Instructor: Mr.

Zabiullah Farooqi
 Infinitive
What is voice?
Base form of the verb/first form of the verb without “s, es, ies and ing” is called
infinitive. Infinitive is a non-finite verb that is not limited to the subject, number and tenses.

Examples:
 He plays football. (not infinitive)
 The played football. (not infinitive)
 He is playing football. (not infinitive)
 He has played football. (not infinitive)
 He wants to play football. (infinitive)
 He can play football. (infinitive)
 They play football. (not infinitive)
 He is happy to play football. (infinitive)
 To play football is enjoyable. (infinitive)
 It is enjoyable to play football. (infinitive)
 Types of Infinitive

Full Bare Abridged Split Elliptical Perfect Passive Continuous

Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive

1. She wants to leave the country. (Full infinitive)

2. He made me study math last year. (Bare infinitive)
3. I told her to go outside the class. (Abridged infinitive)
4. He speaks English better than I do. (Elliptical infinitive)
5. She wants to quickly finish the project. (Split infinitive)
6. He seems to have lost the game. (Perfect infinitive)
7. He looks to have been rejected. (Passive infinitive)
8. She pretended to be reading. (Continuous infinitive)
 Full Infinitive
The full infinitive is the base form of a verb preceded by "to". It is the most common
form of infinitive.

Usages of Full Infinitive

A:- An infinitive can be used as the subject of a sentence.
1st Structure: “Full Infinitive + Verb + ROTS.”
To swim in winter is difficult.
To teach eight hours non-stop is tiring.
2nd Structure: “It + is + Adjective + Full Infinitive + (ROTS)”
It is difficult to swim in winter.
It is tiring to teach eight hours non-stop.
B:- An infinitive can be used as the object of a verb.
I decided to go yesterday.
He wants to play football.
 Usages of Full Infinitive
C:- An infinitive can be used after an object ( V + Object + infinitive )/ part of the object.
1. I asked him to play football.
2. He encouraged me to learn English.
3. They chose him to stay here.
4. He ordered me to work.
5. She advised him to go.

D:- An infinitive can be used as the object of a verb.

1. I decided to go yesterday.
2. He wants to play football.
3. She agreed to teach.
4. We decided to go.
5. She accepted to come.
 Usages of Full Infinitive
E:- An infinitive can be used after an adjective.
1. She is happy to sing.
2. He is interested to dance.
3. It is good to talk to him.
4. It is nice to meet you
5. She excited to open the gift

F:- An infinitive can be used after a noun.

1. I have got many persons to meet.
2. There are many letters to type.
3. She has a hard work to do.
4. There are many jobs to do
5. You have many friends to kill Hshmat.
 Usages of Full Infinitive
G:- An infinitive can be used after indefinite pronouns.
1. The baby wants something to eat.
2. He has nowhere to live.
3. I bought something to eat.
4. Do you have anything to say?
5. He has nothing to do now.

H:- An infinitive can be used after W.H words.

1. I know what to do.
2. He doesn’t know where to go.
3. She doesn’t know how to behave with students.
4. He taught me how to use a computer.
5. I have learned where to stay silent.
 Usages of Full Infinitive
I:- Full infinitive is used after another verb to show a purpose.
1. She went to store to buy clothes.
2. We come here to study English.
3. We work honestly to have a better position in the future.
4. She studies hard to pass her final exam.
5. We practice daily to develop our English skills.

J:- Full infinitive is used after a to be verb as an object complement.

1. Our mission is to help you learn English.
2. My dream is to reach all my goals.
3. Her plan is to take the TOEFL test next year.
4. His goal is to become a doctor in the future.
5. The best way to learn is to practice every day.
 Usages of Full Infinitive
K :- Full infinitive can be used after reporting passive structures.
Subject + To Be + V3 + Infinitive form…..
1. She is said to be smart.
2. They are believed to be brothers.
3. The car is taught to have been stolen.
4. He is believed to have stolen the money.
5. He is expected to have cleaned the class.
6. She is claimed to have invented a device.
7. He is said to have won several awards.
8. She is believed to have left the country.
9. The team is reported to have lost the match.
10. He is assumed to have known the truth.
 Present Infinitive
Active Form = To + V1
The present infinitive is called “present” not because it expresses present time, but
because it is the basic and most natural form of the infinitive.

1st Structure: Subject + Infinitive verb + to + v1 + ROTS.

 I have decided to leave the country.
 He wants to learn English in a short period time of one year.
 They need to buy a new house in the city.
 She loves to study English.
2st Structure: Subject + To Be + adjective + to + v1 + ROTS.
 He is happy to see you,
 They are lucky to have a home.
 She is proud to work here.
 I am sorry to interrupt you.
 Present Infinitive
Passive Form = To + be + V3
1st Structure: Subject + Infinitive verb + to + be + V3 + ROTS.
 I need to be trained for three weeks.
 Poor families want to be helped by the government.
 She hopes to be accepted for the job.
 She wishes to be forgiven in the curt.

2st Structure: Subject + To Be + adjective + to + be + v3 + ROTS.

 He will be happy to be told the truth.
 She is proud to be selected as the team leader.
 He is ready to be sent abroad.
 He is qualified to be hired for the job.
 Perfect Infinitive
Active Form = To + have + V3
The perfect infinitive is used to refer to an action that happened before the action of the main verb.
It often shows a completed action in the past, especially when we want to show a result, regret, or
judgment about the past.
1st Structure: Subject + Infinitive verb + to + have + V3 + ROTS.
 She claims to have written five novels by r age of 25.
 They seem to have solved all the problems.
 He pretends to have done his work honestly and completely.
 He looks to have come early.
2st Structure: Subject + To Be + adjective + to + have + V3 + ROTS.
 He is proud to have completed the project on time.
 I am happy to have helped him.
 They are sorry to have misunderstood the instructions.
 She is glad to have visited her birthplace.
 Perfect Infinitive
Passive Form = To + have + been + V3
This structure shows that the action expressed by infinitive happened before the main verb and the
subject is the receiver of the action.
1st Structure: Subject + Infinitive verb + to + be + V3 + ROTS.
 They look to have been punished in the prison for a long time.
 That student looks to have been slapped.
 The document seems to have been stolen.
 He is said to have been seen at the crime scene.

2st Structure: Subject + To Be + adjective + to + be + V3 + ROTS.

 They were lucky to have been rescued.
 He was accepted to have been selected for the program.
 She was glad to have been invited to the wedding party.
 The manager was pleased to have been informed in time.
 Elliptical Infinitive
Definition:
An elliptical infinitive is when part of the infinitive is left out (omitted) because it is clearly
understood from the context. Usually, the word “to” is left alone and the main verb is
implied.
Where and Why We Use It:
Example:
We use elliptical infinitives to: 1. I’d like to go, but I don’t want *to.*
1. Avoid repetition (“to” = to go, no need to repeat “go”)
2. Keep sentences smooth and natural 2. She can speak faster than I *can.*
3. Make responses shorter and clearer (“can” = can speak)
Mostly used in:
1. Comparisons (with than, as)
2. Responses to questions
3. After auxiliaries like can, will, should where the verb is understood
 Examples:
1. He plays better than I do.
2. I want to go, but I can’t afford to.
3. I’ll try to help if you want me to.
4. She studies more than he does.
5. You didn’t clean the room, but I asked you to.
6. She didn't call me, though she promised to.
7. I’ll go if you want me to.
8. They didn’t tell me to come, so I didn’t have to.
9. He sings better than anyone else can.
10. Do you want to join us? — I’d love to.
11. I can dance, but not as well as she can.
15. They enjoyed the game more than we did.
 Bare Infinitive
Bare infinitive is an infinitive without "to". It uses only the base form of the verb.
For example: instead of to go, we just use go.
When do we use it?
After Modal Verbs After Causative Verbs
1. She can drive. 1. She made me cry.
2. He must study tonight. 2. They let us leave early.
3. They will arrive soon. 3. I had him fix the door.
4. You should call your mom. 4. We made the kids clean their room.
After Verbs of Perception After Expressions like "Had better", "Would
rather"
1. I saw her dance at the event.
1. You had better hurry.
2. We heard him sing loudly.
2. I would rather stay home tonight.
3. She felt the ground shake.
3. She had better study for the exam.
4. I watched them play football.
4. He would rather walk than take a taxi.
 Split Infinitive
Definition:
A split infinitive happens when a word (usually an adverb) is placed between "to" and the verb in
a full infinitive.

Structure:
to + adverb + base verb
e.g., to quickly run, to really understand

Why do we use Split Infinitives?

- To add emphasis or clarify meaning
- To sound more natural in modern English
- Though some old grammar rules discouraged it, it’s now acceptable and common in everyday
speech and writing.
 Examples

1. She wants to really succeed in life. 11. He needs to honestly answer the question.
12. We’re planning to gradually improve our
2. I need to completely understand this rule.
system.
3. He tried to quickly leave the room.
13. They aim to boldly go .
4. They hope to eventually move abroad.
14. It’s important to clearly state your goals.
5. It’s hard to fully explain the situation.
15. She managed to quickly respond.
6. We decided to finally start the project.
16. He failed to properly complete the task.
7. She agreed to carefully listen.
17. I tried to politely refuse.
8. I’m going to definitely try.
18. They forgot to really focus.
9. He promised to always be there.
19. I’m learning to confidently speak.
10. I want to just relax today.
20. It’s better to truly understand than to
guess.
 Continuous Infinitive
Definition:
A continuous infinitive shows that the action is in progress or ongoing at the moment it’s being referred
to.
Structure:
to be + verb-ing
Usage – Where and Why We Use It:
We use the continuous infinitive when we want to:
- Talk about an action that is ongoing
- Show what seems or appears to be happening
- Talk about present progressive actions after certain verbs like:
seem, appear, pretend, claim, happen, expect, say, believe, consider
 Examples

1. She seems to be enjoying the show. 11. She was found to be lying.
2. They appear to be arguing about that. 12. I don’t want to be bothering you.
3. He pretended to be listening, but he wasn’t. 13. He appeared to be feeling sick.
4. I’m happy to be spending time with you. 14. We are excited to be learning English!
5. They are lucky to be traveling now. 15. They seem to be enjoying their holiday.
6. You seem to be waiting for someone. 16. She happens to be staying at the same hotel.
7. He is known to be working the new project. 17. I’m glad to be helping.
8. She is supposed to be studying. 18. He is reported to be giving extra classes.
9. They are believed to be hiding something. 19. He is fortunate to be working here.
10. He claimed to be telling the truth. 20. They are expected to be attending the party
 TESOL Training Center

Thank You
Instructor: Mr. Zabiullah Farooqi