 
m a . Again for equilibrium a=0 and ∑F=0.
applications. Conditions of equilibrium of a rigid body
Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Friction: under three coplanar forces. Discuss ladder
Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, problem.
rolling friction, lubrication. (c) Friction; classical view and modern view of
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: friction, static friction a self-adjusting force;
Centripetal force, examples of circular motion limiting value; kinetic friction or sliding
(vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a friction; rolling friction, examples.
banked road).
Laws of friction: Two laws of static friction;
(a) Newton's first law: Statement and (similar) two laws of kinetic friction;
explanation; concept of inertia, mass, force; coefficient of friction µ s = f s (max)/N and
law of inertia; mathematically, if ∑F=0, µ k = f k /N; graphs. Friction as a non-
a=0. conservative force; motion under friction, net
   force in Newton’s 2nd law is calculated
Newton's second law: p =m v ; F α ; including f k . Motion along a rough inclined
 plane – both up and down. Pulling and
F =k . Define unit of force so that k=1; pushing of a roller. Angle of friction and
 angle of repose. Lubrication, use of bearings,
F= ; a vector equation. For classical streamlining, etc.
physics with v not large and mass m (d) Angular displacement (θ), angular velocity
 
remaining constant, obtain F =m a . (ω), angular acceleration (α) and their
For v→ c, m is not constant. Then relations. Concept of centripetal
m = mo Note that F= ma is the acceleration; obtain an expression for this

1 - v2 c2 acceleration using∆ v . Magnitude and

special case for classical mechanics. It is a direction of a same as that of ∆ v ;
vector equation. || . Also, this can be Centripetal acceleration; the cause of this
resolved into three scalar equations F x =ma x acceleration is a force - also called
etc. Application to numerical problems; centripetal force; the name only indicates its
introduce tension force, normal reaction direction, it is not a new type of force, motion
force. If a = 0 (body in equilibrium), F= 0. in a vertical circle; banking of road and
Statement, derivation and explanation of railway track (conical pendulum is
principle of conservation of linear excluded).
momentum. Impulse of a force: F∆t =∆p.
4. Work, Power and Energy
Newton's third law. Obtain it using Law of
Work done by a constant force and a
Conservation of linear momentum. Proof of
variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy
Newton’s second law as real law. Systematic
theorem, power.
solution of problems in mechanics; isolate a
part of a system, identify all forces acting on Potential energy, potential energy of a spring,
it; draw a free body diagram representing conservative forces: conservation of mechanical
the part as a point and representing all energy (kinetic and potential energies);
forces by line segments, solve for resultant Conservative and non-conservative forces.

force which is equal to m a . Simple problems

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 Concept of collision: elastic and inelastic rigid body; kinetic energy of a rigid body
collisions in one and two dimensions. rotating about a fixed axis in terms of that of the
  particles of the body; hence, define moment of
(i) Work done W= F . S =FScosθ. If F is inertia and radius of gyration; physical
    significance of moment of inertia; unit and
variable dW= F . dS and W=∫dw= ∫ F . dS ,
    dimension; depends on mass and axis of rotation;
for F ║ dS F . dS =FdS therefore, W=∫FdS it is rotational inertia; equations of rotational
is the area under the F-S graph or if F can be motions. Applications: only expression for the
expressed in terms of S, ∫FdS can be moment of inertia, I (about the symmetry axis) of:
evaluated. Example, work done in stretching (i) a ring; (ii) a solid and a hollow cylinder, (iii)
a thin rod (iv) a solid and a hollow sphere, (v) a
=
a spring W = ∫Fdx ∫kxdx 1 kx 2 . This
= disc - only formulae (no derivations required).
2
is also the potential energy stored in the (a) Statements of the parallel and perpendicular
stretched spring U=½ kx2 . axes theorems with illustrations [derivation
not required]. Simple examples with change
Kinetic energy and its expression, of axis.
Work-Energy theorem E=W. Law of   
Conservation of Energy; oscillating spring. (b) Definition of torque (vector); τ = r x F
  
U+K = E = K max = U max (for U = 0 and K = and angular momentum L = r x p for a
0 respectively); graph different forms of particle (no derivations); differentiate to
energy and their transformations. E = mc2  
 obtain d L /dt= τ ; similar to Newton’s
(no derivation). Power P=W/t; P = F .v . second law of motion (linear);hence τ =I α
(ii) Collision in one dimension; derivation of and L = Iω; (only scalar
velocity equation for general case of m 1 ≠ m 2 equation); Law of conservation of angular
and u 1 ≠ u 2 =0; Special cases for m 1 =m 2 =m; momentum; simple applications.
m 1 >>m 2 or m 1 <<m 2 . Oblique collisions i.e. Comparison of linear and rotational
collision in two dimensions. motions.
5. Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body 6. Gravitation
Idea of centre of mass: centre of mass of a two- Kepler's laws of planetary motion, universal law
particle system, momentum conservation and of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity (g)
centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid and its variation with altitude, latitude and
body; centre of mass of a uniform rod. depth.
Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum,
laws of conservation of angular momentum and Gravitational potential and gravitational
its applications. potential energy, escape velocity, orbital
velocity of a satellite, Geo-stationary satellites.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation
and equations of rotational motion, comparative (i) Newton's law of universal gravitation;
study of linear and rotational motions. Statement; unit and dimensional formula of
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, universal gravitational constant, G
moments of inertia for simple geometrical [Cavendish experiment not required];
objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel gravitational acceleration on surface of the
and perpendicular axes theorems and their earth (g), weight of a body W= mg from
applications. F=ma.
Definition of centre of mass (cm), centre of mass (ii) Relation between g and G. Derive the
(cm) for a two particle system
expression for variation of g above and
m 1 x 1 +m 2 x 2 =Mx cm ; differentiating, get the
below the surface of the earth; graph;
equation for v cm and a cm ; general equation for N
particles- many particles system; [need not go mention variation of g with latitude and
into more details];centre of gravity, principle of rotation, (without derivation).
moment, discuss ladder problem, concept of a

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5
 (iii) Gravitational field, intensity of gravitational stretching a wire and strain energy,
field and potential at a point Poisson’s ratio.
in earth’s gravitational field. V p = W αp /m. (ii) Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Derive expression (by integration) for
the gravitational potential difference Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's
∆V = V B -V A = G.M(1/r A -1/r B ); here law and its applications (hydraulic lift and
V p = V(r) = -GM/r; negative sign for hydraulic brakes), effect of gravity on fluid
attractive force field; define gravitational pressure.
potential energy of a mass m in the earth's Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity,
field; expression for gravitational potential streamline and turbulent flow, critical
energy U(r) = W αp = m.V(r) = -G M m/r; velocity, Bernoulli's theorem and its
show that ∆U = mgh, for h << R. Relation applications.
between intensity and acceleration due to
gravity. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of
contact, excess of pressure across a curved
(iv) Derive expression for the escape velocity of surface, application of surface tension ideas
earth using energy consideration; v e depends to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
on mass of the earth; for moon v e is less as
mass of moon is less; consequence - no (a) Pressure in a fluid, Pascal’s Law and its
atmosphere on the moon. applications, buoyancy (Archimedes
Principle).
(v) Satellites (both natural (moon) and artificial)
in uniform circular motion around the earth; (b) General characteristics of fluid flow;
Derive the expression for orbital velocity and equation of continuity v 1 a 1 = v 2 a 2 ;
time period; note the centripetal acceleration conditions; applications like use of
is caused (or centripetal force is provided) by nozzle at the end of a hose; Bernoulli’s
the force of gravity exerted by the earth on principle (theorem); assumptions -
the satellite; the acceleration of the satellite incompressible liquid, streamline
is the acceleration due to gravity (steady) flow, non-viscous and
[g’= g(R/R+h)2; F’ G = mg’]. irrotational liquid - ideal liquid;
Weightlessness; geostationary satellites; derivation of equation; applications of
conditions for satellite to be geostationary; Bernoulli’s theorem atomizer, dynamic
parking orbit, calculation of its radius and uplift, Venturimeter, Magnus effect etc.
height; basic concept of polar satellites and (c) Streamline and turbulent flow -
their uses. examples; streamlines do not intersect
(vi) Kepler's laws of planetary motion: explain (like electric and magnetic lines of
the three laws using diagrams. Proof of third force); tubes of flow; number of
law (for circular orbits only). streamlines per unit area α velocity of
flow (from equation of continuity v 1 a 1 =
7. Properties of Bulk Matter v 2 a 2 ); critical velocity; Reynold's
number (significance only) Poiseuille’s
(i) Mechanical Properties of Solids: Elastic formula with numericals.
behaviour of solids, Stress-strain
relationship, Hooke's law, Young's modulus, (d) Viscous drag; Newton's formula for
bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity, viscosity, co-efficient of viscosity and its
Poisson's ratio; elastic energy (qualitative units.
treatment only). Flow of fluids (liquids and gases),
Elasticity in solids, Hooke’s law, Young’s laminar flow, internal friction between
modulus and its determination, bulk modulus layers of fluid, between fluid and the
and shear modulus of rigidity, work done in solid with which the fluid is in relative
motion; examples; viscous drag is a

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6
 force of friction; mobile and viscous Disc method is not required). Convection
liquids. with examples.
Velocity gradient dv/dx (space rate (b) Black body is now called ideal or cavity
of change of velocity); viscous drag radiator and black body radiation is
F = ηA dv/dx; coefficient of viscosity cavity radiation; Stefan’s law is now
η = F/A (dv/dx) depends on the nature of known as Stefan Boltzmann law as
the liquid and its temperature; units: Boltzmann derived it theoretically. There
Ns/m2 and dyn.s/cm2= poise.1 poise=0.1 is multiplicity of technical terms related
Ns/m2. to thermal radiation - radiant intensity I
(T) for total radiant power (energy
(e) Stoke's law, motion of a sphere falling radiated/second) per unit area of the
through a fluid, hollow rigid sphere
surface, in W/m2, I (T) =σ T4; dimension
rising to the surface of a liquid,
and SI unit of σ. For practical radiators
parachute, obtain the expression of
terminal velocity; forces acting; viscous I =∈. σ T4 where ∈ (dimension less) is
drag, a force proportional to velocity; called emissivity of the surface
Stoke’s law; ν-t graph. material; ∈=1 for ideal radiators. The
α
Spectral radiancy R(λ). I (T)= ∫ R (λ)
(f) Surface tension (molecular theory), 0

drops and bubbles, angle of contact, dλ.

work done in stretching a surface and
surface energy, capillary rise, Graph of R(λ) vs λ for different
measurement of surface tension by temperatures. Area under the graph is I
capillary (uniform bore) rise method. (T). The λ corresponding to maximum
Excess pressure across a curved surface, value of R is called λ max ; decreases with
application of surface tension for drops increase in temperature.
and bubbles. Wien’s displacement law; Stefan’s law
8. Heat and Thermodynamics and Newton’s law of cooling.
[Deductions from Stefan’s law not
(i) Thermal Properties of Matter: Heat, necessary].
temperature, thermal expansion; thermal
expansion of solids, liquids and gases, (ii) Thermodynamics
anomalous expansion of water; specific heat Thermal equilibrium and definition of
capacity, calorimetry; change of state, temperature (zeroth law of
specific latent heat capacity. thermodynamics), heat, work and internal
Heat transfer-conduction, convection and energy. First law of thermodynamics,
radiation, thermal conductivity, qualitative isothermal and adiabatic processes.
ideas of Blackbody radiation, Wien's Second law of thermodynamics: reversible
displacement Law and Stefan's law. and irreversible processes.
(a) Temperature and Heat, measurement of (a) Thermal equilibrium and zeroth law of
temperature (scales and inter thermodynamics: Self explanatory
conversion). Ideal gas equation and (b) First law of thermodynamics.
absolute temperature, thermal expansion Concept of heat (Q) as the energy that is
in solids, liquids and gases. Specific heat transferred (due to temperature
capacity, calorimetry, change of state, difference only) and not stored; the
latent heat capacity, steady state and energy that is stored in a body or system
temperature gradient. Thermal as potential and kinetic energy is called
conductivity; co-efficient of thermal internal energy (U). Internal energy is a
conductivity, Use of good and poor state property (only elementary ideas)
conductors, Searle’s experiment, (Lee’s whereas, heat is not; first law is a

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 statement of conservation of energy,
when, in general, heat (Q) is transferred 9. Behaviour of Perfect Gases and Kinetic
to a body (system), internal energy (U) of Theory of Gases
the system changes and some work W is
done by the system; then Q=∆U+W; also (i) Kinetic Theory: Equation of state of a perfect
W=∫pdV for working substance - an ideal gas, work done in compressing a gas. Kinetic
gas; explain the meaning of symbols theory of gases - assumptions, concept of
pressure. Kinetic interpretation of
(with examples) and sign convention
temperature; rms speed of gas molecules;
carefully (as used in physics: Q>0 when
degrees of freedom, law of equi-partition of
added to a system, ∆U>0 when U energy (statement only) and application to
increases or temperature rises, and W>0 specific heat capacities of gases; concept
when work is done by the system). of mean free path, Avogadro's number.
Special cases for Q=0 (adiabatic), ∆U=0
(isothermal) and W=0 (isochoric). (a) Kinetic Theory of gases; derive p=1/3
2
(c) Isothermal and adiabatic changes in a ρ c from the assumptions and applying
perfect gas described in terms of PV Newton’s laws of motion. The average
graphs; PV = constant (Isothermal) and thermal velocity (rms value) c rms =√3p/ρ;
PVγ = constant (adiabatic); joule and calculations for air, hydrogen and their
calorie relation (derivation of comparison with common speeds. Effect
γ
PV = constant not required). of temperature and pressure on rms
speed of gas molecules.
Note that 1 cal = 4⋅186 J exactly and J
(so-called mechanical equivalent of heat) [Note that pV=nRT the ideal gas
should not be used in equations. In equation cannot be derived from kinetic
equations, it is understood that each term theory of ideal gas. Hence, neither can
as well as the LHS and RHS are in the other gas laws; pV=nRT is an
same units; it could be all joules or all experimental result. Comparing this
calories. with p = ⅓ ρ c 2 , from kinetic theory of
(d) Derive an expression for work done in gases, a kinetic interpretation of
isothermal and adiabatic processes; temperature can be obtained as
principal and molar heat capacities; explained in the next subunit].
C p and C v ; relation between C p and (b) From kinetic theory for an
C v (C p - C v = R). Work done as area ideal gas (obeying all the assumptions
bounded by PV graph. especially no intermolecular attraction
(e) Second law of thermodynamics, Carnot's and negligibly small size of molecules,
cycle. Some practical applications.
we get p = (1/3)ρ c 2 or pV = (1/3)M c 2 .
Only one statement each in terms of (No further, as temperature is not a
Kelvin’s impossible steam engine and concept of kinetic theory). From
Clausius’ impossible refrigerator. Brief experimentally obtained gas laws, we
explanation of the law. Reversible and have the ideal gas equation (obeyed by
irreversible processes, Heat engine;
some gases at low pressure and high
Carnot’s cycle - describe realisation
from source and sink of infinite thermal temperature) pV = RT for one mole.
capacity, thermal insulation, etc. Explain Combining these two results (assuming
using pV graph (isothermal process and they can be combined),
adiabatic process) expression and RT=(1/3)M c 2 =(2/3).½M c 2 =(2/3)K;
numericals (without derivation) for Hence, kinetic energy of 1 mole of an
efficiency η=1-T 2 /T 1 . ideal gas K=(3/2)RT. Average K for 1
molecule = K/N = (3/2) RT/N = (3/2) kT
where k is Boltzmann’s constant. So,

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 temperature T can be interpreted as a and organ pipes, fundamental mode and
measure of the average kinetic energy of harmonics, Beats.
the molecules of a gas. (a) Transverse and longitudinal waves;
(c) Degrees of freedom and calculation of characteristics of a harmonic wave;
specific heat capacities for all types of graphical representation of a harmonic
gases. Concept of the law of wave. Distinction between transverse
equipartition of energy (derivation not and longitudinal waves; examples;
required). Concept of mean free path displacement, amplitude, time period,
and Avogadro’s number N A . frequency, wavelength, derive v=fλ;
graph of displacement with time/position,
10. Oscillations and Waves label time period/wavelength and
amplitude, equation of a progressive
(i) Oscillations: Periodic motion, time period,
harmonic (sinusoidal) wave, y = A sin
frequency, displacement as a function of time,
(kx±ωt) where k is a propagation factor
periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion and equivalent equations.
(S.H.M) and its equation; phase; oscillations
of a spring, restoring force and force (b) Production and propagation of sound as
constant; energy in S.H.M., Kinetic and a wave motion; mechanical wave
potential energies; simple pendulum and requires a medium; general formula for
derivation of expression for its time period. speed of sound (no derivation).
Newton’s formula for speed of sound in
Simple harmonic motion. Periodic motion, air; experimental value; Laplace’s
time period T and frequency f, f=1/T; correction; variation of speed v with
uniform circular motion and its projection on changes in pressure, density, humidity
a diameter defines SHM; displacement, and temperature. Speed of sound in
amplitude, phase and epoch, velocity, liquids and solids - brief introduction
acceleration, time period; characteristics of only. Concept of supersonic and
SHM; Relation between linear simple ultrasonic waves.
harmonic motion and uniform circular
(c) Principle of superposition of waves;
motion. Differential equation of SHM,
interference (simple ideas only);
d2y/dt2+ω2y=0 from the nature of force dependence of combined wave form, on
acting F=-k y; solution y=A sin (ωt+φ 0 ) the relative phase of the interfering
where ω2 = k/m; obtain waves; qualitative only - illustrate with
expressions for velocity, acceleration, time wave representations. Beats (qualitative
period T and frequency f. Graphical explanation only); number of beats
representation of displacement, velocity and produced per second = difference in the
acceleration. Examples, simple pendulum, a frequencies of the interfering waves.
mass m attached to a spring of spring Standing waves or stationary waves;
constant k. Derivation of time period of formation by two identical progressive
simple harmonic motion of a simple waves travelling in opposite directions
pendulum, mass on a spring (horizontal and (e.g., along a string, in an air column -
vertical oscillations) Kinetic and potential incident and reflected waves); obtain
energy at a point in simple harmonic motion. y= y 1 +y 2 = [2 y m sin (kx)] cos (ωt) using
Total energy E = U+K (potential +kinetic) is equations of the travelling waves;
variation of the amplitude A=2 y m sin (kx)
conserved. Draw graphs of U, K and E
with location (x) of the particle; nodes
Verses y. and antinodes; compare standing waves
(ii) Waves: Wave motion, Transverse and with progressive waves.
longitudinal waves, speed of wave motion, (d) Laws of vibrations of a stretched string.
displacement relation for a progressive wave, Obtain equation for fundamental
principle of superposition of waves,
reflection of waves, standing waves in strings frequency f 0 =(½l) T/m ; sonometer.

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 (e) Modes of vibration of strings and air surface and to study its relationship with
columns (closed and open pipes); normal reaction. To determine the coefficient
standing waves with nodes and antinodes; of friction.
also in resonance with the periodic force
6. To find the acceleration due to gravity by
exerted usually by a tuning fork; sketches
measuring the variation in time period (T) with
of various modes of vibration; obtain
effective length (L) of a simple pendulum; plot
expressions for fundamental frequency
graphs of T νs √L and T2 νs L. Determine
and various harmonics and overtones;
effective length of the seconds pendulum from T2
mutual relations.
νs L graph.
7. To find the force constant of a spring and to
PAPER II study variation in time period of oscillation with
PRACTICAL WORK- 15 Marks mass m of a body suspended by the spring. To
find acceleration due to gravity by plotting a
Given below is a list of required experiments. graph of T against √m.
Teachers may add to this list, keeping in mind the 8. Boyle's Law: To study the variation in volume
general pattern of questions asked in the annual with pressure for a sample of air at constant
examinations. temperature by plotting graphs between p and
In each experiment, students are expected to record 1 and between p and V.
V
their observations in a tabular form with units at the
column head. Students should plot an appropriate 9. Cooling curve: To study the fall in temperature of
graph, work out the necessary calculations and arrive a body (like hot water or liquid in calorimeter)
at the result. with time. Find the slope of the curve at four
different temperatures of the hot body and hence,
Students are required to have completed all deduce Newton's law of cooling.
experiments from the given list (excluding 10. To study the variation in frequency of air column
demonstration experiments): with length using resonance column apparatus or
1. To measure the diameter of a spherical body a long cylindrical vessel and a set of tuning forks.
using Vernier calipers. Calculate its volume with Hence, determine velocity of sound in air at room
appropriate significant figures. Also measure its temperature.
volume using a graduated cylinder and compare 11. To determine frequency of a tuning fork using a
the two. sonometer.
2. Find the diameter of a wire using a micrometer 12. To determine specific heat capacity of a solid
screw gauge and determine percentage error in using a calorimeter.
cross sectional area.
Demonstration Experiments (The following
3. Determine radius of curvature of a spherical experiments are to be demonstrated by the teacher):
surface like watch glass by a spherometer.
1. Searle's method to determine Young modulus of
4. Equilibrium of three concurrent coplanar forces. elasticity.
To verify the parallelogram law of forces and to
determine weight of a body. 2. Capillary rise method to determine surface
tension of water.
5. (i) Inclined plane: To find the downward force
acting along the inclined plane on a roller due 3. Determination of coefficient of viscosity of a
to gravitational pull of earth and to study its given viscous liquid by terminal velocity method.
relationship with angle of inclination by
plotting graph between force and sin θ.
(ii) Friction: To find the force of limiting friction
for a wooden block placed on horizontal

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 PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL Suggested Evaluation criteria:
FILE – 15 Marks  Title and Abstract (summary)
 Introduction / purpose
Project Work – 10 Marks
 Contents/Presentation
All candidates will be required to do one project
involving some Physics related topic/s, under the  Analysis/ material aid (graph, data, structure,
guidance and regular supervision of the Physics pie charts, histograms, diagrams, etc.)
teacher. Candidates are to prepare a technical report  Originality of work
including an abstract, some theoretical discussion,
experimental setup, observations with tables of data  Conclusion/comments
collected, analysis and discussion of results,
deductions, conclusion, etc. (after the draft has been
approved by the teacher). The report should be kept Practical File – 5 Marks
simple, but neat and elegant. Teachers may assign or Teachers are required to assess students on the basis
students may choose any one project of their choice. of the Physics practical file maintained by them
during the academic year.

NOTE: For guidelines regarding Project Work,

please refer to Class XII.

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 CLASS XII

There will be two papers in the subject:

Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks
Project Work ... 10 marks
Practical File ... 5 marks
PAPER I- THEORY: 70 Marks
S. NO. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Electrostatics
14 Marks
2. Current Electricity

3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

16 Marks
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

5. Electromagnetic Waves 2 Marks

6. Optics 18 Marks

7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

7 Marks

8. Atoms and Nuclei 6 Marks

9. Electronic Devices 7 Marks

TOTAL 70 Marks

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 PAPER I -THEORY- 70 Marks principle); a point charge q in an electric

field E experiences an electric
Note: (i) Unless otherwise specified, only S. I. Units  
are to be used while teaching and learning, as well as force FE = qE . Intensity due to a
for answering questions. continuous distribution of charge i.e.
(ii) All physical quantities to be defined as and when linear, surface and volume.
they are introduced along with their units and (c) Electric lines of force: A convenient way
dimensions. to visualize the electric field; properties
(iii) Numerical problems are included from all topics of lines of force; examples of the lines of
except where they are specifically excluded or where force due to (i) an isolated point charge
only qualitative treatment is required. (+ve and - ve); (ii) dipole, (iii) two
similar charges at a small distance;(iv)
1. Electrostatics uniform field between two oppositely
charged parallel plates.
(i) Electric Charges and Fields
(d) Electric dipole and dipole moment;
Electric charges; conservation and 
quantisation of charge, Coulomb's law; derivation of the E at a point, (1) on the
superposition principle and continuous axis (end on position) (2) on the
charge distribution. perpendicular bisector (equatorial i.e.
broad side on position) of a dipole, also
Electric field: electric field due to a point for r>> 2l (short dipole); dipole in a
charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, uniform electric field; net force zero,
electric field due to a dipole, torque on a torque on an electric dipole:
dipole in uniform electric field.   
τ= p × E and its derivation.
Electric flux, Gauss’s theorem in
Electrostatics and its applications to find (e) Gauss’ theorem: the flux of a vector
 
field due to infinitely long straight wire, field; Q=vA for velocity vector v A,
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and 
uniformly charged thin spherical shell. A is area vector. Similarly, for electric
  
(a) Coulomb's law, S.I. unit of field E , electric flux φ E = EA for E A
charge; permittivity of free space   
and of dielectric medium. and φE= E ⋅ A for uniform E . For non-
 
Frictional electricity, electric charges uniform field φ E = ∫dφ =∫ [Link] . Special
(two types); repulsion and cases for θ = 00, 900 and 1800. Gauss’
attraction; simple atomic structure -
theorem, statement: φE =q/∈0
electrons and ions; conductors
and insulators; quantization and or φE = where φE is for
conservation of electric charge; a closed surface; q is the net charge
Coulomb's law in vector form; (position enclosed, ∈o is the permittivity of free
coordinates r 1 , r 2 not necessary). space. Essential properties of a Gaussian
Comparison with Newton’s law of surface.
gravitation; Superposition principle 
   
( F
= 1 )
F 12 + F 13 + F 14 + ⋅⋅⋅ . Applications: Obtain expression for E
due to 1. an infinite line of charge, 2. a
(b) Concept of electric field and its intensity; uniformly charged infinite plane thin
examples of different fields; sheet, 3. a thin hollow spherical shell
gravitational, electric and magnetic; (inside, on the surface and outside).
Electric field due to a point charge Graphical variation of E vs r for a thin
  
E = F / qo (q 0 is a test charge); E for a spherical shell.
group of charges (superposition

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 (ii) Electrostatic Potential, Potential Energy and capacitor (C = ∈0A/d) and equivalent
Capacitance capacitance for capacitors in series and
Electric potential, potential difference, parallel combinations. Expression for
electric potential due to a point charge, a 1 2
energy stored (U = CV
dipole and system of charges; equipotential 2
surfaces, electrical potential energy of a 1 1 Q2
system of two point charges and of electric = QV = ) and energy density.
dipole in an electrostatic field. 2 2 C
Conductors and insulators, free charges and (c) Dielectric constant K = C'/C; this is also
bound charges inside a conductor. called relative permittivity K = ∈r = ∈/∈o;
Dielectrics and electric polarisation, elementary ideas of polarization of matter
capacitors and capacitance, combination in a uniform electric field qualitative
of capacitors in series and in parallel. discussion; induced surface charges
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, weaken the original field; results in

energy stored in a capacitor (No derivation, reduction in E and hence, in pd, (V); for
formulae only). charge remaining the same Q = CV = C'
(a) Concept of potential, potential difference V' = K. CV'; V' = V/K; and E ′ = E ; if
K
and potential energy. Equipotential
the Capacitor is kept connected with the
surface and its properties. Obtain an
source of emf, V is kept constant V = Q/C =
expression for electric potential at a
Q'/C' ; Q'=C'V = K.
point due to a point charge; graphical
CV= K. Q increases; For a parallel plate
variation of E and V vs r, VP=W/q0;
capacitor with a dielectric in between,
hence VA -VB = WBA/ q0 (taking q0 from B
C' = KC = K.∈o . A/d = ∈r .∈o .A/d.
to A) = (q/4πε0)(1/rA - 1/rB); derive this
∈0 A
equation; also VA = q/4πε0 .1/rA ; for Then C ′ = ; for a capacitor
q>0, VA>0 and for q<0, VA < 0. For a d 
 ∈ 
collection of charges V = algebraic sum  r 
of the potentials due to each charge; partially filled dielectric, capacitance,
potential due to a dipole on its axial line C' =∈oA/(d-t + t/∈r).
and equatorial line; also at any point for
r>>2l (short dipole). Potential energy of 2. Current Electricity

a point charge (q) in an electric field E , Mechanism of flow of current in conductors.
placed at a point P where potential is V, Mobility, drift velocity and its relation with
is given by U =qV and ∆U =q (VA-VB) . electric current; Ohm's law and its proof,
The electrostatic potential energy of a resistance and resistivity and their relation to
system of two charges = work done drift velocity of electrons; V-I characteristics
W21=W12 in assembling the system; U12 (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and
or U21 = (1/4πε0 ) q1q2/r12. For a system power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.
of 3 charges U123 = U12 + U13 + U23 Temperature dependence of resistance and
1 q1 q 2 q1 q3 q 2 q3 resistivity.
= ( + ) . For a
+
4πε 0 r12 r13 r23 Internal resistance of a cell, potential
dipole in a uniform electric field, derive difference and emf of a cell, combination of
an expression of the electric potential cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's laws
  and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge,
energy UE = - p . E , special cases for φ
metre bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its
=00, 900 and 1800. applications to measure potential difference, to
(b) Capacitance of a conductor C = Q/V; compare emf of two cells; to measure internal
obtain the capacitance of a parallel-plate resistance of a cell.

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14
 (a) Free electron theory of conduction; resistor. When we go through a cell, the -ve
acceleration of free electrons, relaxation terminal is at a lower level and the +ve
time τ ; electric current I = Q/t; concept of terminal at a higher level, so going from -ve
drift velocity and electron mobility. Ohm's to +ve through the cell, we are going up and
law, current density J = I/A; experimental ∆V=+ε and going from +ve to -ve terminal
verification, graphs and slope, ohmic through the cell, we are going down, so ∆V =
and non-ohmic conductors; obtain the -ε. Application to simple circuits. Wheatstone
relation I=vdenA. Derive σ = ne2τ/m and bridge; right in the beginning take Ig=0 as we
ρ = m/ne2 τ ; effect of temperature on consider a balanced bridge, derivation of
resistivity and resistance of conductors and R1/R2 = R3/R4 [Kirchhoff’s law not
semiconductors and graphs. Resistance R= necessary]. Metre bridge is a modified form
V/I; resistivity ρ, given by R = ρ.l/A; of Wheatstone bridge, its use to measure
conductivity and conductance; Ohm’s law as unknown resistance. Here R3 = l1ρ and
 
J=σ E. R4=l2ρ; R3/R4=l1/l2. Principle of
Potentiometer: fall in potential ∆V α ∆l;
(b) Electrical energy consumed in time auxiliary emf ε1 is balanced against the fall
t is E=Pt= VIt; using Ohm’s law in potential V1 across length l1. ε1 = V1 =Kl1 ;
E = (V R ) t
2
= I2Rt. Potential difference ε1/ε2 = l1/l2; potentiometer as a voltmeter.
Potential gradient and sensitivity of
V = P/ I; P = V I; Electric power consumed potentiometer. Use of potentiometer: to
P = VI = V2 /R = I2 R; commercial units; compare emfs of two cells, to determine
electricity consumption and billing. internal resistance of a cell.
(c) The source of energy of a seat of emf (such 3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
as a cell) may be electrical, mechanical,
thermal or radiant energy. The emf of a (i) Moving charges and magnetism
source is defined as the work done per unit Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's
charge to force them to go to the higher point experiment. Biot - Savart law and its
of potential (from -ve terminal to +ve application. Ampere's Circuital law and its
terminal inside the cell) so, ε = dW /dq; but applications to infinitely long straight wire,
dq = Idt; dW = εdq = εIdt . Equating total straight solenoids (only qualitative
work done to the work done across the treatment). Force on a moving charge in
external resistor R plus the work done across uniform magnetic and electric fields. Force
the internal resistance r; εIdt=I2R dt + I2rdt; on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform
ε =I (R + r); I=ε/( R + r ); also IR +Ir = ε magnetic field, force between two parallel
or V=ε- Ir where Ir is called the back emf as current-carrying conductors-definition of
it acts against the emf ε; V is the terminal pd. ampere, torque experienced by a current loop
Derivation of formulae for combination for in uniform magnetic field; moving coil
identical cells in series, parallel and mixed galvanometer - its sensitivity. Conversion of
grouping. Parallel combination of two cells galvanometer into an ammeter and a
of unequal emf. Series combination of n cells voltmeter.
of unequal emf. (ii) Magnetism and Matter
(d) Statement and explanation of Kirchhoff's A current loop as a magnetic dipole, its
laws with simple examples. The first is a magnetic dipole moment, magnetic dipole
conservation law for charge and the 2nd is moment of a revolving electron, magnetic
law of conservation of energy. Note change field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar
in potential across a resistor ∆V=IR<0 when magnet) on the axial line and equatorial line
we go ‘down’ with the current (compare with (Qualitative only) torque on a magnetic
flow of water down a river), and ∆V=IR>0 if dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic
we go up against the current across the field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid.

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 Magnetic field lines. Diamagnetic, (d) Magnetic field represented by the symbol
paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic substances, B is now defined by the equation
with examples. Electromagnets and factors  
F = qo ( v × B ) ; B is not to be defined in
 
affecting their strengths, permanent magnets.
terms of force acting on a unit pole, etc.;
(a) Only historical introduction through  
note the distinction of B from E is that
Oersted’s experiment. [Ampere’s 
swimming rule not included]. Biot-Savart B forms closed loops as there are no

law and its vector form; application; magnetic monopoles, whereas E lines
derive the expression for B (i) at the start from +ve charge and end on -ve
centre of a circular loop carrying charge. Magnetic field lines due to a
current; (ii) at any point on its axis. magnetic dipole (bar magnet). Magnetic
Current carrying loop as a magnetic field in end-on and broadside-on
dipole. Ampere’s Circuital law: positions (No derivations). Magnetic flux
statement and brief explanation. Apply it
 
 φ = B . A = BA for B uniform and
to obtain B near a long wire carrying  
B A ; i.e. area held perpendicular to
current and for a solenoid. Only formula  

of B due to a finitely long conductor. For φ = BA( B A ), B=φ/A is the flux
(b) Force on a moving charged particle in density [SI unit of flux is weber (Wb)];
   but note that this is not correct as a
magnetic field = ( )
FB q v × B ; special 
defining equation as B is vector and φ
cases, modify this equation substituting and φ/A are scalars, unit of B is tesla (T)
 
dl / dt for v and I for q/dt to yield F = equal to 10-4 gauss. For non-uniform B
   
I dl × B for the force acting on a current field, φ = ∫dφ=∫ B . dA .
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic
field. Derive the expression for force (e) Properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic
between two long and parallel wires and ferromagnetic substances; their
carrying current, hence, define ampere susceptibility and relative permeability.
(the base SI unit of current) and hence, It is better to explain the main
coulomb; from Q = It. Lorentz force. distinction, the cause of magnetization
(c) Derive the expression for torque on a (M) is due to magnetic dipole moment
current carrying loop placed in a (m) of atoms, ions or molecules being 0
     for dia, >0 but very small for para and
uniform B , using F = I l × B and τ = > 0 and large for ferromagnetic
  
r × F ; τ = NIAB sin φ for N turns τ materials; few examples; placed in
   
= m × B , where the dipole moment m = external B , very small (induced)
 magnetization in a direction opposite to
NI A , unit: A.m2. A current carrying 
loop is a magnetic dipole; directions of B in dia, small magnetization parallel to
 
 B for para, and large magnetization
current and B and m using right hand 
rule only; no other rule necessary. parallel to B for ferromagnetic

Mention orbital magnetic moment of an materials; this leads to lines of B
electron in Bohr model of H atom. becoming less dense, more dense and
Concept of radial magnetic field. Moving much more dense in dia, para and ferro,
coil galvanometer; construction, respectively; hence, a weak repulsion for
principle, working, theory I= k φ , dia, weak attraction for para and strong
current and voltage sensitivity. Shunt. attraction for ferro magnetic material.
Conversion of galvanometer into Also, a small bar suspended in the
ammeter and voltmeter of given range. horizontal plane becomes perpendicular

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  
to the B field for dia and parallel to B for coefficient of self-inductance of a
for para and ferro. Defining equation H µ0 N 2 A
=
solenoid L = µ0 n 2 A × l .
= (B/µ0)-M; the magnetic properties, l
susceptibility χm = (M/H) < 0 for dia (as
M is opposite H) and >0 for para, both Mutual induction and mutual inductance
very small, but very large for ferro; (M), flux linked φ2 = MI1; induced emf
hence relative permeability µr =(1+ χm) dφ2 dI
ε2 = =M 1 . Definition of M as
< 1 for dia, > 1 for para and >>1 (very dt dt
large) for ferro; further, χm∝1/T (Curie’s ε2 φ2
law) for para, independent of M = or M = . SI unit
dI 1 I1
temperature (T) for dia and depends on
T in a complicated manner for ferro; on dt
heating ferro becomes para at Curie henry. Expression for coefficient of
temperature. Electromagnet: its mutual inductance of two coaxial
definition, properties and factors solenoids.
affecting the strength of electromagnet; µ0 N1 N 2 A
=M = µ0 n1 N 2 A Induced
selection of magnetic material for l
temporary and permanent magnets and emf opposes changes, back emf is set up,
core of the transformer on the basis of eddy currents.
retentivity and coercive force [B-H loop
and its significance, retentivity and Transformer (ideal coupling): principle,
coercive force (Qualitative only)]. working and uses; step up and step
down; efficiency and applications
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating including transmission of power, energy
Currents losses and their minimisation.
(i) Electromagnetic Induction (c) Sinusoidal variation of V and I with time,
Faraday's laws, induced emf and current; for the output from an ac
Lenz's Law, eddy currents. Self-induction generator; time period, frequency and
and mutual induction. Transformer. phase changes; obtain mean values of
current and voltage, obtain relation
(ii) Alternating Current between RMS value of V and I with peak
Peak value, mean value and RMS value of values in sinusoidal cases only.
alternating current/voltage; their relation in (d) Variation of voltage and current in a.c.
sinusoidal case; reactance and impedance; circuits consisting of only a resistor, only
LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), an inductor and only a capacitor (phasor
LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC representation), phase lag and phase
circuits, wattless current. AC generator. lead. May apply Kirchhoff’s law and
(a) Electromagnetic induction, Magnetic obtain simple differential equation (SHM
flux, change in flux, rate of change of type), V = Vo sin ωt, solution I = I0 sin
flux and induced emf; Faraday’s laws. ωt, I0sin (ωt + π/2) and I0 sin (ωt - π/2)
Lenz's law, conservation of energy; for pure R, C and L circuits respectively.
motional emf ε = Blv, and power P = Draw phase (or phasor) diagrams
(Blv)2/R; eddy currents (qualitative); showing voltage and current and phase
lag or lead, also showing resistance R,
(b) Self-Induction, coefficient of self- inductive reactance XL; (XL=ωL) and
inductance, φ = LI and L = ε ; capacitive reactance XC, (XC = 1/ωC).
dI dt
Graph of XL and XC vs f.
henry = volt. Second/ampere, expression
(e) The LCR series circuit: Use phasor
diagram method to obtain expression for

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 I and V, the pd across R, L and C; and transverse nature (qualitative ideas only).
the net phase lag/lead; use the results of Complete electromagnetic spectrum starting from
4(e), V lags I by π/2 in a capacitor, V radio waves to gamma rays: elementary facts of
leads I by π/2 in an inductor, V and I are electromagnetic waves and their uses.
in phase in a resistor, I is the same in all Concept of displacement current, qualitative
three; hence draw phase diagram, descriptions only of electromagnetic spectrum;
combine VL and Vc (in opposite phase; common features of all regions of
phasors add like vectors) to electromagnetic spectrum including transverse
give V=VR+VL+VC (phasor addition) and nature ( and perpendicular to ); special
the max. values are related by
features of the common classification (gamma
V2m=V2Rm+(VLm-VCm)2 when VL>VC
rays, X rays, UV rays, visible light, IR,
Substituting pd=current x
microwaves, radio and TV waves) in their
resistance or reactance, we get
production (source), detection and other
Z2=R2+(XL-Xc)2 and
properties; uses; approximate range of λ or f or
tanφ = (VL m -VCm)/VRm = (XL-Xc)/R
at least proper order of increasing f or λ.
giving I = I m sin (wt-φ) where I m =Vm/Z
etc. Special cases for RL and RC circuits.
6. Optics
[May use Kirchoff’s law and obtain the
differential equation] Graph of Z vs f and (i) Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
I vs f.
Ray Optics: Reflection of light by
(f) Power P associated with LCR circuit = spherical mirrors, mirror formula,
1
/2VoIo cosφ =VrmsIrms cosφ = Irms2 R; refraction of light at plane surfaces, total
power absorbed and power dissipated; internal reflection and its applications,
electrical resonance; bandwidth of optical fibres, refraction at spherical
signals and Q factor (no derivation); surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens
oscillations in an LC circuit (ω0 = maker's formula, magnification, power of
1/ LC ). Average power consumed a lens, combination of thin lenses in
contact, combination of a lens and a mirror,
averaged over a full cycle P= refraction and dispersion of light through a
(1/2) VoIo cosφ, Power factor prism.
cosφ = R/Z. Special case for pure R, L
and C; choke coil (analytical only), XL Optical instruments: Microscopes and
astronomical telescopes (reflecting and
controls current but cosφ = 0, hence
refracting) and their magnifying powers.
P =0, wattless current; LC circuit; at
resonance with XL=Xc , Z=Zmin= R, power (a) Reflection of light by spherical mirrors.
delivered to circuit by the source is Mirror formula: its derivation; R=2f for
maximum, resonant frequency spherical mirrors. Magnification.
1 (b) Refraction of light at a plane interface,
f0 = .
2π LC Snell's law; total internal reflection and
critical angle; total reflecting prisms and
(g) Simple a.c. generators: Principle, optical fibers. Total reflecting prisms:
description, theory, working and use. application to triangular prisms with
Variation in current and voltage with angle of the prism 300, 450, 600 and 900
time for a.c. and d.c. Basic differences respectively; ray diagrams for Refraction
between a.c. and d.c. through a combination of
1 , real depth
media, 1 n2 × 2 n3 × 3 n1 =
5. Electromagnetic Waves
and apparent depth. Simple applications.
Basic idea of displacement current.
(c) Refraction through a prism, minimum
Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their
deviation and derivation of

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 relation between n, A and δmin. Include (ii) Wave Optics
explanation of i-δ graph, i1 = i2 = i (say) Wave front and Huygen's principle. Proof
for δm; from symmetry r1 = r2; refracted of laws of reflection and refraction using
ray inside the prism is parallel to the Huygen's principle. Interference, Young's
base of the equilateral prism. Thin prism. double slit experiment and expression for
Dispersion; Angular dispersion; fringe width(β), coherent sources and
dispersive power, rainbow - ray diagram sustained interference of light, Fraunhofer
(no derivation). Simple explanation. diffraction due to a single slit, width of
(d) Refraction at a single spherical surface; central maximum.
detailed discussion of one case only - (a) Huygen’s principle: wavefronts - different
convex towards rarer medium, for types/shapes of wavefronts; proof of laws
spherical surface and real image. Derive of reflection and refraction using
the relation between n1, n2, u, v and R. Huygen’s theory. [Refraction through a
Refraction through thin lenses: derive prism and lens on the basis of Huygen’s
lens maker's formula and lens formula; theory not required].
derivation of combined focal length of (b) Interference of light, interference of
two thin lenses in contact. Combination monochromatic light by double slit.
of lenses and mirrors (silvering of lens Phase of wave motion; superposition of
excluded) and magnification for lens, identical waves at a point, path
derivation for biconvex lens only; extend difference and phase difference; coherent
the results to biconcave lens, plano and incoherent sources; interference:
convex lens and lens immersed in a constructive and destructive, conditions
liquid; power of a lens P=1/f with SI for sustained interference of light waves
unit dioptre. For lenses in contact 1/F= [mathematical deduction of interference
1/f1+1/f2 and P=P1+P2. Lens formula, from the equations of two progressive
formation of image with combination of waves with a phase difference is not
thin lenses and mirrors. required]. Young's double slit
[Any one sign convention may be used in experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical
solving numericals]. deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ,
(e) Ray diagram and derivation of between waves from the two slits; using
magnifying power of a simple ∆x=nλ for bright fringe and ∆x= (n+½)λ
microscope with image at D (least for dark fringe and sin θ = tan θ =yn /D
distance of distinct vision) and infinity; as y and θ are small, obtain yn=(D/d)nλ
Ray diagram and derivation of and fringe width β=(D/d)λ. Graph of
magnifying power of a compound distribution of intensity with angular
microscope with image at D. Only distance.
expression for magnifying power of
compound microscope for final image at (c) Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction
infinity. (elementary explanation, qualitative
treatment only). Diffraction at a single
Ray diagrams of refracting telescope slit: experimental setup, diagram,
with image at infinity as well as at D; diffraction pattern, obtain expression for
simple explanation; derivation of position of minima, a sinθn= nλ, where n
magnifying power; Ray diagram of = 1,2,3… and conditions for secondary
reflecting telescope with image at maxima, asinθn =(n+½)λ.; distribution
infinity. Resolving power of compound of intensity with angular distance;
microscope. angular width of central bright fringe.
Advantages, disadvantages and uses.

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7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter [ U = 2e × Ze r0∼10-15m = 1 fermi; atomic
4πε 0 r0
Wave particle duality; photoelectric effect,
Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's structure; only general qualitative ideas,
photoelectric equation - particle nature of light. including atomic number Z, Neutron number
Matter waves - wave nature of particles, N and mass number A. A brief account of
de-Broglie relation; conclusion from Davisson- historical background leading to Bohr’s
Germer experiment (Qualitative only). theory of hydrogen spectrum; formulae for
wavelength in Lyman, Balmer, Paschen,
(a) Photo electric effect, quantization of Brackett and Pfund series. Rydberg constant.
radiation; Einstein's equation Bohr’s model of H atom, postulates (Z=1);
Emax = hυ - W0; threshold frequency; work expressions for orbital velocity, kinetic
function; experimental facts of Hertz and energy, potential energy, radius of orbit and
Lenard and their conclusions; Einstein used total energy of electron. Energy level
Planck’s ideas and extended it to apply for diagram, calculation of ∆E, frequency and
radiation (light); photoelectric effect can be wavelength of different lines of emission
explained only assuming quantum (particle) spectra; agreement with experimentally
nature of radiation. Determination of observed values. [Use nm and not Å for unit
Planck’s constant (from the graph of ofλ].
stopping potential Vs versus frequency f of
the incident light). Momentum of photon (ii) Nuclei
p=E/c=hν/c=h/λ. Composition and size of nucleus. Mass-
(b) De Broglie hypothesis, phenomenon of energy relation, mass defect; binding
electron diffraction (qualitative only). Wave energy per nucleon and its variation with
nature of radiation is exhibited in mass number; Nuclear reactions, nuclear
interference, diffraction and polarisation; fission and nuclear fusion.
particle nature is exhibited in photoelectric (a) Atomic masses and nuclear density;
effect. Dual nature of matter: particle Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones –
nature common in that it possesses definitions with examples of each.
momentum p and kinetic energy KE. The Unified atomic mass unit, symbol u,
wave nature of matter was proposed by 1u=1/12 of the mass of 12C atom =
Louis de Broglie, λ=h/p= h/mv. Davisson 1.66x10-27kg). Composition of nucleus;
and Germer experiment; qualitative mass defect and binding energy, BE=
description of the experiment and (∆m) c2. Graph of BE/nucleon versus
conclusion. mass number A, special features - less
8. Atoms and Nuclei BE/nucleon for light as well as heavy
elements. Middle order more stable [see
(i) Atoms fission and fusion] Einstein’s equation
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; E=mc2. Calculations related to this
Rutherford's atomic model; Bohr’s atomic equation; mass defect/binding energy,
model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. mutual annihilation and pair production
as examples.
Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom
(mathematical theory of scattering excluded), (b) Nuclear Energy
based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on Theoretical (qualitative) prediction of
α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of exothermic (with release of energy)
closest approach of α particle to the nucleus, nuclear reaction, in fusing together two
obtained by equating ∆K=½ mv2 of the α light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus
particle to the change in electrostatic and in splitting heavy nucleus to form
potential energy ∆U of the system middle order (lower mass number)
nuclei, is evident from the shape of BE

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 per nucleon versus mass number graph. band gaps called forbidden bands. An
Also calculate the disintegration energy idealized representation of the energy bands
Q for a heavy nucleus (A=240) with for a conductor, insulator and
BE/A ∼ 7.6 MeV per nucleon split into semiconductor; characteristics, differences;
two equal halves with A=120 each and distinction between conductors, insulators
BE/A ∼ 8.5 MeV/nucleon; Q ∼ 200 MeV. and semiconductors on the basis of energy
Nuclear fission: Any one equation of bands, with examples; qualitative discussion
fission reaction. Chain reaction- only; energy gaps (eV) in typical substances
controlled and uncontrolled; nuclear (carbon, Ge, Si); some electrical properties
reactor and nuclear bomb. Main parts of of semiconductors. Majority and minority
a nuclear reactor including their charge carriers - electrons and holes;
functions - fuel elements, moderator, intrinsic and extrinsic, doping, p-type, n-
control rods, coolant, casing; criticality; type; donor and acceptor impurities.
utilization of energy output - all (b) Junction diode and its symbol;
qualitative only. Fusion, simple example depletion region and potential barrier;
of 4 1H→4He and its nuclear reaction forward and reverse biasing, V-I
equation; requires very high temperature characteristics and numericals; half wave
∼ 106 degrees; difficult to achieve; and a full wave rectifier. Simple circuit
hydrogen bomb; thermonuclear energy diagrams and graphs, function of each
production in the sun and stars. [Details component in the electric circuits, qualitative
of chain reaction not required]. only. [Bridge rectifier of 4 diodes not
included]; elementary ideas on solar cell,
9. Electronic Devices
photodiode and light emitting diode (LED) as
(i) Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, semi conducting diodes. Importance of
Devices and Simple Circuits. Energy bands in LED’s as they save energy without causing
conductors, semiconductors and insulators atmospheric pollution and global warming.
(qualitative ideas only). Intrinsic and Zener diode, V-I characteristics, circuit
extrinsic semiconductors. P and n type, p-n diagram and working of Zener diode as a
junction. voltage regulator.
(ii) Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in
forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier;
Special types of junction diodes: LED, PAPER II
photodiode and solar cell and Zener diode PRACTICAL WORK- 15 Marks
and its characteristics, Zener diode as a
voltage regular. The experiments for laboratory work and practical
(a) Energy bands in solids; energy band examinations are mostly from two groups:
diagrams for distinction between conductors, (i) experiments based on ray optics and
insulators and semi-conductors - intrinsic (ii) experiments based on current electricity.
and extrinsic; electrons and holes in The main skill required in group (i) is to remove
semiconductors. parallax between a needle and the real image of
another needle.
Elementary ideas about electrical conduction
in metals [crystal structure not included]. In group (ii), understanding circuit diagram and
Energy levels (as for hydrogen atom), 1s, 2s, making connections strictly following the given
2p, 3s, etc. of an isolated atom such as that of diagram is very important. Polarity of cells and
copper; these split, eventually forming meters, their range, zero error, least count, etc. should
‘bands’ of energy levels, as we consider solid be taken care of.
copper made up of a large number of A graph is a convenient and effective way of
isolated atoms, brought together to form a representing results of measurement. It is an
lattice; definition of energy bands - groups of important part of the experiment.
closely spaced energy levels separated by

ISC Examination Year 2027

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There will be one graph in the Practical question (vi) The intercepts must be read carefully.
paper. Y intercept i.e. y0 is that value of y when x = 0.
Candidates are advised to read the question paper Similarly, X intercept i.e. x0 is that value of x
carefully and do the work according to the when y=0. When x0 and y0 are to be read,
instructions given in the question paper. Generally origin should be at (0, 0).
they are not expected to write the procedure of the
Deductions
experiment, formulae, precautions, or draw the
figures, circuit diagrams, etc. (i) The slope ‘S’ of the best fit line must be found
Observations should be recorded in a tabular form. taking two distant points (using more than 50%
of the line drawn), which are not the plotted
Record of observations y − y1 ∆y
points, using S = 2 = . Slope S must
• All observations recorded should be consistent x2 − x1 ∆x
with the least count of the instrument used (e.g. be calculated upto proper decimal place or
focal length of the lens is 10.0 cm or 15.1cm but significant figures as specified in the question
10 cm is a wrong record.) paper.
• All observations should be recorded with correct (ii) All calculations should be rounded off upto
units. proper decimal place or significant figures, as
Graph work specified in the question papers.
Students should learn to draw graphs correctly noting NOTE:
all important steps such as: Short answer type questions may be set from each
(i) Title experiment to test understanding of theory and logic
(ii) Selection of origin (should be marked by two of steps involved.
coordinates, example 0,0 or 5,0, or 0,10 or 30,5; Given below is a list of required experiments.
Kink is not accepted). Teachers may add to this list, keeping in mind the
(i) The axes should be labelled according to the general pattern of questions asked in the annual
question examinations.
(ii) Uniform and convenient scale should be taken Students are required to have completed all
and the units given along each axis (one small experiments from the given list (excluding
division = 0.33, 0.67, 0.66, etc. should not to be demonstration experiments):
taken)
1. To find focal length of a convex lens by using u-
(iii) Maximum area of graph paper (at least 60% of v method (no parallax method)
the graph paper along both the axes) should
be used. Using a convex lens, optical bench/metre scales
and two pins, obtain the positions of the images
(iv) Points should be plotted with great care, for various positions of the object; f<u<2f, u~2f,
marking the points plotted with (should be a and u>2f.
circle with a dot)  or ⊗ . A blob ( ) is a
misplot. Draw the following set of graphs using data from
the experiments -
(v) The best fit straight line should be drawn. The
best fit line does not necessarily have to pass (i) ν against u. It will be a curve.
through all the plotted points and the origin.
 v
While drawing the best fit line, all (ii) Magnification  m =  against ν which is a
experimental points must be kept on the line  u
or symmetrically placed on the left and right straight line and to find focal length by
side of the line. The line should be continuous, intercept.
thin, uniform and extended beyond the extreme (iii) y = (100/v) against x = (100/u) which is a
plots. straight line and find f by intercepts.

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2. To find f of a convex lens by displacement 4. Identification of diode, LED, transistor, IC,
method. resistor, capacitor from mixed collection of such
items.
3. To determine the focal length of a given convex
lens with the help of an auxiliary convex lens. 5. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of
transistor, (ii) distinguish between npn and pnp
4. To determine the focal length of a concave lens, type transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow
using an auxiliary convex lens, not in contact and of current in case of diode and an LED,
plotting appropriate graph. (iv) check whether a given electronic component
5. To determine focal length of concave mirror by (e.g. diode, transistors, IC) is in working order.
using two pins (by u-v method). 6. Charging and discharging of a capacitor.
6. To determine the refractive index of a liquid by
using a convex lens and a plane mirror.
7. To determine the focal length of a convex mirror PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL
using convex lens. FILE – 15 marks
8. Using a metre bridge, determine the resistance of
about 100 cm of (constantan) wire. Measure its Project Work – 10 marks
length and radius and hence, calculate the The Project work is to be assessed by a Visiting
specific resistance of the material. Examiner appointed locally and approved by the
9. Verify Ohm’s law for the given unknown Council.
resistance (a 60 cm constantan wire), plotting a
graph of potential difference versus current. Also All candidates will be required to do one project
calculate the resistance per cm of the wire from involving some physics related topic/s under the
the slope of the graph and the length of the wire. guidance and regular supervision of the Physics
10. To determine the internal resistance of a cell by a teacher.
potentiometer. Candidates should undertake any one of the
11. From a potentiometer set up, measure the fall in following types of projects:
potential (i.e. pd) for increasing lengths of a
constantan wire, through which a steady current • Theoretical project
is flowing; plot a graph of pd (V) versus length • Working Model
(l). Calculate the potential gradient of the wire
and specific resistance of its material. Q (i) Why • Investigatory project (by performing an
is the current kept constant in this experiment? experiment under supervision of a teacher)
Q (ii) How can you increase the sensitivity of the
Candidates are to prepare a technical report including
potentiometer? Q (iii) How can you use the
above results and measure the emf of a cell? title, abstract, some theoretical discussion,
experimental setup, observations with tables of data
12. To verify the laws of combination of resistances
collected, graph/chart (if any), analysis and
(series and parallel) using metre bridge.
discussion of results, deductions, conclusion, etc. The
Demonstration Experiments (The following teacher should approve the draft, before it is
experiments are to be demonstrated by the teacher): finalised. The report should be kept simple, but neat
1. To convert a given galvanometer into (a) an and elegant. Teachers may assign or students may
ammeter of range, say 2A and (b) a voltmeter of choose any one project of their choice.
range 4V. Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Theory Based
2. To study I-V characteristics of a semi-conductor Projects:
diode in forward and reverse bias.
 Title of the Project
3. To determine refractive index of a glass slab  Introduction
using a traveling microscope.

ISC Examination Year 2027

23
  Contents Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Investigative
 Analysis/ material aid (graph, data, structure, Projects:
pie charts, histograms, diagrams, etc.)  Title of the Project
 Originality of work (the work should be the  Theory/principle involved
candidates’ original work,)
 Experimental setup
 Conclusion/comments
 Observations calculations/deduction and graph
work
 Result/ Conclusions
Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Model Based
Projects: Practical File – 5 marks
 Title of the Project The Visiting Examiner is required to assess the
 Model construction candidates on the basis of the Physics practical file
 Concise Project report maintained by them during the academic year.

ISC Examination Year 2027

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ISC YEAR 2027

INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE

EXAMINATION

CHEMISTRY
(862)
February 2025
____________________________________________________________________________________________

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 CHEMISTRY (862)

Aims
1. To foster acquisition of knowledge and 5. To develop an interest in activities involving
understanding of terms, concepts, facts, usage of the knowledge of Chemistry.
processes, techniques and principles relating to
6. To develop a scientific attitude through the study
the subject of Chemistry.
of Physical Sciences.
2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge of
7. To acquaint students with the emerging frontiers
contents and principles of Chemistry in new or
and interdisciplinary aspects of the subject.
unfamiliar situations.
8. To develop skills relevant to the discipline.
3. To develop skills in proper handling of apparatus
and chemicals. 9. To apprise students with interface of Chemistry
with other disciplines of Science, such as,
4. To develop an ability to appreciate achievements
Physics, Biology, Geology, Engineering, etc.
in the field of Chemistry and its role in nature
and society.

CLASS XI
There will be two papers in the subject: Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory- 3 hours ... 70 marks Project Work … 10 marks
Practical File … 5 marks

PAPER 1- THEORY: 70 Marks

[Link]. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE
1.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
2.
Structure of Atom Physical Chemistry
3. 41 Marks
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
4.
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
5.
Chemical Thermodynamics
6.
Equilibrium
Inorganic Chemistry
7. Redox Reactions
6 Marks
8. Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry: Some basic Principles and Techniques
23 Marks
9.
Hydrocarbons
70 Marks
TOTAL

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 PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks (v) Empirical and molecular formula:
Numericals based on the above.
1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
(vi)Chemical equivalents, volumetric calculations
General introduction: Importance and scope of in terms of normality. C = 12.00 should be
chemistry. taken as a standard for expressing atomic
Study of matter. Understanding laws of masses.
chemical combination. Dalton's atomic theory: Equivalent weight expressing the combining
concept of elements, atoms and molecules. capacity of the elements with the standard
elements such as H, Cl, O, Ag, etc.
Isotopic (atomic) and molecular masses, mole
concept and molar mass, percentage Variable equivalent weight. Gram equivalent
composition, empirical and molecular weights, relationship between gram
formula. Stoichiometry and calculations based equivalent weight, gram molecular mass and
on chemical reactions. valency.
(i) Precision and accuracy: Determination of equivalent weight of acids,
alkalis, salts, oxidising and reducing agents.
Quantities and their measurements in (experimental details not required).
Chemistry, significant figures, SI units.
Terms used in volumetric calculations such
(ii) Dimensional analysis: as percentage (w/w and w/v), normality,
Conversion of units, numericals and molarity, molality, mole fraction, etc. should
applications of units. be discussed. Students are required to know
the formulae and normality and molarity
(iii) The concept of atoms having fixed properties equations.
in explaining the laws of chemical
Simple calculations on the above topics.
combination.
(vii)Chemical reactions – stoichiometric
Study about atoms. Dalton’s atomic theory: calculations based on mass-mass,
Main postulates of the theory; its limitations. mass-volume, volume-volume relationships
Laws of chemical combinations: and limiting reagent.
 Law of conservation of mass. 2. Structure of Atom
 Law of definite proportions. Discovery of fundamental particles electron,
proton and neutron), atomic number, isotopes
 Law of multiple proportions. and isobars. Thomson's model and its
 Law of reciprocal proportions. limitations. Rutherford's experimental model
and its limitations. Dual nature of matter and
 Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes. light. Bohr's atomic model and its limitations
Statement, explanation and simple problems (de Broglie's equation, Heisenberg’s uncertainty
based on these laws. principle), concept of shells, subshells, orbitals.
Quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d
(iv) Atomic (isotopic masses) and molecular mass. orbitals. Rules for filling electrons in orbitals -
Relative molecular mass and mole: aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle
and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity.
The atomic mass unit is one of the
Electronic configuration of atoms, stability of
experimentally determined unit. It is equal to
half- filled and completely filled orbitals.
1/12 of the mass of the carbon 12 isotope.
(i) Subatomic particles (electrons, protons and
Numerical problems based on mole concept,
neutrons) their charges and masses: Concept
Avogadro’s number and gram molecular
of indivisibility of atom as proposed by
volume.
Dalton does not exist. The atom consists of
subatomic fundamental particles. Production

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 of cathode rays and their properties. radial probability curve, energy of
Production of anode rays and their electron, number of electrons present in
properties. an orbit and an orbital.
Chadwick’s experiment for the discovery of • aufbau principle, (n+l) rule.
neutron and properties of neutron. • Pauli’s exclusion principle.
(ii) Rutherford’s nuclear model based on the
scattering experiment: Rutherford’s • Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
scattering experiment. Discovery of nucleus. • Electronic configuration of elements and
Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom. Defects ions in terms of s, p, d, f subshells and
of Rutherford’s model. Electromagnetic wave stability of half-filled and completely
theory and its limitations (Black body filled orbitals.
radiation and photoelectric effect)
3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in
Planck’s quantum theory. Properties
Numericals based on the above.
Significance of classification; study of
(iii) Types of spectra: emission and absorption Mendeleev’s periodic law and its limitations;
spectra. Band and line spectra to be Modern Periodic Law and the present form of
discussed. periodic table leading to periodic trends in
(iv) Bohr’s atomic model. properties of elements - atomic radii, ionic radii,
Postulates of Bohr’s theory – based on valency, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain
enthalpy, electronegativity. Nomenclature of
Planck’s quantum theory.
elements with atomic number greater than 100.
Merits of Bohr’s atomic model and
explanation of hydrogen spectra. (i) Modern Periodic Law
Calculations based on Rydberg’s formula. Mendeleev’s periodic law, defects in the
Numericals on Bohr’s atomic radii, velocity Mendeleev’s periodic table. Advantages and
and energy of orbits (derivation not disadvantages. Modern periodic law (atomic
required). number taken as the basis of classification of
Defects in Bohr’s Model. the elements).
(v) Quantum mechanical model of an atom - a (ii) Long form of Periodic Table.
simple mathematical treatment. Quantum General characteristics of groups and
numbers; shape, size and orientation of s, p periods. Division of periodic table as s, p, d
and d orbitals only (no derivation). aufbau and f blocks. IUPAC nomenclature for
principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, elements with Z> 100.
Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
Electronic configuration of elements in terms (iii)Periodic trends in properties of elements.
of s, p, d, f subshells. Atomic radius, ionic radius, ionisation
• de Broglie’s equation. Numericals. enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy,
electronegativity, metallic and non-metallic
• Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. characteristics.
Numericals.
• Periodic properties such as valence
• Schrodinger Wave Equation – physical
electrons, atomic and ionic radii and their
significance of Ψ and |Ψ| 2.
variation in groups and periods.
• Quantum numbers – types of quantum
numbers, shape, size and orientation of • The idea of ionisation enthalpy, electron
the s, p and d subshells. Information gain enthalpy and electronegativity must
obtained in terms of distance of electron be given and their variation in groups and
from the nucleus, node, nodal planes and periods may be discussed.

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 • The factors (atomic number, screening Variable electrovalency; reasons for variable
effect and shielding effect, the number of electrovalency i.e, due to inert electron pair
electrons in the outermost orbit) which effect and unstable core, by using suitable
affect these periodic properties and their examples.
variation in groups and periods. Calculation of lattice enthalpy (Born-Haber
(iv) Periodic trends in chemical properties – cycle).
periodicity of valence or oxidation states. Characteristics of electrovalent bond.
Anomalous properties of second period (iii) Covalent Bond – Bond parameters, Lewis
elements. structure, polar character of covalent bond,
Diagonal relationship; acidic and basic nature shapes.
of oxides. Sigma and pi bonds e.g. formation of
NOTE: Recommendations of the latest IUPAC ammonia, nitrogen, ethene, ethyne, and
for numbering of groups to be followed. carbon dioxide.
Numbering 1 – 18 replacing old notation of Definition of covalent bond, conditions for
I – VIII. Details given at the end of the formation of covalent bonds, types of covalent
syllabus. bonds, i.e single, double and triple bonds.
4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular structure Sigma and pi bonds: H 2 , O 2 , N 2 .
Classification of covalent bonds based on
Valence electrons, ionic bond character, covalent
electronegativity of atoms - polar and non-
bond of ionic bond, covalent bond, bond
polar covalent bond, dipole moment.
parameters, lewis structure, polar character of
covalent bond, VSEPR theory, geometry of Formation of CH 4 , NH 3 , H 2 O, ethane, ethene,
covalent m o l e c u l e s , valence bond theory, ethyne and CO 2 , etc. and their electron dot
concept of hybridisation involving s, p and d structure or Lewis structure.
orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules. Characteristics of covalent compounds.
Coordinate bond. Molecular orbital theory of Comparison in electrovalency and covalency.
homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative
Reason for variable covalency e.g.
idea only). Resonance and hydrogen bond.
Phosphorus 3 & 5 and sulphur 2, 4, 6 &
(i) Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding. chlorine 1, 3, 5 and 7.
Octet rule, its application to electrovalent and Formal charge of ions.
covalent bonds.
(iv) Deviation from octet rule and Fajan’s rules.
(ii) Electrovalent or ionic bond: Lewis structures
of NaCl, Li 2 O, MgO, CaO, MgF 2, and Na 2 S. Definition of octet rule.
Definition of ionic bond. Failure of octet rule, due to either incomplete
octet or exceeding of octet with suitable
The conditions necessary for the formation of examples.
ionic bonds such as:
Fajan’s rules: statements, conditions for
- low ionisation enthalpy of metals. electrovalency and covalency. Polar and non
- high electron gain enthalpy of non- polar bonds should be correlated with
metals. Fajan’s rules.
- high lattice energy. (v) Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
- electronegativity difference between the (VSEPR) Theory; Hybridisation and shapes
reacting atoms. of molecules: hybridisation involving s, p and
All these points must be discussed in detail. d orbitals only.
The formation of cations and anions of Concept of electron-pair repulsion and
elements and their positions in the periodic shapes of molecules using suitable examples.
table.

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 Hybridisation and molecular shapes – (ii) First Law of Thermodynamics and its
definition, hybridisation of orbitals involving significance, work, heat, internal energy,
s, p and d orbitals (using suitable examples). enthalpy (∆U or ∆E and ∆H), heat capacity
(vi) Molecular orbital theory: Qualitative and specific heat. Hess's law of constant
treatment of homonuclear diatomic heat summation, enthalpy of bond
molecules of first two periods (hydrogen to dissociation, combustion, formation,
neon), Energy level diagrams, bonding and atomisation, sublimation, phase transition,
antibonding molecular orbitals, bond order, ionisation, solution and dilution.
paramagnetism of O 2 molecule. Relative Meaning of: internal energy of the system,
stabilities of O 2 , O 2 -, O 2 2 - , O 2 + and N 2 , work done by the system, by the
N 2 +, N 2 -, N 2 2-. surroundings at constant temperature, heat
(vii) Co-ordinate or dative covalent bond, e.g. absorbed by the system and by the
formation of oxy-acids of chlorine: surroundings at constant temperature.
Co-ordinate or dative covalent bonding: The sign convention for change in internal
definition, formation of chlorous acid, energy, heat given out or gained, work done
chloric acid, perchloric acid, ammonium ion, by the system or by the surroundings.
hydronium ion, nitric acid, ozone.
State function and path function - meaning
(viii) Resonance in simple inorganic molecules: with examples. Internal energy change, work
Resonance in simple inorganic molecules like done and heat absorbed in a cyclic process.
ozone, carbon dioxide, carbonate ion and
Internal energy change in an isolated system
nitrate ion.
and in a non-isolated system. Total internal
(ix) Hydrogen bonding: the examples of hydrogen energy change of a system and surroundings.
fluoride, water (ice), alcohol, etc. may be Mathematical statement of the first law.
considered.
Significance of first law of thermodynamics.
H-bonding – definition, types, condition for Need for enthalpy – constant pressure or
hydrogen bond formation, examples of open vessel processes. Enthalpy - a
inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in detail thermodynamic property, state function.
taking hydrogen fluoride, water and ice and Mathematical form of enthalpy.
ethanol into account. Intramolecular
Heat - the energy in transit. Conditions for
hydrogen bonding.
the transfer of heat. Limitations in conversion
of heat into work. Condition at which heat
5. Chemical Thermodynamics
transfer ceases, unit of heat.
(i) Introduction, concepts, types of system,
Meaning of work, capacity to do work,types
surroundings, extensive, intensive
of work. Mathematical form of reversible
properties and state functions.
work and irreversible work. Difference
Types of system – ideal system, real system, between the reversible and irreversible work
isolated system, closed system, open system. done – graphically.
Meaning of surroundings.
Relationship between C v and internal energy
Properties of the system: macroscopic, change. Relationship between C p and C v .
intensive and extensive properties.
Definitions of the following:
State of the system.
Heat of reaction: Heat of formation –
Main processes the system undergoes: standard heat of formation, Heat of solution,
reversible, irreversible, adiabatic, Heat of dilution, Heat of neutralization, Heat
isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, cyclic. of combustion.
Meaning of thermodynamic equilibrium. Constancy in the heat of neutralisation:
Meaning of thermodynamic process.
Experimental verification in case of strong
acids and strong bases. Reason for that

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 observation – ionic neutralisation and the Chemical equilibrium: Characteristics of
heat evolved. chemical equilibrium; dynamic nature. Law
Definition of Calorific value of a fuel. of mass action; Equilibrium constant in
terms of concentration K c. Gaseous
Statement of Hess’ Law and its application. reactions; Equilibrium constant in terms of
Problems based on Hess’ Law. partial pressures K p . Relationship between
(iii) Second Law of Thermodynamics and its Kp and Kc (derivation required);
significance, spontaneity of a chemical Characteristics of equilibrium constant;
change; Entropy, Free Energy. Inadequacy of Units for equilibrium constant; Simple
First Law and need for Second Law; Ideas calculations of equilibrium constant and
about reversible (recapitulation), spontaneous concentration.
and non-spontaneous processes The following examples should be considered
Meaning of entropy – derived from Second to show maximum yield of products:
Law – statement of Second Law in terms of - Synthesis of ammonia by Haber’s
entropy; Physical significance of entropy; process.
State function and not path function. Entropy
- The dissociation of dinitrogen tetra
change of the universe, reversible isothermal
oxide.
process and irreversible process.
Meaning of thermal death, Gibb’s free - Hydrolysis of simple esters.
energy of the system and Helmholtz free - The contact process for the manufacture
energy. Relationship between Gibb’s free of sulphuric acid.
energy and Helmholtz’s free energy.
Le Chatelier’s Principle. Statement and
Relationship between change in Gibb’s free explanation.
energy and equilibrium constant of a
chemical reaction. Defining the criteria for Factors affecting chemical and physical
spontaneity of a chemical change in terms of equilibria should be discussed in the light of
Gibb’s free energy. Le Chatelier’s principle.
Note: Numericals based on the First Law, - Change of concentration.
Second Law of Thermodynamics and Hess’
- Change of temperature.
Law.
(iv)Third Law of Thermodynamics – statement - Change of pressure.
only. - Effect of catalyst.
Self-explanatory. - Addition of inert gas.
6. Equilibrium (ii) Ionic equilibrium
(i) Chemical Equilibrium. Introduction, electrolyte (strong and weak),
Introduction of physical and chemical non-electrolyte, ionisation, degree of
equilibrium and its characteristics ionisation of pol ybas ic aci ds , acid
strength, concept of pH, pH indicators,
Dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of buffer solution, common ion effect (with
mass action, equilibrium constant and illustrative examples). Henderson equation,
factors affecting equilibrium. Le Chatelier's hydrolysis of salts, solubility and solubility
principle and its applications. product.
Irreversible and reversible reactions. Ostwald’s dilution law and its derivation.
Physical equilibrium: solid-liquid, liquid- Strength of acids and bases based on their
vapour, solid-vapour; Characteristics of dissociation constant. Problems based on the
Physical equilibrium. Ostwald’s dilution law.

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 Arrhenius, Brönsted-Lowry and Lewis 8. Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles
concept of acids and bases, multistage and Techniques
ionisation of acids and bases with examples. General introduction, classification and IUPAC
Ionic product of water – definition, pH, nomenclature of organic compounds and
pOH, pK w of solutions. isomerism.
pH indicators and their choice in titrimetry. Methods of purification, qualitative and
quantitative analysis. Electron displacement in a
Numericals on the above concepts. covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric
Common ion effect – definition, examples effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.
(acetic acid and sodium acetate; ammonium Homolytic and heterolytic b o n d fission of a
hydroxide and ammonium chloride), covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations,
applications in salt analysis. carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles,
Salt hydrolysis – salts of strong acids and types of organic reactions.
weak bases, weak acids and strong bases, (i) Introduction to organic chemistry:
weak acids and weak bases and the pH Vital force theory, reason for separate study
formula of the solutions of these salts in of organic chemistry and its importance,
water with suitable examples. characteristics of carbon atoms (tetra
Buffer solutions: definition, examples, valency), Reasons for large number of
action; its interpretations based on Le organic compounds: catenation, isomerism
Chatelier’s principle. Henderson equation. and multiple bonding, etc.
Solubility product: definition and application (ii) Classification of organic compounds:
in qualitative salt analysis (Group II, III and (definition and examples): open chain, closed
chain, homocyclic, hetrocyclic, aromatic,
IV cations).
alicyclic compounds, homologous series and
Numericals on pH, buffer solutions, solubility its characteristics, functional groups.
and solubility product. (iii) IUPAC rules for naming organic compounds.
7. Redox Reactions Aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic compounds.
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox (iv) Definition and classification of isomerism:
reactions, oxidation number, change in Structural isomerism: definition,
oxidation number, balancing redox reactions (in classification, examples.
terms of loss and gain of electrons). Chain isomerism, Positional isomerism,
Applications of redox in various types of chemical Functional isomerism, Metamerism,
reactions. Tautomerism - examples for each of the
− Concept of oxidation and reduction in terms above.
of oxygen, hydrogen, electrons. Stereoisomerism: definition and
− Redox reactions – examples. classification, examples.
Geometrical isomerism: Definition.
− Oxidation number: rules for calculation, Conditions for compounds to exhibit
simple calculations of oxidation state in geometrical isomerism; types and examples,
molecules and ions like K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , S 2 O32 − , cis and trans, syn and anti. Examples.
etc. Optical isomerism: Definition, Nicol prism,
− Oxidation and reduction in terms of change plane polarised light. polarimeter. Method of
in oxidation number. measuring angle of rotation. Specific
rotation. Conditions for optical activity. d, l
− Balancing of redox reactions in acidic and form; External compensation, Internal
basic medium by oxidation number and ion-
electron method.

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 compensation, racemic mixture & meso form. General methods of preparation: from
Examples – lactic acid and tartaric acid. sodium salts of carboxylic acids
(v) Analysis of organic compounds: (decarboxylation and Kolbe’s electrolytic
method); from alcohols and alkyl halides
Detection of elements (qualitative analysis) (Wurtz reaction, Coreyhouse Synthesis).
such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, From aldehydes and Grignard’s
halogens and sulphur should be considered Reagent.
by using Lassaigne’s test and reactions
involved in it. Physical and chemical properties of
alkanes.
(vi) Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
halogens, sulphur and phosphorous: Physical properties: state, freezing point,
melting point, boiling point, density.
Estimation of carbon and hydrogen –
Leibig’s method. Chemical properties: combustibility,
reaction with chlorine (free radical
Estimation of nitrogen - Kjeldahl’s method. mechanism), reaction with oxygen in
Estimation of halogens sulphur and presence of catalyst (formation of
phosphorous - Carius method. Numericals alcohol, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid).
included. Experimental details required. Cyclisation, aromatisation, isomerisation
(vii)Types of chemical reactions and their and pyrolysis.
mechanisms. Uses of alkanes.
Substitution, addition, elimination reactions: (ii) Alkenes - Nomenclature, structure of
definition and examples. double bond (ethene), isomerism;
Homolytic and heterolytic fission – definition methods of preparation; physical
and examples. Free radicals, carbocation, properties, chemical properties;
carbanion (their reactivities and stabilities). addition of hydrogen, halogen, water,
hydrogen halides (Markownikoff's
Electrophiles and nucleophiles – definition addition and peroxide effect),
and examples (including neutral ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of
electrophiles and nucleophiles). electrophilic addition.
Inductive, electromeric, mesomeric effect and General methods of preparation –
hyperconjugation – definition, examples. dehydration of alcohols,
(viii) Free radicals and polar mechanisms dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides
In terms of fission of the bonds and formation (from vicinal dihalides), Kolbe’s
of the new bonds including S N 1, S N 2, E 1 and electrolytic method and from alkynes.
E 2 mechanisms. Explain with relevant Physical Properties: State, freezing
examples and conditions. point, melting point, boiling point, dipole
moment, density.
9. Hydrocarbons Chemical properties - addition reactions
Classification of Hydrocarbons (hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides,
I. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons sulphuric acid, water).
Markownikoff’s rule and anti-
(i) Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism,
Markownikoff’s rule with mechanism and
conformation (methane and ethane),
examples.
physical properties, chemical properties
including free radical mechanism of Oxidation: complete combustion, hot
halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis. and cold alkaline KMnO 4 (Baeyer’s
reagent), ozonolysis.
Occurrence, conformation (Sawhorse
and Newman projections of ethane). Polymerisation.
Saytzeff’s rule and its application.

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 Uses of alkenes. - Electrophilic substitution reactions with
(iii)Alkynes - Nomenclature, structure of mechanism (halogenation, nitration,
triple bond (ethyne), methods of sulphonation).
preparation; physical properties, - Alkylation, acetylation – Friedel Crafts
chemical properties: acidic character of reaction.
alkynes, addition reactions - hydrogen, - Directive influence (o-, p-, and m-) of
halogens, hydrogen halides and water. substituents in electrophilic and
General methods of preparations of nucleophilic substitutions (with
alkynes. Manufacture of ethyne by mechanism).
calcium carbide and from natural gas.
- Oxidation: catalytic oxidation, reaction
Dehydrohalogenation and Kolbe’s
with ozone.
electrolytic method.
- Addition reactions with hydrogen,
Physical properties of alkynes: State of
existence, freezing point, melting point, chlorine, bromine.
boiling point, density. - Pyrolysis (formation of bi-phenyl).
Chemical properties of alkynes – Carcinogenicity and toxicity of benzene may be
addition reactions (hydrogen, halogens, discussed.
hydrogen halides and water), acidic Uses.
nature of alkynes, formation of
acetylides. PAPER II
Oxidation: complete combustion, hot
and cold alkaline KMnO 4 (Baeyer’s
PRACTICAL WORK- 15 Marks
reagent), ozonolysis. Candidates are required to complete the following
experiments:
Polymerisation.
Uses of alkynes. 1. Basic laboratory techniques:
Distinguishing test between Alkane, − Cutting a glass tube.
Alkene and Alkyne.
− Bending a glass tube.
II. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, − Drawing out a glass jet.
benzene: resonance, aromaticity, chemical − Boring a cork.
properties: mechanism of electrophilic
substitution. Nitration, sulphonation, 2. Titration: acid-base titration involving molarity.
halogenation, Friedel Crafts alkylation and Titrations involving:
acylation, directive influence of functional
group in monosubstituted benzene. • Sodium carbonate solution/ dil H 2 SO 4 or dil.
Carcinogenicity and toxicity. HCl using methyl orange indicator.
Structure: Resonance structures (Kekule’s) • NaOH or KOH solution/ dil H 2 SO 4 or dil.
of benzene. HCl using methyl orange indicator.
Benzene: Preparation from sodium benzoate • Calculations involving molarity,
and from phenol. concentration in grams L-1/ number of ions,
Physical properties: State of existence, water of crystallisation and percentage
freezing point, melting point, boiling point, purity.
density. NOTE: Calculation of molarity must be upto 4
Chemical properties: decimal places at least, in order to avoid error.

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 OBSERVATION TABLE Group V: Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
S. No. (A) (B) (B – A) Group VI: Mg2+
Initial Final burette Difference NOTE:
burette reading (ml) • For wet test of anions, sodium carbonate
reading extract must be used (except for carbonate).
(ml)
(ml) • Chromyl chloride test not to be performed.
1 (Insoluble salts, such as lead sulphate, barium
2 sulphate, calcium sulphate, strontium sulphate
should not be given).
3
4. Preparation of inorganic compounds.
• Concordant reading is to be used for titre
value. Concordant reading is two consecutive (a) Preparation of potash alum/Mohr’s salt.
values which are exactly the same. Average (b) Preparation of crystalline FeSO 4 /CuSO 4 .
will not be accepted as titre value.
5. Paper Chromatography.
• The table is to be completed in ink only.
Preparation of chromatogram, separation of
Pencil is not to be used.
pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers/ink
• Overwriting will not be accepted in the mixtures; determination of R f value.
tabular column.
Observations: PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL
• Pipette size (should be same for all the FILE - 15 Marks
candidates at the centre):
Project Work – 10 Marks
• Titre value (concordant).
The candidate is to creatively execute one
3. Qualitative analysis: identification of single salt
project/assignment on a selected topic of Chemistry.
containing one anion and one cation:
Teachers may assign or students may choose any one
Anions: CO 3 2-, NO 2 -, S2-, SO 3 2-, SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, project of their choice. (Refer to the suggested topics
CH 3 COO-, Cl-, Br-, I-, C 2 O 4 2-, PO 4 3-. at the end of Class XII syllabus).
Cations: NH 4 +, Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Mn2+ Suggested Evaluation criteria for Project Work:
Ni2+, Co2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+.
 Introduction / purpose
Anions: Dilute acid group – CO 3 2-, NO 2 -, S2-,
SO 3 2-  Contents
Concentrated Acid Group – NO 3 -, Cl-, Br-, I-,  Analysis/ material aid (graph, data, structure, pie
CH 3 COO-. charts, histograms, diagrams, etc)
Special Group - SO 4 2-, PO 4 3-, C 2 O 4 2-.  Presentation
+
Cations: Group Zero: NH 4
 Bibliography
Group I: Pb2+
Group II : Cu2+, Pb2+ Practical File – 5 Marks
3+ 3+
Group III: Al , Fe Teachers are required to assess students on the basis
2+ 2+
Group IV: Zn , Mn , Ni , Co 2+ 2+ of the Chemistry Practical file maintained by them
during the academic year.

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 CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject: Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks Project Work … 10 marks
Practical File … 5 marks

PAPER I - THEORY: 70 Marks

[Link]. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Solutions
Physical Chemistry
2. Electrochemistry
25 Marks
3. Chemical Kinetics

4. d -and f -Block Elements Inorganic Chemistry

5. Coordination Compounds 14 Marks

6. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

7. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Organic Chemistry
8. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
31 Marks
9. Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen
10. Biomolecules
Total 70 Marks

11
ISC Examination Year 2027
 PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks van’t Hoff- Boyle’s Law, van’t Hoff –
Charles’ Law, van’t Hoff - Avogadro’s
1. Solutions law.
Study of concentration of solutions of solids in (e) Abnormal molecular mass: Dissociation
liquids, liquid in liquid, solubility of gases in and Association with suitable examples
liquids, solid solutions, Colligative properties - (f) van’t Hoff factor for the electrolytes
Raoult's law of relative lowering which dissociate and the molecules
of vapour pressure (1st & 2nd), elevation of which associate in solution.
boiling point, depression of freezing Modification of the formula of colligative
point, osmotic pressure. Use of colligative properties based on van’t Hoff factor.
properties in determining molecular masses of Simple problems. Calculation of degree
solutes, abnormal molecular mass association and of dissociation and association.
dissociation, van't Hoff factor. Experimental details not required.
Normality, molality, molarity, mole fraction, Numerical problems based on all the above
ppm, as measures of concentration. Definition of methods. Experimental details not required.
the above with examples. Simple problems based 2. Electrochemistry
on the above.
Electrolytic and electrochemical cells. Redox
(i) Solubility of gases in liquids – Henry’s Law,
reactions in electrochemical cells.
simple numericals based on the above.
Electromotive Force (emf) of a cell, standard
(ii) Raoult’s Law for volatile solutes and non- electrode potential, Nernst equation and its
volatile solutes, ideal solution, non-ideal application to chemical cells. Relation between
solution. Azeotropic mixtures – definition,
Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell.
types, graphical representation, fractional
distillation with examples. Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific,
(iii) Colligative properties – definition and equivalent and molar conductivity, variations of
examples, and its use in determination of conductivity with concentration, graphs;
molecular mass. Kohlrausch's Law of electrolysis and Faraday’s
(a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure: Laws of electrolysis. Dry cell and lead
Definition and mathematical expression accumulator, fuel cells, corrosion.
of Raoult’s Law. Determination of (i) Electrochemical cells: introduction, redox
relative molecular mass by measurement reactions (principle of oxidation and
of lowering of vapour pressure. reduction in a cell).
(b) Depression in freezing point: molal (ii) Galvanic cells - introduction;
depression constant (cryoscopic representation, principle – oxidation
constant) – definition and mathematical reduction. Mechanism of production of
expression (derivation included). electric current in a galvanic cell.
(c) Elevation in boiling point method: molal
elevation constant (ebullioscopic (iii) Measurement of potential. Single electrode
constant) definition and mathematical potentials.
expression (derivation included). Standard hydrogen electrode (Eo) -
(d) Osmotic pressure: definition and definition, preparation, application and
explanation. Natural and chemical limitations.
semipermeable membranes, reverse Standard electrode potential - Measurement
osmosis, isotonic, hypotonic and of standard electrode potential of Zn ++ / Zn,
hypertonic solutions. Comparison Cu ++ / Cu, half cell (using standard
between diffusion and osmosis. hydrogen electrode).
Application of osmotic pressure in the
determination of relative molecular Cell notation – representation.
mass. Factors affecting electrode potential with
explanation - main emphasis on the

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 temperature, concentration and nature of the (ix) Corrosion: Concept, mechanism of
electrode. electrochemical reaction, factors affecting it
(iv) Electrochemical series. Its explanation on and its prevention.
the basis of standard reduction potential. 3. Chemical Kinetics
Prediction of the feasibility of a reaction. Meaning of Chemical Kinetics – slow and fast
(v) Nernst equation and correlation with the free reactions. Rate of a reaction - average and
energy of the reaction with suitable instantaneous rate (graphical representation).
examples. Factors affecting rate of reaction: surface area,
Prediction of spontaneity of a reaction based nature of reactants, concentration, temperature,
on the cell emf. catalyst and radiation. Order and molecularity
of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant.
Numericals on standard electrode potential Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for
of half-cells, cell emf, relationship between zero and first order reactions), concept of
free energy and equilibrium constant, collision theory (elementary idea, no
standard electrode potential and free energy. mathematical treatment). Concept of threshold
(vi) Comparison of metallic conductance and and activation energy, Arrhenious equation.
electrolytic conductance. Relationship (i) Meaning of chemical kinetics, Scope and
between conductance and resistance. Specific importance of Kinetics of the reaction, slow
resistance and specific conductance. and fast reactions – explanation in terms of
Cell constant: Calculation of cell constant. bonds.
Meaning of equivalent conductance. (ii) Rate of Reaction: definition, representation
Meaning of molar conductance. General of rate of reaction in terms of reactants and
relationship between specific conductance, products, determination of rate of reactions
molar conductance and equivalent graphically, instantaneous and average rate
conductance (units and graphs). of reaction. Factors affecting rate of
Units, numericals. reaction.
Molar conductance of a weak electrolyte at a (iii) Law of mass Action: statement and meaning
given concentration and at infinite dilution. of active mass. Explanation with an example
Kohlrausch’s Law – definition, applications – general reactions.
and numericals. (iv) Effect of concentration of reactants on the
(vii) Faraday’s laws of Electrolysis. rate of a reaction: Qualitative treatment,
based on the law of mass Action, statement of
Faraday’s First Law of electrolysis. rate law, General rate equation –
Statement, mathematical form. Simple Rate = k(concentration of the reactant)n,
problems. where k is rate constant and n is the order of
Faraday’s Second Law of electrolysis: the reaction, relationship between the rate of
Statement, mathematical form. Simple the reaction with rate constant with respect
problems. to various reactants.
Relation between Faraday, Avogadro’s (v) Order of a reaction: meaning, relation
number and charge on an electron. F = N A e between order and stoichiometric coefficients
should be given (no details of Millikan’s in balanced equations, order as an
experiment are required). experimental quantity, rate equation for zero
order reaction and its unit, mathematical
(viii) Batteries: Primary and Secondary Cells:
derivation of rate equation for first order
Leclanche cell, mercury cell, Lead storage
reaction, characteristics of first order
battery and fuel cell – structure, reactions
reaction – rate constant is independent of the
and uses.
initial concentration, units to be derived,

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 definition of half-life period, derivation of 4. d- and f- Block Elements
expression of half-life period from first order
Position in the periodic table, occurrence,
rate equation.
electronic configuration and characteristics of
Problems based on first order rate equation transition metals, general trends in properties of
and half-life period. the 3d-series of transition metals - metallic
character, ionisation enthalpy, oxidation states,
(vi) Molecularity of the reaction: Meaning –
ionic radii, colour of ions, catalytic property,
physical picture, Relation between order,
magnetic properties, interstitial compounds,
molecularity and the rate of a reaction,
alloy formation, preparation and properties of
Differences between order and molecularity
K 2 Cr 2 O 7 and KMnO 4 .
of a reaction.
Lanthanoids and actinoids.
(vii) The concept of energy: Exothermic and
endothermic reactions, concept of energy (i) d-Block: 3d, 4d and 5d series
barrier, threshold and activation energy,
Study in terms of metallic character, atomic
formation of activated complex, effect of
and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy,
catalyst on activation energy and reaction
oxidisation states, variable valency,
rate.
formation of coloured compounds, formation
(viii)Collision Theory: Condition for a chemical of complexes, alloy formation.
change – close contact, particles should
(ii) f-Block: 4f and 5f series
collide. Collisions to be effective – optimum
energy and proper orientation during Electronic configuration, atomic and ionic
collision. Energy barrier built-up when the radii, oxidisation states, formation of
collision is about to take place, Activated coloured compounds, formation of
complex formation, difference in energy of complexes, alloy formation. Lanthanoid
the reactant and the product – exothermic contraction and its consequences. Chemical
and endothermic reactions with proper reactivity – with oxygen, hydrogen, halogen,
graphs and labelling. sulphur, nitrogen, carbon and water.
(ix)Mechanism of the reaction: meaning of Actinoids - oxidation states and comparison
elementary reaction, meaning of complex with lanthanoids.
and overall reaction, explanation of the (iii) Potassium permanganate: structure, shape,
mechanism of the reaction, slowest step of equation of extraction from pyrolusite ore, its
the reaction. Relationship between the rate oxidising nature in acidic, basic and neutral
expression, order of reactants and products medium, use in redox titration.
at the rate-determining step, units of rate
constant – explanation with suitable Oxidising nature in acidic [FeSO 4 ,
examples. (COOH) 2 .2H 2 O, KI], basic (KI) and neutral
(H 2 S) mediums to be done.
(x) Effect of temperature on the rate constant of
a reaction: Arrhenius equation – K=Ae-Ea/RT, (iv) Potassium dichromate: structure, shape,
Meaning of the symbols of Arrhenius equation of extraction from chromite ore and
equation, related graph, evaluation of E a and its use in titration. Oxidising nature in acidic,
A from the graph, meaning of slope of the basic and neutral medium, use in redox
graph, conversion from exponential to log titration. Interconversion of chromate and
form of the equation, relationship between dichromate ion (effect of pH).
the increase in temperature and the number
of collisions. Numerical based on Arrhenius 5. Coordination Compounds
equation. Concept of complexes, definition of ligands,
coordination number, oxidation number. IUPAC
nomenclature of mononuclear coordination

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 compounds. Isomerism (structural and stereo). Naming the halogen derivatives of alkanes by
Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT and CFT. using common system and IUPAC system for
Colour, magnetic properties and shapes. mono, di and tri-halo derivatives.
Importance of coordination compounds (in
Preparation of haloalkanes from:
qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and
biological system). - Alkane and halogen.
(i) Definition of coordination compounds / - Alkene and hydrogen halide.
complex compounds, differences with a - Alcohols with PX 3 , PCl 5 and SOCl 2 .
double salt, study of ligands – mono-, bi-, tri-
, tetra-, penta-, hexa- and polydentate, - Halide exchange method (Finkelstein and
chelating ligands, definition of coordination Swarts)
number, its calculation for a complex - Silver salt of fatty acids (Hunsdiecker).
coordination sphere, study of oxidation state
of an element in a complex, its calculation, Physical properties: State, melting point, boiling
IUPAC rules of nomenclature of point and solubility.
coordination compounds. Chemical properties: nucleophilic substitution
(ii) Isomerism – structural, stereo types and reactions (S N 1, S N 2 mechanism in terms of
examples. primary, secondary and tertiary halides)
Reaction with: sodium hydroxide, water, sodium
(iii) Valence bond theory of coordination iodide, ammonia, primary amine, secondary
compounds – examples of formation of inner amine, potassium cyanide, silver cyanide,
orbital and outer orbital complexes (high potassium nitrite, silver nitrite, silver salt of fatty
and low spin, octahedral, tetrahedral and acid and lithium-aluminium hydride.
square planar), prediction of magnetic
character. Elimination reaction (Saytzeff’s rule) / β
elimination.
(iv) Crystal field theory – crystal field splitting in
tetra and octahedral systems. Explanation of Reaction with metals: sodium and magnesium
colour and magnetic character. (Wurtz’s reaction, Grignard’s reagent
preparation).
(v) Stability of coordination compounds (explain
stability on the basis of magnitude of K) as Chloroform and iodoform: preparation and
mentioned above). properties.
(vi) Importance and uses. Structure of freons.
Preparation of haloarenes by Sandmeyer’s and
6. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes. Gattermann’s reaction, by electrophilic
Haloalkanes: General formula, nomenclature substitution.
and classification. Nature of C–X bond, Physical properties: State, melting point, boiling
physical and chemical properties, mechanism point and solubility.
of substitution reactions, optical rotation.
Chemical properties:
Haloarenes: Basic idea, nature of C–X bond,
substitution reactions (directive influence of - Electrophilic substitution (chlorination
halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). nitration and sulphonation) with mechanism.
Uses and environmental effects of - - Nucleophilic substitution (replacement of
dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetra- chlorine with -OH, -NH 2 ) with mechanism.
chloromethane, iodoform, freons and DDT. - Reduction to benzene.
Nature of C-X bond - Wurtz-Fittig reaction.
- Fittig reaction.

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 - Addition reaction with magnesium (iii) Conversion of one alcohol into another.
(formation of Grignard reagent).
(iv) Distinction between primary, secondary and
- Structure of DDT. tertiary alcohols by Lucas’ Test.
7. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Phenols: Classification and nomenclature.
Methods of preparation, physical and chemical
Alcohols: Classification, general formula,
properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic
structure and nomenclature. Methods of
substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
preparation, physical and chemical properties
(of primary alcohols only), identification of Preparation of phenol from diazonium salt,
primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, chlorobenzene (Dow’s process) and from
mechanism of dehydration, uses with special benzene sulphonic acid.
reference to methanol and ethanol.
Manufacture from Cumene.
(i) Classification into monohydric, dihydric and
Physical properties: state and solubility.
polyhydric alcohols, general formulae,
structure and nomenclature of alcohols. Chemical properties:
Difference between primary, secondary and - Acidic character of phenol.
tertiary alcohols in terms of structure,
physical properties and chemical properties. - Reaction with sodium hydroxide.
(ii) Methods of preparation: - Reaction with sodium.
- Hydration of Alkenes – direct hydration, - Reaction with zinc.
indirect hydration, hydroboration - Reaction with acetyl chloride and acetic
oxidation. anhydride.
- From Grignard’s reagent. - Reaction with phosphorus penta chloride.
- Hydrolysis of alkyl halides. - Bromination, nitration and sulphonation
- Reduction of carbonyl compounds. (Electrophilic substitution reactions).
- From primary amines. - Kolbe’s reaction (formation of salicylic
acid).
Manufacture of methanol by Bosch process
and ethanol by fermentation of - Reimer – Tiemann reaction
carbohydrates, chemical equations required - Test for phenol – FeCl 3 test, azo dye test.
(only outline of the method of manufacture,
detail not required). Aliphatic Ethers: General formula, structure and
nomenclature. Methods of preparation, physical
Properties: and chemical properties, uses.
- Acidic nature of alcohols: Ethers: structure of ethereal group.
- Reaction with sodium. Preparation from alcohol (Williamson’s
- Esterification with mechanism. synthesis).
- Reaction with hydrogen halides. Physical properties: state, miscibility.
- Reaction with PCl 3, PCl 5 , and SOCl 2 . Chemical properties:
- Reaction with acid chlorides and acid - Reaction with chlorine.
anhydrides - Oxidation (peroxide formation).
- Oxidation. - Reaction with HI.
- Dehydration with mechanism. - Reaction with PCl 5 .
Uses of alcohols.

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 Aryl ethers Aromatic aldehyde (Benzaldehyde)
Physical properties – state and solubility. Lab preparation from toluene by oxidation with
chromyl chloride.
Chemical properties – preparation of anisole
(Williamson’s synthesis), electrophilic Physical properties: state and stability.
substitution (halogenation, nitration and
Chemical properties:
Friedel-Crafts reaction.)
• Oxidation and reduction.
Uses of ether.
• Nucleophilic addition reaction (hydrogen
8. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids cyanide and sodium bisulphite).
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, • Reactions with ammonia and its derivatives
structure of methods of preparation of (hydroxyl amine, hydrazine and phenyl
aldehydes and ketones, physical and chemical hydrazine).
properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition,
reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes and • Reaction with phosphorus pentachloride.
uses. • Cannizzaro reaction.
Preparation: • Benzoin condensation.
• From alcohol. • Perkin’s reaction.
• From alkenes (ozonolysis). • Electrophilic substitution - halogenation,
• From alkynes (hydration). nitration and sulphonation.

• From acid chlorides (Rosenmund’s Test: distinction between aromatic and aliphatic
reduction, reaction with dialkyl cadmium). aldehydes.

• From calcium salt of carboxylic acids. Uses of benzaldehyde.

• From nitriles (Stephen reaction, Grignard’s Carboxylic Acids: Classification, general

reagent). formula and structure of carboxylic group.
Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of
• From esters. preparation, physical and chemical properties
Physical properties – state and boiling point. and uses.

Chemical properties: Classification of mono and di carboxylic acids

with examples.
• Nucleophilic addition reactions with
Preparation of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic
mechanism (ammonia and its derivatives,
acid:
HCN, NaHSO 3 and Grignard’s reagent).
- From alcohols, aldehydes.
• Oxidation reactions, iodoform reaction.
- From nitriles.
• Reduction: reduction to alcohol and alkanes
(Clemmensen’s reduction, Wolff-Kishner - From Grignard’s reagent.
reduction, Red phosphorus and HI). Physical properties: state, boiling point and
• Base catalysed reactions (with mechanism): solubility.
Aldol condensation, cross Aldol Chemical properties:
condensation, Cannizzaro’s reaction.
- Acidic character: (aliphatic, aromatic
Tests: difference between formaldehyde and carboxylic acids with the effect of
acetaldehyde; aldehydes and ketones. substituents on the acidic character – to be
Uses of aldehydes and ketones. dealt with in detail)

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 - Reaction with active metals, alkalies, - Alkylation and acylation with
carbonates and bicarbonates, mechanism.
- Formation of acid derivatives. - Reaction with nitrous acid.
- Decarboxylation (chemical and Kolbe’s - Carbylamine reaction.
electrolytic reaction).
Distinction between primary, secondary
- HVZ reactions. and tertiary amines (Hinsberg’s Test).
- Substitution of benzene ring (meta directive Aniline
effect of carboxylic acid group) nitration and Preparation reduction of nitrobenzene.
sulphonation.
Physical properties – state, solubility and boiling
Tests for acids: formic acid, acetic acid and point.
benzoic acid.
Chemical properties:
Uses of formic acid, acetic acid and benzoic acid. - Reaction with HCl and H 2 SO 4 .
9. Organic compounds containing Nitrogen - Acetylation, alkylation.
- Benzoylation.
Aliphatic Amines: General formula and,
classification of amines. Structure of the amino - Carbylamine reaction.
group, nomenclature. Methods of preparation, - Diazotisation.
physical and chemical properties, uses,
- Electrophilic substitution (bromination,
identification of primary, secondary and tertiary
nitration and sulphonation).
amines.
Tests for aniline.
• Amines
Uses of aniline.
Nomenclature, classification with examples,
Cyanides and Isocyanides
structure, general formula.
Methods of preparation:
Methods of preparation:
Cyanides:
- From alcohol.
- From alkyl halide.
- From alkyl halide. - From amide.
- From cyanide. Isocyanides:
- From amide (Hofmann’s degradation). - From alkyl halide.
- From nitro compounds. From primary amines
- Gabriel phthalimide Synthesis. Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical
reactions and importance in synthetic organic
Physical properties: comparison between chemistry.
primary, secondary and tertiary amines in
Preparation from aniline;
terms of – state, solubility, boiling point
(hydrogen bonding), comparison with Properties: Sandmeyer’s reaction, Gattermann
alcohols. reaction and Balz – Scheimann reaction,
replacement of diazo group by – H, -OH, -NO 2 ,
Chemical properties: coupling reaction with phenol and aniline.
- Basic character of amines – comparison
between primary, secondary and tertiary 10. Biomolecules
alkyl amines/ ammonia/ aniline. Effect of Carbohydrates – Definition, Classification
substituents on the basic strength of (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose
aniline and fructose), D-L configuration

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 oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), PAPER II
polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen);
Importance of carbohydrates. PRACTICAL WORK – 15 Marks
Candidates are required to complete the following
Carbohydrates: definition, classification - mono experiments:
(aldose, ketose), oligo (di, tri, tetra saccharides)
and polysaccharides with examples: reducing 1. Titrations
sugars and non-reducing sugars – examples and Oxidation-reduction titrations: potassium
uses. manganate (VII) / ammonium iron (II) sulphate;
potassium manganate (VII) / oxalic acid.
Establishment of structures for glucose and
fructose (open and cyclic) heating with HI, The candidate may be required to determine the
reaction with hydroxylamine, bromine water, percentage purity of a compound and the number
acetic anhydride, nitric acid and phenyl of molecules of water of crystallization in
hydrazine. hydrated salts. In such experiments sufficient
working details including recognition of the end
Test for glucose and fructose (bromine water test point will be given.
with equation).
Candidates will be required to calculate:
Disaccharides – structures of sucrose, maltose
and lactose (glycosidic linkage). • Molarity
• Concentration in grams L-1 / molecular mass
Polysaccharides – starch, cellulose, glycogen.
• Number of molecules of water of
Proteins – structural units of proteins. Basic crystallisation/ percentage purity.
idea of - amino acids, peptide bond,
polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - NOTE: Molarity must be calculated upto 4
primary, secondary, tertiary structure and decimal places at least, in order to avoid error.
quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), OBSERVATION TABLE
denaturation of proteins. Enzymes, hormones -
elementary idea only. S. (A) (B) (B – A)
No.
Proteins: Amino acids – general structure,
Initial Final Difference
classification and zwitter ion formation.
burette burette (ml)
Isoelectric point.
reading reading
Classification of proteins on the basis of (ml) (ml)
molecular shape; primary, secondary, tertiary 1
and quaternary, structures of proteins, 2
denaturation of proteins. (Definitions only. 3
Details and diagrams are not required).
Vitamins - Classification and functions. • Concordant reading is to be used for titre value.
Concordant reading is two consecutive values
Vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K: classification which are exactly the same. Average will not be
(fat soluble and water soluble), deficiency accepted as titre value.
diseases. (Chemical names and structures are not
• The table is to be completed in ink only. Pencil is
required).
not to be used.
Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA.
• Overwriting will not be accepted in the tabular
Nucleic acids: basic unit – purine and column.
pyrimidine, DNA – structure (double helical), Observations:
RNA (No chemical structure required).
Differences between DNA and RNA. • Pipette size (should be same for all the
candidates at the centre).
• Titre value (concordant value).

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2. Study of the rate of reaction 7. Qualitative analysis
The candidates will be required, having been Qualitative analysis: identification of single salt
given full instructions, to carry out an experiment containing one anion and one cation:
on the rate of reaction, e.g. reaction between
sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid Anions: CO 3 2-, NO 2 -, S2-, SO 3 2-, SO 4 2-, NO 3 -,
(using different concentrations for either), CH 3 COO-, Cl-, Br-, I-, C 2 O 4 2-, PO 4 3-.
magnesium and dil. sulphuric acid/ dil. Cations: NH 4 +, Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Mn2+
hydrochloric acid (using different , Ni2+, Co2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+.
concentrations).
NOTE:
• Graph of volume vs. time and its
interpretation. Chromyl chloride test not to be performed.
• Relationship between concentration and rate, For wet test of anions, sodium carbonate
volume and rate and time and rate. extract must be used (except for carbonate).
3. Identification of the following compounds and (Insoluble salts such as lead sulphate, barium
functional groups based on observations sulphate, calcium sulphate, strontium sulphate
will not be given).
• Alcoholic group - glycerol
• Aldehyde group- formaldehyde Anions: Dilute acid group – CO 3 2-, NO 2 -, S2-,
SO 3 2-
• Ketonic group – acetone
Concentrated Acid Group – NO 3 -, Cl-,
• Carboxylic group – benzoic acid Br-, I-, CH 3 COO-.
• Amino group - aniline Special Group - SO 4 2-, PO 4 3-, C 2 O 4 2-.
*Please Note: Carbylamine and acrolein tests
Cations: Group Zero: NH 4 +
should not be performed.
The student should learn to differentiate between Group I: Pb2+
colours, solution, ring and precipitate. Group II : Cu2+, Pb2+
4. Characteristic tests of carbohydrates and Group III: Al3+, Fe3+
proteins Group IV: Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+
• Carbohydrates – glucose Group V: Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
• Proteins – powdered milk
Group VI: Mg2+
Identification should be of ‘Carbohydrate’ and
‘Protein’ not of individual substances. NOTE:
5. Experiments related to pH change using pH • Formal analytical procedure is required for
paper or universal indicator. Qualitative Analysis.
• Determination of pH of some solutions • Specific solvent for O.S. to be used;
obtained from fruit juice, solutions of known • Before adding Group III reagents to the
and varied concentrations of acids, bases and filtrate of Group II, H 2 S must be removed
salts. followed by boiling with conc. Nitric acid.
• Comparison of pH of the solutions of strong
• The right order for buffer (NH 4 Cl and
and weak acids of the same concentration.
NH 4 OH) must be used.
Use of universal indicator/pH paper must be
taught to the students. • The flame test with the precipitate obtained
in Group V for Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ will also be
6. Electrochemistry
accepted as a confirmatory test.
Setting up a simple voltaic cell.
Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn2+//Cu2+/Cu For wet test of anions, sodium carbonate
with change in concentration of electrolyte extract must be used (except for carbonate).
(CuSO 4 , ZnSO 4 ) at room temperature.

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 PATTERN OF CHEMISTRY Suggested Assignments:
PRACTICAL PAPER 1. Amino acids: Peptides, structure and
Questions in the practical paper will be set as classification, proteins structure and their role in
follows: the growth of living beings.
Question 1 Volumetric Analysis 2. Nucleic Acid: DNA and RNA – their structure.
Question 2 Any one or a combination of the Unique nature. Importance in evolution and their
following experiments: characteristic features.
• Study of the rate of reaction. 3. Carbohydrates and their metabolism, Blood -
• Identification of the organic haemoglobin and respiration.
compounds and functional groups 4. Vitamins and hormones
based on observations. 5. Simple idea of chemical evolution.
• Characteristic tests of carbohydrates
6. Natural polymers (any five) - structure,
and proteins.
characteristics, uses. Synthetic polymers (any
• Experiments related to pH
five) - method of preparation, structure,
determination using pH paper or
characteristics and uses.
universal indicator.
• Electrochemistry. 7. Types of Dyes - methods of preparation,
Question 3 Qualitative Analysis (single salt). characteristics and uses.
8. Chemicals in medicines: antiseptics, antibiotics,
PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL antacids, etc. and their uses.
FILE - 15 Marks 9. Preparation of soap, nail polish, boot polish,
varnish, nail polish remover, shampoo and
Project Work – 10 Marks
perfumes.
The project work is to be assessed by a Visiting 10. Chemicals and chemical processes in forensic
Examiner appointed locally and approved by the studies.
Council.
11. Insecticides, pesticides and chemical fertilisers.
The candidate is to creatively execute one
project/assignment on an aspect of Chemistry. 12. Ancient Indian medicines and medicinal plants.
Teachers may assign or students may select a topic of 13. Organic Chemistry in Nutrition, Food Science
their choice. Following is only a suggestive list of and Biotechnology.
projects. 14. Effect of Green House Gases.
Suggested Evaluation criteria for Project Work: 15. How Plastics have changed the world, both
socially and economically.
• Introduction / purpose
• Contents Practical File – 5 Marks
• Analysis/ material aid (graph, data, structure, pie The Visiting Examiner is required to assess students
charts, histograms, diagrams, etc.) on the basis of the Chemistry Practical file
• Presentation maintained by them during the academic year.
• Bibliography
NOTE: According to the recommendation of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the
groups are numbered from 1 to 18 replacing the older notation of groups IA ….. VIIA, VIII, IB …… VIIB and
0. However, for the examination both notations will be accepted.
Old IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 0
notation
New 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
notation

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ISC YEAR 2027

INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE

EXAMINATION

COMPUTER SCIENCE
(868)
February 2025
____________________________________________________________________________________________

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Trust and fair play.

Minimum monitoring.
Allowing schools to evolve their own niche.
Catering to the needs of the children.
Giving freedom to experiment with new ideas
and practices.
Diversity and plurality - the basic strength for
evolution of ideas.
Schools to motivate pupils towards the
cultivation of:
Excellence - The Indian and Global
experience.
Values - Spiritual and cultural - to be the bedrock
of the educational experience.
Schools to have an 'Indian Ethos', strong roots in
the national psyche and be sensitive to national
aspirations.
 COMPUTER SCIENCE (868)

Aims (Conceptual) (3) To create awareness of ethical issues related to

computing and to promote safe, ethical
(1) To understand algorithmic problem solving
behavior.
using data abstractions, functional and
procedural abstractions, and object based and (4) To make students aware of future trends in
object-oriented abstractions. computing.
(2) To understand: (a) how computers represent, Aims (Skills)
store and process data at different levels of
To devise algorithmic solutions to problems and to
abstraction that mediate between the machine
be able to code, validate, document, execute and
and the algorithmic problem solving level and
debug the solution using the Java programming
(b) how they communicate with the outside
system.
world.

CLASS XI
There will be two papers in the subject: 2. Encodings
Paper I: Theory………….. 3 hours…70 marks (a) Binary encodings for integers and real
Paper II: Practical………. 3 hours…30 marks numbers using a finite number of bits (sign-
magnitude, 2’s complement, mantissa-
exponent notation).
Signed, unsigned numbers, least and most
PAPER I –THEORY – 70 MARKS significant bits. Sign-magnitude
SECTION A representation and its shortcomings (two
representations for 0, addition requires extra
Basic Computer Hardware and Software step); two’s-complement representation.
Operations (arithmetic, logical, shift),
1. Numbers
discuss the basic algorithms used for the
Representation of numbers in different bases and arithmetic operations. Floating point
interconversion between them (e.g. binary, octal, representation: normalized scientific
decimal, hexadecimal). Addition and subtraction notation, mantissa-exponent representation,
operations for numbers in different bases. binary point (discuss trade-off between size
of mantissa and exponent). Single and double
Introduce the positional system of representing precision.
numbers and the concept of a base. Discuss the
conversion of representations between different (b) Characters and their encodings (e.g. ASCII,
bases using English or pseudo code. These ISCII, Unicode).
algorithms are also good examples for defining Discuss the limitations of the ASCII code in
different functions in a class modelling numbers representing characters of other languages.
(when programming is discussed). For addition Discuss the Unicode representation for the
and subtraction (1’s complement and 2’s local language. Java uses Unicode, so
complement) use the analogy with decimal strings in the local language can be used
numbers, emphasize how carry works (this will be (they can be displayed if fonts are available)
useful later when binary adders are discussed). – a simple table lookup for local language

ISC Examination Year 2027

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 equivalents for Latin (i.e. English) character 5. Objects
strings may be done. More details on
Unicode are available at [Link]. (a) Objects as data (attributes) + behaviour
(methods or methods); object as an instance
3. Propositional logic, Hardware of a class.
implementation, Arithmetic operations
Difference between object and class should
(a) Propositional logic, well-formed formulae, be made very clear. BlueJ ([Link])
truth values and interpretation of well formed and Greenfoot ([Link]) can be
formulae, truth tables. used for this purpose.
Propositional variables; the common logical
(b) Analysis of some real-world programming
connectives ((not)(negation), ∧
examples in terms of objects and classes.
(and)(conjunction), ∨ (or)(disjunction),
⇒ (implication), ⇔ (equivalence)); definition Use simple examples like a calculator, date,
of a well-formed formula (wff); number etc. to illustrate how they can be
representation of simple word problems as treated as objects that behave in certain well-
wff (this can be used for motivation); the defined ways and how the interface provides
values true and false; interpretation of a wff; a way to access behaviour. Illustrate
truth tables; satisfiable, unsatisfiable and behaviour changes by adding new methods,
valid formulae. deleting old methods or modifying existing
methods.
(b) Logic and hardware, basic gates (AND,
NOT, OR) and their universality, other gates (c) Basic concept of a virtual machine; Java
(NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR), half adder, Virtual Machine (JVM); compilation and
full adder. execution of Java programs (the javac and
Show how the logic in (a) above can be java programs).
realized in hardware in the form of gates. The JVM is a machine but built as a program
These gates can then be combined to and not through hardware. Therefore it is
implement the basic operations for called a virtual machine. To run, JVM
arithmetic. Tie up with the arithmetic machine language programs require an
operations on integers discussed earlier in 2 interpreter. The advantage is that such JVM
(a). machine language programs (.class files) are
SECTION B portable and can run on any machine that
has the java program.
The programming element in the syllabus is aimed
at algorithmic problem solving and not merely rote (d) Compile time and run time errors; basic
learning of Java syntax. The Java version used concept of an exception, the Exception class,
should be 5.0 or later. For programming, the try-catch, throw, throws and finally.
students can use any text editor and the javac and Differentiate between compile time and run
java programs or any other development time errors. Run time errors crash the
environment: for example, BlueJ, Eclipse, NetBeans program. Recovery is possible by the use of
etc. BlueJ is strongly recommended for its exceptions. Explain how an exception object
simplicity, ease of use and because it is very well is created and passed up until a matching
suited for an ‘objects first’ approach. catch is found. This behaviour is different
4. Introduction to Object Oriented from the one where a value is returned by a
Programming using Java deeply nested method call.

Note that topics 5 to 12 should be introduced

almost simultaneously along with Classes and
their definitions.

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6. Primitive values, Wrapper classes, Types and 9. Methods and Constructors
casting
Methods and Constructors (as abstractions for
Primitive values and types: byte, int, short, long, complex user defined operations on objects),
float, double, boolean, char. Corresponding methods as mechanisms for side effects; formal
wrapper classes for each primitive type. Class as arguments and actual arguments in methods;
type of the object. Class as mechanism for user different behaviour of primitive and object
defined types. Changing types through user arguments. Static methods and variables. The this
defined casting and automatic type coercion for operator. Examples of algorithmic problem
some primitive types. solving using methods (number problems,
finding roots of algebraic equations etc.).
Ideally, everything should be a class; primitive
types are defined for efficiency reasons; each Methods are like complex operations where the
primitive type has a corresponding wrapper class. object is implicitly the first argument. Operator
Classes as user defined types. In some cases types this denotes the current object. Methods typically
are changed by automatic coercion or casting – return values. Illustrate the difference between
e.g. mixed type expressions. However, casting in primitive values and object values as arguments
general is not a good idea and should be avoided, (changes made inside methods persist after the
if possible. call for object values). Static definitions as class
7. Variables, Expressions variables and class methods visible and shared
by all instances. Need for static methods and
Variables as names for values; named constants variables. Introduce the main method – needed to
(final), expressions (arithmetic and logical) and begin execution. Constructor as a special kind of
their evaluation (operators, associativity, method; the new operator; multiple constructors
precedence). Assignment operation; difference with different argument structures; constructor
between left-hand side and right-hand side of returns a reference to the object.
assignment.
10. Arrays, Strings
Variables denote values; variables are already
defined as attributes in classes; variables have Structured data types – arrays (single and multi-
types that constrain the values it can denote. dimensional), strings. Example algorithms that
Difference between variables denoting primitive use structured data types (searching, finding
values and object values – variables denoting maximum/minimum, sorting techniques, solving
objects are references to those objects. The systems of linear equations, substring,
assignment operator = is special. The variable on concatenation, length, access to char in string,
the LHS of = denotes the memory location while etc.).
the same variable on the RHS denotes the contents
of the location e.g. i=i+2. Storing many data elements of the same type
requires structured data types – like arrays.
NOTE: Library functions for solving expressions Access in arrays is constant time and does not
may be used as and when required. depend on the number of elements. Sorting
8. Statements, Scope techniques (bubble, selection, insertion),
Statements; conditional (if, if else, if else if, Structured data types can be defined by classes –
switch case) ternary operator, looping (for, while, String. Introduce the Java library String class
do while), continue, break; grouping statements in and the basic operations on strings (accessing
blocks, scope and visibility of variables. individual characters, various substring
Describe the semantics of the conditional and operations, concatenation, replacement, index of
looping statements in detail. Evaluation of the operations).
condition in conditional statements.
Nesting of blocks. Variables with block scope,
method scope, class scope. Visibility rules when
variables with the same name are defined in
different scopes.

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 SECTION C program. Emphasize that any recursion must
have a base case. Otherwise, the computation
11. Basic input/output Data File Handling
can go into an infinite loop.
(Binary and Text)
13. Implementation of algorithms to solve
(a) Basic input/output using Scanner and Printer
problems
classes.
The students are required to do lab assignments
Input/output exceptions. Tokens in an input
in the computer lab concurrently with the
stream, concept of whitespace, extracting
lectures. Programming assignments should be
tokens from an input stream (String
done such that each major topic is covered in at
Tokenizer class). The Scanner class can be
least one assignment. Assignment problems
used for input of various types of data (e.g.
should be designed so that they are sufficiently
int, float, char etc.) from the standard input
challenging and make the student do algorithm
stream. Similarly, the Printer class handles
design, address correctness issues, implement
output. Only basic input and output using
and execute the algorithm in Java and debug
these classes should be covered.
where necessary.
Discuss the concept of a token (a delimited
Self-explanatory.
continuous stream of characters that is
meaningful in the application program – e.g. 14. Packages
words in a sentence where the delimiter is
Definition, creation of packages, importing user
the blank character). This naturally leads to
defined packages, interaction of objects across
the idea of delimiters and in particular
packages.
whitespace and user defined characters as
delimiters. As an example show how the Java Application Programming Interface (API),
StringTokenizer class allows one to extract a development of applications using user defined
sequence of tokens from a string with user packages.
defined delimiters. 15. Trends in computing and ethical issues
(b) Data File Handling. (a) Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things,
Need for Data file, Input Stream, Output Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality.
Stream, Byte Stream (FileInputStream and Brief understanding of the above and their
FileOutputStream), Character Stream impact on Society.
(FileReader, FileWriter), Operations-
Creation, Reading, Writing, Appending, and (b) Cyber Security, privacy, netiquette, spam,
Searching. phishing.
12. Recursion Brief understanding of the above.
Concept of recursion, simple recursive methods (c) Intellectual property, Software copyright and
(e.g. factorial, GCD, binary search, conversion of patents and Free Software Foundation.
representations of numbers between different Intellectual property and corresponding laws
bases). and rights, software as intellectual property.
Many problems can be solved very elegantly by Software copyright and patents and the
observing that the solution can be composed of difference between the two; trademarks;
solutions to ‘smaller’ versions of the same software licensing and piracy. free Software
problem with the base version having a known Foundation and its position on software,
simple solution. Recursion can be initially Open Source Software, various types of
motivated by using recursive equations to define licensing (e.g. GPL, BSD).
certain methods. These definitions are fairly
obvious and are easy to understand. The Social impact and ethical issues should be
definitions can be directly converted to a discussed and debated in class. The

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 important thing is for students to realise assignments for the year and ONE project based on
that these are complex issues and there are the syllabus.
multiple points of view on many of them and
there is no single ‘correct’ or ‘right’ view. LIST OF SUGGESTED PROJECTS:
PRESENTATION / MODEL BASED/
APPLICATION BASED
PAPER II - PRACTICAL – 30 MARKS 1. Creating an expert system for road-traffic
This paper of three hours duration will be evaluated management (routing and re-routing of vehicles
internally by the school. depending on congestion).
The paper shall consist of three programming 2. Creating an expert system for medical diagnosis
problems from which a candidate has to attempt any on the basis of symptoms and prescribe a suitable
one. The practical consists of the two parts: treatment.
(1) Planning Session 3. Creating a security system for age-appropriate
access to social media.
(2) Examination Session
4. Simulate Adders using Arduino Controllers and
The total time to be spent on the Planning session and Components.
the Examination session is three hours.
A maximum of 90 minutes is permitted for the 5. Simulate a converter of Binary to Decimal
Planning session and 90 minutes for the Examination number systems using Arduino Controllers and
session. Candidates are to be permitted to proceed Components.
to the Examination Session only after the 90 6. Develop a console-based application using Java
minutes of the Planning Session are over. for Movie Ticket Reservation.
Planning Session 7. Develop a console-based application using Java
The candidates will be required to prepare an to encrypt and decrypt a message (using cipher
algorithm and a hand-written Java program to solve text, Unicode-exchange, etc).
the problem. 8. Develop a console-based application using Java
Examination Session to find name of the bank and branch location
from IFSC.
The program handed in at the end of the Planning
session shall be returned to the candidates. The 9. Develop a console-based application using Java
candidates will be required to key-in and execute the to calculate taxable income (only direct tax).
Java program on seen and unseen inputs individually 10. Develop a console-based application using Java
on the Computer and show execution to the to develop a simple text editor (text typing, copy,
examiner. A printout of the program listing, including cut, paste, delete).
output results should be attached to the answer script
containing the algorithm and handwritten program.
This should be returned to the examiner. The
program should be sufficiently documented so that
the algorithm, representation and development
process is clear from reading the program. Large
differences between the planned program and the
printout will result in loss of marks.
Teachers should maintain a record of all the
assignments done as part of the practical work
throughout the year and give it due credit at the time
of cumulative evaluation at the end of the year.
Students are expected to do a minimum of twenty

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EVALUATION Terminal Evaluation
Marks (out of a total of 30) should be distributed as Solution to programming problem on 15 Marks
given below: the computer
Continuous Evaluation
Candidates will be required to submit a work file (Marks should be given for choice of algorithm and
containing the practical work related to programming implementation strategy, documentation, correct
assignments done during the year and ONE project. output on known inputs mentioned in the question
paper, correct output for unknown inputs available
Programming assignments done 10 marks only to the examiner).
throughout the year
Project Work (based on any topic from 5 marks
the syllabus)

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 CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject: Verify the laws of Boolean algebra using
Paper I: Theory……….. 3 hours….70 marks truth tables. Inputs, outputs for circuits like
half and full adders, majority circuit etc.,
Paper II: Practical…….. 3 hours….30 marks
SOP and POS representation; Maxterms &
Minterms, Canonical and Cardinal
PAPER I –THEORY – 70 MARKS representation, reduction using Karnaugh
maps and Boolean algebra.
SECTION A
1. Boolean Algebra 2. Computer Hardware
(a) Propositional logic, well formed formulae, (a) Elementary logic gates (NOT, AND, OR,
truth values and interpretation of well formed NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR) and their use in
formulae (wff), truth tables, satisfiable, circuits.
unsatisfiable and valid formulae. Equivalence
laws and their use in simplifying wffs. (b) Applications of Boolean algebra and logic
gates to half adders, full adders, encoders,
Propositional variables; the common logical decoders, multiplexers, NAND, NOR as
connectives (~ (not)(negation), ∧ universal gates.
(and)(conjunction), ∨ (or)(disjunction), ⇒
(implication), ⇔ (biconditional); definition Show the correspondence between Boolean
of a well-formed formula (wff); methods and the corresponding switching
`representation of simple word problems as circuits or gates. Show that NAND and NOR
wff (this can be used for motivation); the gates are universal by converting some circuits
values true and false; interpretation of a wff; to purely NAND or NOR gates.
truth tables; satisfiable, unsatisfiable and
valid formulae. SECTION B
Equivalence laws: commutativity of ∧, ∨; The programming element in the syllabus (Sections B
associativity of ∧, ∨; distributivity; De and C) is aimed at algorithmic problem solving and
Morgan’s laws; law of implication (p ⇒ q ≡ not merely rote learning of Java syntax. The Java
~p ∨ q); law of biconditional ((p ⇔ q) ≡ version used should be 5.0 or later. For programming,
(p ⇒ q) ∧ (q ⇒ p)); identity (p ≡ p); law of the students can use any text editor and the javac and
negation (~ (~p) ≡ p); law of excluded java programs or any other development
middle (p ∨~p ≡ true); law of contradiction environment: for example, BlueJ, Eclipse, NetBeans
(p∧~p ≡ false); tautology and contingency etc. BlueJ is strongly recommended for its simplicity,
simplification rules for ∧, ∨. Converse, ease of use and because it is very well suited for an
inverse and contra positive. Chain rule, ‘objects first’ approach.
Modus ponens.
3. Implementation of algorithms to solve
(b) Binary valued quantities; basic postulates problems
of Boolean algebra; operations AND, OR and
The students are required to do lab assignments
NOT; truth tables. in the computer lab concurrently with the
(c) Basic theorems of Boolean algebra lectures. Programming assignments should be
(e.g. duality, idempotence, commutativity, done such that each major topic is covered in at
associativity, distributivity, operations with 0 least one assignment. Assignment problems
and 1, complements, absorption, involution); should be designed so that they are sufficiently
De Morgan’s theorem and its applications; challenging. Students must do algorithm design,
reducing Boolean expressions to sum of address correctness issues, implement and
products and product of sums forms; execute the algorithm in Java and debug where
necessary. Self explanatory.
Karnaugh maps (up to four variables).

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4. Programming in Java (Review of Class XI Examples of algorithmic problem solving using
Sections B and C) methods (number problems, finding roots of
algebraic equations etc.).
Note that items 4 to 13 should be introduced
almost simultaneously along with classes and 10. Arrays, Strings
their definitions.
Structured data types – arrays (single and multi-
While reviewing, ensure that new higher order dimensional), address calculations, strings.
problems are solved using these constructs. Example algorithms that use structured data types
(e.g. searching, finding maximum/minimum,
5. Objects
sorting techniques, solving systems of linear
(a) Objects as data (attributes) + behaviour equations, substring, concatenation, length,
(methods); object as an instance of a class. access to char in string, etc.).
Constructors.
Storing many data elements of the same type
(b) Analysis of some real-world programming requires structured data types – like arrays.
examples in terms of objects and classes. Access in arrays is constant time and does not
depend on the number of elements. Address
(c) Basic input/output using Scanner and Printer
calculation (row major and column major),
classes from JDK; input/output exceptions.
Sorting techniques (bubble, selection, insertion).
Tokens in an input stream, concept of
Structured data types can be defined by classes –
whitespace, extracting tokens from an input
String. Introduce the Java library String class
stream (String Tokenizer class).
and the basic operations on strings (accessing
6. Primitive values, Wrapper classes, Types and individual characters, various substring
casting operations, concatenation, replacement, index of
operations). The class StringBuffer should be
Primitive values and types: byte, int, short, long,
introduced for those applications that involve
float, double, boolean, char. Corresponding
heavy manipulation of strings.
wrapper classes for each primitive type. Class as
type of the object. Class as mechanism for user 11. Recursion
defined types. Changing types through user
Concept of recursion, simple recursive methods
defined casting and automatic type coercion for
(e.g. factorial, GCD, binary search, conversion of
some primitive types.
representations of numbers between different
7. Variables, Expressions bases).
Variables as names for values; named constants Many problems can be solved very elegantly by
(final), expressions (arithmetic and logical) and observing that the solution can be composed of
their evaluation (operators, associativity, solutions to ‘smaller’ versions of the same
precedence). Assignment operation; difference problem with the base version having a known
between left hand side and right hand side of simple solution. Recursion can be initially
assignment. motivated by using recursive equations to define
certain methods. These definitions are fairly
8. Statements, Scope
obvious and are easy to understand. The
Statements; conditional (if, if else, if else if, definitions can be directly converted to a
switch case, ternary operator), looping (for, program. Emphasize that any recursion must
while, do while, continue, break); grouping have a base case. Otherwise, the computation
statements in blocks, scope and visibility of can go into an infinite loop.
variables.
The tower of Hanoi is a very good example of
9. Methods how recursion gives a very simple and elegant
solution where as non-recursive solutions are
Methods (as abstractions for complex user
quite complex.
defined operations on objects), formal arguments
and actual arguments in methods; different
behaviour of primitive and object arguments.
Static method and variables. The this Operator.

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 SECTION C (b) Single linked list (Algorithm and
programming), binary trees, tree traversals
Inheritance, Interface, Polymorphism, Data (Conceptual).
structures, Computational complexity The following should be covered for each
12. Inheritance, Interfaces and Polymorphism data structure:
(a) Inheritance; super and derived classes; Linked List (single): insertion, deletion,
member access in derived classes; reversal, extracting an element or a sublist,
redefinition of variables and methods in checking emptiness.
subclasses; abstract classes; class Object; Binary trees: apart from the definition the
protected visibility. Subclass polymorphism following concepts should be covered: root,
and dynamic binding. internal nodes, external nodes (leaves),
Emphasize inheritance as a mechanism to height (tree, node), depth (tree, node), level,
reuse a class by extending it. Inheritance size, degree, siblings, sub tree,
should not normally be used just to reuse completeness, balancing, traversals (pre,
some methods defined in a class but only post and in-order).
when there is a genuine specialization (or
14. Complexity and Big O notation
subclass) relationship between objects of the
super class and that of the derived class. Concrete computational complexity; concept of
input size; estimating complexity in terms of
(b) Interfaces in Java; implementing interfaces
methods; importance of dominant term;
through a class; interfaces for user defined
constants, best, average and worst case.
implementation of behaviour.
Big O notation for computational complexity;
Motivation for interface: often when creating
analysis of complexity of example algorithms
reusable classes some parts of the exact
using the big O notation (e.g. Various searching
implementation can only be provided by the
and sorting algorithms, algorithm for solution of
final end user. For example, in a class that
linear equations etc.).
sorts records of different types the exact
comparison operation can only be provided
by the end user. Since only he/she knows PAPER II - PRACTICAL – 30 MARKS
which field(s) will be used for doing the
This paper of three hours’ duration will be evaluated
comparison and whether sorting should be in
by the Visiting Examiner appointed locally and
ascending or descending order be given by
the user of the class. approved by CISCE.
Emphasize the difference between the Java The paper shall consist of three programming
language construct interface and the word problems from which a candidate has to attempt any
interface often used to describe the set of one. The practical consists of the two parts:
method prototypes of a class. 1. Planning Session
13. Data structures 2. Examination Session
(a) Basic data structures (stack, queue, circular The total time to be spent on the Planning session and
queue, dequeue); implementation directly the Examination session is three hours.
through classes; definition through an A maximum of 90 minutes is permitted for the
interface and multiple implementations by Planning session and 90 minutes for the Examination
implementing the interface. Conversion of session.
Infix to Prefix and Postfix notations.
Candidates are to be permitted to proceed to the
Basic algorithms and programs using the Examination Session only after the 90 minutes of
above data structures. the Planning Session are over.
Data structures should be defined as abstract Planning Session
data types with a well-defined interface (it is
instructive to define them using the Java The candidates will be required to prepare an
interface construct). algorithm and a hand written Java program to solve
the problem.

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Examination Session EQUIPMENT
The program handed in at the end of the Planning There should be enough computers to provide for a
session shall be returned to the candidates. The teaching schedule where at least three-fourths of the
candidates will be required to key-in and execute the time available is used for programming.
Java program on seen and unseen inputs individually
on the Computer and show execution to the Visiting Schools should have equipment/platforms such that
Examiner. A printout of the program listing including all the software required for practical work runs
output results should be attached to the answer script properly, i.e. it should run at acceptable speeds.
containing the algorithm and handwritten program.
This should be returned to the examiner. The Since hardware and software evolve and change very
program should be sufficiently documented so that rapidly, the schools may have to upgrade them as
the algorithm, representation and development required.
process is clear from reading the program. Large Following are the recommended specifications as of
differences between the planned program and the now:
printout will result in loss of marks.
The Facilities:
Teachers should maintain a record of all the
assignments done as part of the practical work • A lecture cum demonstration room with a
through the year and give it due credit at the time of MULTIMEDIA PROJECTOR/ an LCD and
cumulative evaluation at the end of the year. Students O.H.P. attached to the computer.
are expected to do a minimum of twenty-five
assignments for the year. • A white board with white board markers should
be available.
EVALUATION:
• A fully equipped Computer Laboratory that
Marks (out of a total of 30) should be distributed as allows one computer per student.
given below:
Continuous Evaluation • Internet connection for accessing the World
Wide Web and email facility.
Candidates will be required to submit a work file
containing the practical work related to programming • The computers should have a minimum of
assignments done during the year. 1 GB RAM and a P IV or higher processor. The
Programming assignments done 10 marks basic requirement is that it should run the
throughout the year (Internal operating system and Java programming system
Evaluation) (Java compiler, Java runtime environment, Java
Programming assignments done 5 marks development environment) at acceptable speeds.
throughout the year (Visiting Examiner) • Good Quality printers.
Terminal Evaluation Software:
Solution to programming problem on 15 Marks
the computer • Any suitable Operating System can be used.
• JDK 6 or later.
Marks should be given for choice of algorithm and
implementation strategy, documentation, correct • Documentation for the JDK version being used.
output on known inputs mentioned in the question
• A suitable text editor. A development
paper, correct output for unknown inputs available environment with a debugger is preferred
only to the examiner. (e.g. BlueJ, Eclipse, NetBeans). BlueJ is
NOTE: recommended for its ease of use and simplicity.
Algorithm should be expressed clearly using any
standard scheme such as a pseudo code.

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 SAMPLE TABLE FOR PRACTICAL WORK
Assessment of Assessment of the Practical Examination TOTAL MARKS
Practical File (To be evaluated by the Visiting Examiner only) (Total Marks are to
Unique be added and
Identification Internal Visiting Algorithm Java Program with Hard Output entered by the
S. No.
Number (Unique Evaluation Examiner internal Copy Visiting Examiner)
ID) of the candidate 10 Marks 5 Marks Documentation (printout)
3 Marks 7 Marks 2 Marks 3 Marks 30 Marks

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Name of the Visiting Examiner:_________________________________

Signature: _______________________________
Date:___________________________________

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ISC YEAR 2027

INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE

EXAMINATION

ENGLISH
(801)
February 2025
____________________________________________________________________________________________

© Copyright, Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations

All rights reserved. The copyright to this publication and any part thereof solely vests in the Council for the Indian
School Certificate Examinations. This publication and no part thereof may be reproduced, transmitted, distributed or
stored in any manner whatsoever, without the prior written approval of the Council for the Indian School Certificate
Examinations.
Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)

MISSION STATEMENT

The Council for the Indian School Certificate

Examinations is committed to serving the nation's
children, through high quality educational
endeavours, empowering them to contribute towards
a humane, just and pluralistic society, promoting
introspective living, by creating exciting learning
opportunities, with a commitment to excellence.

ETHOS OF CISCE

Trust and fair play.

Minimum monitoring.
Allowing schools to evolve their own niche.
Catering to the needs of the children.
Giving freedom to experiment with new ideas
and practices.
Diversity and plurality - the basic strength for
evolution of ideas.
Schools to motivate pupils towards the
cultivation of:
Excellence - The Indian and Global
experience.
Values - Spiritual and cultural - to be the bedrock
of the educational experience.
Schools to have an 'Indian Ethos', strong roots in
the national psyche and be sensitive to national
aspirations.
 COMPULSORY SUBJECT
ENGLISH (801)

This subject may not be taken with Modern English.

Aims (English Language) • use the English language for the purpose of study
To develop the ability to: and social and cultural interaction.

• derive, infer and critically assess information • speak and write clearly and to the purpose, using
through listening. appropriate grammar, vocabulary and idiom.
Aims (Prescribed Texts)
• express oneself by speaking individually, or in a
discussion. • To enjoy and appreciate literature through a
critical study of selected literary works.
• read with comprehension, drawing information
directly or by inference from the text, through an • Through the study of literature:
understanding of grammar and structure, − approach an understanding of humanity.
vocabulary and idiom.
− develop an interest in the thought and culture
• employ a variety of skills in writing within a of the peoples of the world.
framework using argument or imagination or − develop the power of expression and a sense
summarizing. of aesthetic values.

CLASSES XI & XII

The subject English has two components, English Language and Literature in English. Each of these
components will consist of a Theory Paper of 80 Marks and Project Work of 20 Marks.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE
There will be two papers in English Language:
Paper I: Theory (3 hours): 80 Marks
Paper II: Project Work: 20 Marks
PAPER I: THEORY - 80 Marks
All questions will be compulsory.
Question Three:
Question One: Short-answer questions to test grammar, structure and
usage
A composition on one of a number of subjects.
Question Four:
Question Two: Comprehension.
(a) Directed writing.
(b) Proposal Writing based on a given situation.

ISC Examination Year 2027 1

Question One (b) Proposal Writing
Candidates will be required to select one composition Candidates will be required to write a proposal based
topic from a choice of six. The choice will normally on a given situation.
include narrative, descriptive, reflective, The proposal should include (i) An
argumentative/ persuasive, expository topics and Introduction/Heading (ii) Objectives (iii) List of
original short story. measures to be taken. A concluding statement is
necessary.
The required length of the composition is 400 – 450
words. The format prescribed by the CISCE must be
followed. The candidates will also be marked on
The main criteria by which the compositions will be
linguistic ability.
marked are as follows:
Question Three
(a) The quality of the language employed, the range
and appropriateness of vocabulary and sentence All the items in this question are compulsory and
structure, syntax, the correctness of grammatical their number and type/ pattern may vary from year to
constructions, punctuation, and spelling. year. They will consist of the transformation of
sentences, phrasal verbs, and verbs/tenses, which will
(b) The degree to which candidates have been
test the candidates’ knowledge of the essentials of
successful in organising the content of the
functional English grammar and structure.
composition as a whole and in individual
paragraphs. Question Four
Question Two A passage of about 700 words will be provided.
There are two parts to this question and both parts are Questions based on the passage will be as follows:
compulsory.
• Questions that test the candidates’ analytical
(a) Directed Writing
skills, knowledge of vocabulary, ability to
The piece of directed writing must be based on understand the content, infer information and
the information and all the points provided. The meanings from the text.
required length is 250-300 words. The range of • A question that elicits the main ideas of all or
subjects includes feature article, book review, part of the passage, where the candidate will be
blogs, newspaper report, and statement of required to frame a summary (keeping to a word
purpose. limit), in a coherent manner. Marks will be
awarded for expression and the candidate’s
Skills such as amplifying, describing and ability to summarise clearly in complete
re-stating are involved. The candidates’ ability in sentences. Marks will be deducted for linguistic
the above skills, including format, will be taken errors.
into account as well as their ability to handle
NOTE: This part must be done in the grid form.
language appropriately in the context of the given The use of abbreviations and contractions will not
situation. be accepted.

2
ISC Examination Year 2027
 PAPER II: PROJECT WORK - 20 Marks
In addition to the syllabus prescribed above for Classes XI and XII, candidates are also required to be assessed
in Project Work.
PROJECT WORK FOR CLASS XI
Project Work in Class XI consists of assessment of Some of the themes which may be addressed are:
candidates in Listening and Speaking Skills which
1. Narrating an experience
are to be assessed internally, by the school, during
English course work and shown in the student’s 2. Giving directions or instructions on how to make
report and school record. or operate something
Candidates are to be assessed in two projects, one on 3. Providing a description
Listening Skills and one on Speaking Skills. 4. Giving a report
Details of assignments for Project Work on Listening 5. Expressing an opinion or a theme-based
and Speaking Skills are given below: conversation
Listening Skills Internal Evaluation by the Teacher (20 Marks):
An unseen passage of about 500 words is to be read
Assessment Description Marks
aloud, twice, the first time at normal reading speed
Criteria
(about 110 words a minute) and the next time at a
slower speed. The passage may be taken from any Listening Response to questions 10
novel, newspaper, magazine article, journal and so on Skills (Aural) based on listening
but not from an ICSE or ISC textbook. Students comprehension
may make brief notes during the readings followed
Speaking - Content 2
by answering objective type questions based on the
Skills (Oral)
passage, on the paper provided. - Fluency 2
Speaking Skills - Vocabulary 2
Students are to be assessed through an - Sentence structure 2
individual presentation of about three minutes
- Confidence 2
followed by a discussion with the
subject teacher, for another two or three minutes. TOTAL 20

PROJECT WORK FOR CLASS XII

Project Work in Class XII consists of assessment of Listening Skills (to be internally assessed by the
candidates in three projects, one each on Listening, subject teacher)
Speaking and Writing skills.
An unseen passage of about 500 words may be read
Listening and Speaking skills are to be assessed aloud, twice, the first time at normal reading speed
internally, by the School, during English course (about 110 words a minute) and the next time at a
work in Class XII. slower speed. The passage may be taken from any
novel, newspaper, magazine article, journal and so on
Writing Skills are to be assessed externally by the
but not from an ICSE or ISC textbook. Students
Visiting Examiner, appointed locally and approved
may make brief notes during the readings followed
by CISCE.
by answering objective type questions based on the
Details of assignments for Project Work are given passage, on the paper provided.
below:

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ISC Examination Year 2027
Speaking Skills (to be internally assessed by the * Internal Evaluation by the Teacher (10 Marks):
subject teacher)
Assessment Description Marks
Students are to be assessed through an individual
Criteria
presentation of about three minutes followed by a
discussion with the subject teacher, for another two Listening Response to questions 5
or three minutes. Skills (Aural) based on listening
Some of the themes which may be addressed are: comprehension
1. Narrating an experience Speaking - Content 1
2. Giving directions or instructions on how to make Skills (Oral)
- Fluency 1
or operate something
3. Providing a description - Vocabulary 1
4. Giving a report - Sentence structure 1
5. Expressing an opinion or a theme-based - Confidence 1
conversation
TOTAL 10
Writing Skills (to be externally assessed by the
Visiting Examiner)
A piece of written work of about 500 words must be **Criteria for Evaluation by the Visiting
produced. Examiner (10 Marks):
List of suggested assignments for Project Work: Assessment Description Marks
1. The text of a brochure Criteria
2. A product description 1. Presentation Overall formatting 2
3. A process description (e.g. instruction to operate (headings, sub-headings,
a device, a recipe, a scientific experiment) paragraphing) within a
word limit of 500 words
4. Description of a sporting event and a separate title page.
5. An autobiographical experience
2. Originality No plagiarism 2
6. Review of a television serial
3. Use of Use of suitable 2
EVALUATION appropriate terminology, vocabulary
language and illustrations for the
Marks (out of a total of 20) should be distributed specific task chosen.
as given below:
4. Structure Must read as a unified 2
1. Internal Evaluation by Teacher* whole.
• Listening Skills (Aural) 5 Marks 5. Style Lucid style, which 2
5 Marks communicates the
• Speaking Skills (Oral)
message effectively
2. Evaluation by Visiting Examiner of 10 Marks
TOTAL 10
Writing Skills**
TOTAL 20 Marks

ISC Examination Year 2027 4

 LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (PRESCRIBED TEXTS)
There will be two papers in Literature in English:
Paper I: Theory (3 hours): 80 Marks
Paper II: Project Work: 20 Marks
PAPER I: THEORY – 80 Marks
Candidates will be required to answer questions Poetry
based on the prescribed textbooks, which include Questions on a poem or a group of poems will be set
Drama, Prose (Short Stories) and Poetry. to test the candidates’ response. The questions will
focus on the content, understanding and the personal
Drama and Prose (Short Stories)
response of candidates to the entire poem.
Questions set will be central to the text. Candidates
Candidates’ ability to appreciate content, stylistic and
will be required to show that they have understood
literary features of the poem(s) in question will also
the questions asked and are able to clearly respond in
be tested.
their own words. Questions will test understanding,
appreciation and ability to analyse and synthesise.

SYLLABUS TO BE COVERED

Class XI Class XII

I. DRAMA: Macbeth - William Shakespeare I. DRAMA: Macbeth: William Shakespeare

(Acts I & II) (Acts III, IV & V)

II. PRISM: A Collection of ISC Short Stories II. PRISM: A Collection of ISC Short Stories
(Evergreen Publications (India) Ltd. New Delhi) (Evergreen Publications (India) Ltd. New Delhi)
1. A Living God – Lafcadio Hearn 1. Atithi / Guest – Rabindranath Tagore
2. Advice to Youth – Mark Twain 2. The Cookie Lady – Philip K. Dick
3. The Paper Menagerie – Ken Liu 3. There Will Come Soft Rains – Ray Bradbury
4. The Great Automatic Grammatizator – Roald 4. Indigo – Satyajit Ray
Dahl 5. The Medicine Bag – Virginia Driving Hawk
5. Thank You, Ma’am – Langston Hughes Sneve

III. RHAPSODY: A Collection of ISC Poems III. RHAPSODY: A Collection of ISC Poems
(Evergreen Publications (India) Ltd. New (Evergreen Publications (India) Ltd. New Delhi)
Delhi)
1. Telephone Conversation – Wole Soyinka
1. Abhisara: The Tryst – Rabindranath Tagore 2. Tithonus – Alfred, Lord Tennyson
2. Why I Like the Hospital – Tony Hoagland 3. Beethoven – Shane Koyczan
3. Sonnet 116 – William Shakespeare 4. Small Towns and the River – Mamang Dai
4. Death of a Naturalist – Seamus Heaney 5. Death be not Proud – John Donne
5. Strange Meeting – Wilfred Owen
NOTE: The ISC (Class XII) Examination paper will
NOTE: The Class XI Examination is to be
be set ONLY on the portion of the syllabus that is
conducted on the portion of the syllabus that is
prescribed for Class XII.
prescribed for Class XI

ISC Examination Year 2027 5

 PAPER II: PROJECT WORK - 20 Marks
In addition to the syllabus prescribed above for Classes XI and XII, candidates are also required to be assessed
in Project Work. Project Work consists of assessment of Writing Skills in Classes XI and XII. The objective is
to produce original, creative and insightful perspectives on the drama/short stories/poems.

PROJECT WORK FOR CLASS XI

Project Work in Class XI consists of assessment of Internal Evaluation by the Teacher (20 Marks):
Writing Skills (only from the syllabus to be covered
Assessment Criteria Candidates should Marks
in Class XI) which are to be assessed internally by
be able to:
the School.
1. Process - Identify the topic. 6
Candidates will be required to undertake one written
assignment of 1000-1500 words, which should be - Plan a detailed
structured as given below: written assignment.
A. The written assignment must be given a title in - Produce a written
the form of a question which should allow the outline.
candidate to explore the drama or the chosen 2. Understanding, Use a range of 8
short stories/poems in depth. Application of literary aspects such
B. The written assignment must follow the structure Knowledge and as plot, setting,
characters, action,
given below: Analysis
style and ideas in
• Introduction: order to present an
organized and well-
- Explanation of the question that has structured complete
been framed assignment.
- Reason for choosing the text 3. Presentation Prepare the document 6
- Brief explanation of how the candidate (overall format:
intends to interpret the chosen text and headings, sub-
literary materials used in the process headings,
paragraphing) writing
• Main Body – organised and well-structured within a word limit of
treatment of the question using appropriate 1000-1500 words and
sub-headings. provide a separate
title page.
• Conclusion – comprehensive summary of the
points made in the main body. TOTAL 20

ISC Examination Year 2027 6

List of suggested assignments for Project Work: 5. Appreciation of literary qualities of the chosen
text.
1. Analysis of a theme from any short story/ poem
in the syllabus (prescribed texts). 6. Identifying with a character in the chosen text
and presenting his/her personal perspective.
2. Analysis of a character from the drama or any
short story/poem in the syllabus (prescribed 7. Imagining an alternate outcome or ending or
texts). extension of the chosen text and its impact on the
plot/setting/characters/mood and tone.
3. Background – historical, cultural, literary context
and relevance of the writer/poet chosen. 8. Comparing and contrasting two
characters/themes from different short
4. Summary / paraphrase of the chosen text.
stories/poems of the prescribed texts.

PROJECT WORK FOR CLASS XII

Project Work in Class XII consists of assessment of EVALUATION

Writing Skills which are to be assessed internally
Marks (out of a total of 20) should be distributed
by the subject teacher and externally by the
as given below:
Visiting Examiner appointed locally and approved
by CISCE. 1. Internal Evaluation by Teacher* 10 marks
Candidates will be required to undertake one written 2. Evaluation by Visiting Examiner** 10 marks
assignment of 1000-1500 words, which should be TOTAL 20 marks
structured as given below:
* Internal Evaluation by the Teacher (10 Marks):
A. The written assignment must be given a title in
the form of a question which should allow the Assessment Criteria Candidates should Marks
candidate to explore the drama or the chosen be able to:
short stories/poems in depth. 1. Process Identify the topic. 3
Plan a detailed
B. The written assignment must follow the structure written assignment.
given below: Produce a written
• Introduction: outline.
2. Understanding, Use a range of 4
- Explanation of the question that has been literary aspects such
Application of
framed as plot, setting,
Knowledge and
- Reason for choosing the text characters, action,
Analysis
style and ideas in
- Brief explanation of how the candidate order to present an
intends to interpret the chosen text and organized and well-
literary materials used in the process structured complete
• Main Body – organised and well-structured assignment.
treatment of the question using appropriate 3. Presentation Prepare the document 3
sub-headings. (overall format:
headings, sub-
• Conclusion – comprehensive summary of the headings,
points made in the main body. paragraphing) writing
within a word limit of
1000-1500 words and
Note: The text/texts analysed in the Class XI provide a separate
Project Work must not be repeated in Class XII. title page.
TOTAL 10

ISC Examination Year 2027 7

 **Criteria for Evaluation by the Visiting List of suggested assignments for Project Work:
Examiner (10 Marks) 1. Analysis of a theme from any short story/poem in
Assessment Criteria Candidates should Marks the syllabus (prescribed texts).
be able to: 2. Analysis of a character from the drama or any
1. Presentation Prepare the document 4 short story/poem in the syllabus (prescribed
(overall format: texts).
headings, sub- 3. Background – historical, cultural, literary context
headings, and relevance of the writer/poet chosen.
paragraphing) writing
within a word limit of 4. Summary / paraphrase of the chosen text.
1000-1500 words and 5. Appreciation of literary qualities of the chosen
provide a separate text.
title page.
6. Identifying with a character in the chosen text
2. Understanding, Use a range of 6 and presenting his/her personal perspective.
Application of literary aspects such
Knowledge and as plot, setting, 7. Imagining an alternate outcome or ending or
Analysis characters, action, extension of the chosen text and its impact on the
style and ideas in plot/setting/characters/mood and tone.
order to present an
organized and well- 8. A script for dramatization, based on the short
structured complete story/poem chosen.
assignment. 9. Writing a short story based on a poem.
TOTAL 10 10. Comparing and contrasting two
characters/themes from different short
stories/poems of the prescribed texts.

Note: No Question Paper for Project Work will be set by CISCE.

ISC Examination Year 2027 8