Section Time Questions Tasks

Structure 1. Subjects and verbs

(questions 1-15 )Consists 2. Objects of prepositions
of 15 sentences in wich 3. Present participles
4. Past participles
part of the sentence has 5. Coordinate connectors
been replaced with a 6. Adverb clause connectors
blank. Each sentence is 7. Noun clause connectors
8. Noun clause connectors/subjects
followed by 4 answer 9. adjective clause connectors
choices. 10. Adjective clause connector/subjects
25 menit

(questions 16-40) consists 11. Agreement after prepositional phrases

12. Agreement after expressions of quantity
Written of 25 sentences in which 13. Agreement after certain words
Expression four words or groups of 14. Parallel structure with coordinate
conjunctions
words have been [Link] structure with paired
underlined. You must conjunctions
16. Past participle after have
choose the underlined 17. Present participles or past participle
word or group of words after be
that is not correct. 18. Base form verbs after modals
19. Singular and plural noun
20. Countable and countable nouns
21. Subject and object pronouns
22. Possessives
23. Pronoun preference
24. Adjectives and adverbs
25. Adjective after linking verbs
 First study the sentence. Your purpose is to determine
what is needed to complete the sentence correctly.
 Then study each answer based on how well it
completes the sentence. Eliminate answers that do not
complete the sentence correctly.
 Do not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking only
at answers.
 Do not spend too much time on the structure
questions. Be sure to leave adequate time for Written
Expression questions.
You know that a sentence in English should have
subject and a verb; The most common types of problem
that you will encounter in the Structure section of the
TOEFL test are related to subjects and verbs.

Perhaps the sentence missing:

 Subject
 Verb
 Both ( Subject an Verb )
 Having an extra subject or verb.
______ was ringing continuously for hours.

A. Loudly
B. In the morning
C. The phone
D. The bells

The planes ______ every morning and every evening.

A. Delivery
B. Are delivered
C. On time
D. regularly
 An object of a preposition is noun or pronoun that
comes after a preposition such as in, at, of, to, by,
behind, and on to form a prepositional phrase.

OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is followed by noun or pronoun that is called an object of the

preposition. If a word is an object of a preposition, it is not subject.
To mike _____ was abig suprise
A. really
B. the party
C. funny
D. when
Exercise 1 and 2
1. Mark taiwan _____ the years after the Civil War the
“Gilded Age”
A. called
B. calling
C. he called
D. his calls
2. _____ grow close to the ground in the short Artic
summer.
A. above tundra plants
B. tundra plants
C. tundra plants are found
D. for tundra plants
3. Between 1725 and 1750, new england witnessed an
increased in the specialization of _____ .
A. occupations
B. occupies
C. they occupied
D. it occupied them
4. _____ radio as the first practical system of wireless
telegraphy.
A. marconi’s development
B. the development by marconi
C. developing marconi
D. marconi
5. The two biggest resort_____ Arkansas are hot springs
and Eureka springs.
A. in
B. towns in
C. towns are
D. towns are in
Present participle is the –ing form of the verb.
Present participle can be:

 Part of the verb: when it is part of the verb when it is

Accompanied by some form of the verb be
The train is arriving at the station now.
VERB

 Adjective: when it is not accompanied by some form of the

verb be.
The train arriving at the station now is an hour late.
ADJECTIVE
The film _____ appearing at the local theater is my
favorite.

A. Now
B. Is
C. It
D. was
A past participle often ends in –ed, but there are many
irregular past participles. For many verbs, including –ed
verbs.
The –ed form of the verb can be:

 The simple past tense

Professor Smith taught the classes.
VERB
 The past participle of verb
The classes were taught by Professor Smith.
VERB
Professor Smith has taught the classes.
VERB

 An adjective
The classes taught by Professor Smith were very
ADJECTIVE

interesting.
The bread _____ baked this morning smelled delicious
A. has
B. was
C. it
D. just
Exercise
1. The first _____ appeared during the last period of
the dinosaurs’ reign.
A. flowers are plants
B. plants have flowers
C. plants flowers
D. flowering plants
2. Simple sails were made from canvas _____ over a
frame.
A. a stretch
B. stretched
C. was stretched
D. it was stretched
3. Techniques of breath control form an essential part of
any _____ program to improve the voice.
A. it trains
B. train
C. trains
D. training
4. The pituitary gland, _____ the brain, releases
hormones to control other glands.
A. found below
B. it is found below
C. its foundation below
D. finds itself below
Many sentence in English have more than one clause.( A clause is a group of words
containing a subject and a verb. ) When you have two clauses in an English
sentence, you must connect the two clauses correctly. One way to connect two
clauses is to use and, but, or, or So between the clauses.

COORDINATE CONNECTORS
and but or so

S V , Coordinate S V
connector
It was raining , but Bill Went out to play.
I forgot my coat, _____ i got very cold.
A. then
B. so
C. later
D. as a result
 ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS

Time cause Condition Contrast

after until Because If Although
as when since whether Even though
before while Though
Since while
S V S V
adverb
connector
Matt felt good because he passed
adverb S V , S V
connector

Because Matt passed , he felt good.

 _____ arrived at the library, he started to work
immediately.
A. The student
B. When
C. He
D. After the student
Exercise
1. _____ a ball –and- socket joint, the elbow is a simple
hinge joint.
A. while the shoulder
B. while the shoulder is
C. the shoulder is
D. the shoulder
2. Bears cannot see well _____ small eyes.
A. bears have
B. because having
C. because they have
D. because of bears
3. _____ mostly made of granite, it also contains some
human-made materials.
A. the empire state building
B. the empire state building is
C. although the empire state building is
D. although the empire state building is built.
4. An optical microscope magnifies as much as 2,000
times, but an electron microscope _____ as much as a
million times.
A. magnifying
B. it magnifies
C. can magnify
D. magnify it
 NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS

 what, when, where, why, how

 whether, if
 that

S V Noun clause S V
connector

Sally explained why she did it.

The citizens worry about _____ is doing.
A. what the goverment
B. The goverment
C. what
D. what the goverment it
 Noun clause connector can also be the subject of the
clause at the same time

NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS

who what which

S V Noun clause connector/ V
subject

Ali told me what happened

The company was prepared for _____ happened with
the economy .
A. it
B. The problem
C. what
D. when
Exercise
1. For more than a decade, _____ that certain species
are becoming scarce.
A. the warnings of bird-watchers
B. warn the bird-watchers
C. bird-watchers have warned
D. a warning for bird-watchers
2. No single factor explains why _____ vary so greatly
among individuals.
A. aging affects
B. the effects of aging
C. aging has an effect
D. the aging effect
3. We do not _____ the bow drill was first developed
for wood working or fire making.
A. whether it
B. know whether it
C. know whether
D. sure whether
4. Test on the colors of cars were conducted at the
University of California to determine _____ the safest
colors for cars.
A. which
B. which were
C. if
D. how were
5. Te process of photosynthesis explains how _____ able
to use the energy in sunlight to manufacture foods
from the simple chemicals in air and water.
A. green plants
B. green plants are
C. planting greens
D. with green plants are
An adjective clause describes a noun. Because the
clause is an adjective, it is positioned directly after
noun that it described.

This is the house that I want to buy

The house that I want to buy is quite expensive.

 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS

Who which That

( for people ) ( for things ) ( for people or things )

S V Adjective clause S V
connector
I like the dress that you are wearing

S Adjective clause S V V
connector
The dress that you are wearing is beautiful
The job _____ started yesterday was rather difficult.
A. when
B. was
C. after
D. that he
 An adjective clause connector is not just a connector;
an adjective clause connector can also be the subject of
the clause at the same time.

We are looking at a house that is quite expensive

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

The house that is quite expensive seems like a great house.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS

Who Which That

( for people ) ( for things ) ( for people or things )

S V Adjective clause V
Connector/subject

I bought the dress that was on sale.

S Adjective clause V V
Connector/subject

The dress that was on sale was beautiful.

 STRATEGIES FOR THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS

First look at the underlined word or groups of words.

You want to see if you can spot which of the four answer
choices is not correct.

 If you have been unable to find the error by looking

only at the four underlined expressions, then read the
complete sentence. Often an underlined expression is
incorrect because of something in another part of the
sentence.

 Never leave any answers blank. Be sure to answer each

question even if you are unsure of the correct response.
 SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT WITH PREPOSITIONAL PHARASES

S (prepositional phrase ) V
When a prepositional phrase comes between the subject and the verb, be sure that
the verb agrees with the subject.
The door ( to the rooms ) is looked.
Singular singular

The doors (to the room ) are looked.

Plural plural

An error sentence.
The door ( to the rooms ) are looked.
Singular plural

The doors (to the room ) are looked.

Plural singular
 A particular problem occurs when the subject is an
expression of quantity such as all, most, or some followed
by the preposition of . in this situation, the subject ( all,
most, or some) can be singular or plural, depending on
what follows the prepositions of.
SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

all
most of the ( object ) V
half
part

When an expression of quantity using of is the subject, the verb agrees with
All ( of the book ) was interesting yesterday.
Half ( of the students ) are late to the class now.

An a error sentence
All ( of the book ) were interesting yesterday.
Half ( of the students ) is late to the class now.
 SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS

These words or expressions are grammaticaly singular, so they take singular verbs:
anybody eveybody nobody somebody each (+ noun )
anyone everyone no one someone every ( + noun)
anything everything nothing something
Everybody in the theater is watching the film
attentively.

An error sentence
Everybody in the theater are watching the film
attentively.
1. Nobody know when the process of glass-making was
A B C
invented.
D

2. Part of the electricity used in the united states today

A B
come from hydroelectric sources.
C D
3. The rise of multinationals have resulted in a great
A B
deal of legal ambiguity because multinationals can
C
operate in so many jurisdictions.
D

4. When a massive star in the large Magellanic cloud

A
exploded in 1987, a wave of neutrinos were detected on
B C D
Earth.
5. Every open in the targeted area that has grass and a
A B
few bushes are occupied by the white-crowned
C D
sparrow.
 The job coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or ) is to join together equal
expressions. In other words, what is on one side of these words must be
parallel to what is on the other side.
PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

And
( same structure ) But ( same structure )
or
the teacher and the student

And
( same structure), ( same structure) But ( same structure )
or

study , play or sleep

• He discussed the problem with the nurse and the
doctor.

• The professor was knowledgeable but boring.

• She hikes, jogs, or rides her bicycle whenever she can .

The paired conjunctions both …. And, either … or,
neither … nor, and not only … but also required
parallel structures.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUCTIONS

Both and
either ( same structure ) or ( same structure )
Neither Nor
Not only But also
• The lecturer was both informative and enjoyable.

• Either the history exam or the physics exam is on

Tuesday.
1. Ballpoint pens are less versatile but more population
A B C
than fountain pens.
D

2. Riddles vary greatly in both grammatical and

A B
phonology form.
C D

3. The first matches were too hard to ignite, a mess, or

A B C
too dangerously easy to ignite.
D
4. A 1971 U.S. government policy not only put warnings
A
on cigarette packs but also banning television
B C
advertising of cigarettes.
D

5. In 1862, the American Confederacy raised the

A B
merrimack, renamed it the Virginia, covered it with
iron plates, and an outfit it with ten guns.
C D
Whenever you see the verb have in any of its forms (
have, has, having, had ), be sure that the verb follows it
is in the past participle form.

VERB FORMS AFTER HAVE

Have + past participle

Singular:
She has completed the work.
Mr brown has gone to the market.

Plural:
We have completed the work.
They have gone to the market.
The verb be in any of its forms ( am, is, are, was, were,
been, being ) can be followed by another verb. This
verb should be in either the present participle or the
past participle form.

VERB FORMS AFTER BE

Be + (1) present participle

(2) past participle
 Present participle
The teacher is preparing a difficult exam for the
students.

 Past participle
The office door is looked in the evening.
Whenever you see a modal such as will, would, shall,
should, can, could, may, might, or must, you should be
sure that the verb that follows it is in its base form.

VERB FORMS AFTER MODALS

Modal + base form of the verb

EXAMPLE
 You should try to respond politely.

 You can look at the book, but you cannot borrow it.
1. By the 1920s, many radio transmitters had been build.
A B C D

2. In areas of volcanic activity, beach sand may contains

A B C
dark minerals and little quartz.
D

3. Lassie, the famous collie who made her first screen

A B
appearance in 1943, has always be played by a male dog.
C D
4. A blue bigwig lizard stakes out a territory and will
A B
defending females within it against courting males.
C D

5. President George Washington was inaugurates on the

A
steps of the Federal building in New York City.
B C D
 KEY WORD S FOR SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

For singular nouns each every single one a

For plural nouns both two many several various

 For singular nouns
She studied each chapter.

 For plural nouns

He just finished several books.
 KEY WORDS FOR COUTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

For countable nouns many number few fewer

For uncountable nouns much amount little less

 For countable nouns
They have taken many trips recently.

 For uncountable nouns

There was not much water in the pool.
1. Cone shells live in much different seas and feed
A B
mainly on small fish and worms.
C D
2. The leaves of the common sunflower are rough to the
A B C
touch on both side.
D
3. Those with narcolepsy experience the uncontrollable
A
desire to sleep, perhaps several time in one day.
B C D
4. Because Washington is a district and not a state, its
A B
residents have less rights than other citizens.
C D
5. Implosive consonants occur in many different
A B
language, but they are particularly common in
C D
American Indian and African languages.
SUBJECT OBJECT

I Me
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
We Us
They them
Marie saw the film with Barry.

She saw it with him.

 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

My Mine
Your Yours
His His
Her Hers
Its -
Our Ours
Their Theirs

Must be accompanied by a noun Cannot be accompanied by a noun

 The students turned in their paper.
 I would like to borrow yours.

An error sentence
 The students turned in their s paper.
 I would like to borrow your.
 PRONOUN AGREEMENT

1. be sure that every pronoun and possessive agrees with the noun it refers to.
2. you generally check earlier in the sentence for agreement.
 The cookies are for you, so please take them.
 Each person has to sign her application form.

An error sentence.
 The cookies are for you, so please take it.
 Each person has to sign their application form.
1. Animals like frogs have waterproof skin that prevents
A B
they from drying out quickly in air, sun, or wind.
C D

2. Because of its ability to survive close to human

A B
habitations, the Virginia deer has actually increased
C
their range and numbers.
C

3. Global average temperatures are now 6 degrees Celsius

A B
warmer than we were 100 years ago.
C D
 USE OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Adjectives Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns.

Adverbs Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS AFTER VERBS

( subject ) + ( regular verb ) + ( adverb )

A regular verb is followed by an adverb. The adverb describes the verb.

( subject ) + ( regular verb ) + ( adverb )

A linking verb is followed by an adjective. The adjective describes the subject.

( subject ) + ( linking verb ) + ( adverb ) + ( adjective)

A regular verb is followed by an adverb. The adverb describes the verb.

Linking verbs: appear feel seem

be look smell
become prove taste