| | Extension Teaching Methods | The extension teaching methods are the tools and techniques used to create situations in which communication can take place between the rural people and extension workers . They are the methods of extending new knowledge , attitude and skills to the rural people by drawing their attention towards them , arousing their interest and helping them to have a successful experience of new practice. Function of extension teaching methods 1. Extension teaching method is anything used by a sender of a message to connect him with audience . 2. It is a physical bridge between sender and receiver of the message. 3. It isthe avenue between a communicator and audience on which messages travel to and fro. 4, Extension teaching method is transmission line used for carrying messages to their destination., 5. Teaching method can be defined as a method through which the results of research can be conveyed. to the people. 6. Teaching method is the device used to create situation in which communication can take place between the instructor and the learner. Classification of extension teaching method According to use According to form i | |. | Individual contact methods Written r] + | Group contact methods Spoken rt] |__| Mass contact methods aaa f 1 Audio-visual =Extension teaching methods according to use - 1, Individual contact method Extension methods under this category provide opportunities for face-to-face or person-to- person contact between the rural people and the extension workers. These methods are very effective in teaching new skills and creating goodwill between farmers and the extension workers. a) Farm and home visit - It is direct contact by the extension worker with the farmer or the members of his family at his home or on his farm for a specific purpose. | This is used- a. To discuss problems of individuals or villagers. b. To find out problems which he is not aware. c. To teach skills 4. To obtain or give information e. To gain confidence of the farmers. _ E.g, Cattle shed improvementb) Farmers call or office call - It isa call made by a farmer on the extension worker at his office for obtaining information or getting assistance or for developing acquaintance with him. To promote close contact with farmer To build up interest of individuals To discuss problems in greater details To arrange supplies and services. To bring about contact between farmers and other agencies. Eg. Starting of poultry farm, construction of cattle sheds. eaese ©) Personal letters | = It is a personal and individual letter written by the extension worker to a farmer in connection with the extension work. - To answer enquiries and to seek the farmers co-operation. E.g. To inform about the vaccination time and date.Advantage of individual contact method a) Individual problem easily solved. b) It gives extra assurance to farmer ©) Itis economical . vantage of indivi a) It is time consuming method. b) Limited number of farmer were contacted. [Link] contact method, Under this category, the rural people or farmers are contdeted in a group which usually consist of 20-25 persons. These groups are usually formed atound a common interest. These method also involve @ face to face contact with people and provide an opportunity for exchange of ideas for discussions on problems and technical recommendation and finally deciding the future course of action. fit a) Lecture - It is extensively used to present authoritative or technical information to develop background and appreciation and to integrate ideas. It is one way communication. The range of subjects that can be covered by this method is unlimited but the speaker at a given meeting presents a specific topic to a particular audience.b) Workshop - It is essentially a:long meeting from one day to several weeks. There must be planning session where all are involved in the beginning. There must be considerable time for work sessions. There must be summarizing and evaluation session atthe close. As the name implies, it must result in an output (a report, a publication, a visual or any other material objects) at the end of the workshop. ©) Seminar - First the leader introduces the topic to be discussed. Members of the audience discuss the subject to which ready answers are not available. It may have two or more plenary sessions. Conference -Pooling of experience and opinions among a group of people who have special qualifications in an area. Advantage of group contact method a) Many farmers were contacted in less time. ») Itis less time consuming. ©) Usefil introducing new technique easily. Disadvantage of group contact method a) Itis little costly method. b) It require skilled extension worker. ©) It requires time preparation for extension worker. | 3. Mass or community contact method ‘An extension worker has to approach a large number of people for disseminating new information and helping them to ‘use it. This can be done through mass contact methodsconveniently. These methods are more useful for making people aware of the new agricultural technology quickly. a) Literatures / Publications- Literature are write ups or written materials about an idea or a thing. In extension teaching literature plays an important rolé in the message dissemination process. i) Leaflet: A leaflet is a single sheet of printed matter. It is made to give an accurate or specific information on a specific topic. = ii) Folder: A single sheet of printed information in a folded form. There can be any number of folds ina folder. Like leaflet, folder is also primarily meant for dealing a specific topic.iii) Pamphlet: A pamphlet consists of 3 to 12 pages and deals with a specific topic in a detailed manner. iv) Bulletin: The number of pages fora bulletin ranges from 12 to 20. A bulletin is a written piece of information about a number df related topics presented in a detailed manner. v) Booklet: When the number ‘of pages exceeds 20 then it is called as a booklet. Usually a booklet deals with number of topics and the discussions are cartied-out more elaborately with illustrations, pictures, figures and tables.vi) Circular letters : The letter sent to a group of people by passing it out from one man to other like a circular to pass on certain information or messages. Cirgular letters helps to maintain a continuous contact with farmers. a. Newspaper/ Newsletter/Magazine/ Journal: Periodicals give a wide range of information about what is going on in the next door and around. It }s mass media which can be of immense use in message dissemination, It helps to serve as a forum for extension activity in an area .It plays the role of communicating the information to people of various level and acquaint the public about program activities and progress made in an area. Perit estes) MoI eAU| [eso TeTeCY Eas eens peeks ii) Tt comparatively cheaper and less time. iii) Easily motivate large number of people to adopt better practi Di 88. d 4) Individual attention cannot be given. {i)Diffuelty in getting feedbacks from the farmers. iii) Difficult for illetrate audience to get information. | iv) Flow of information cannot controlled. Personal contact method Group contact method ‘Mass contact methodFarm visit, Meeting Film Home visit Group discussion Television,Radio Personal letter Panel discussion Exhibition Office call Symposium Camp Farmer's call Workshop Charts Farm and Home visit Forum Poster Pager Method-demonstration Internet E-mail Result- demonstration ‘Newspaper, Leaflet,Booklets Folders Extension teaching methods according to form Written Audio Visual Audio-Visual Books Radio 2D non-projected _ | Non Projected Folders Tape recorder Picture Method- Journals Telephone Photograph Demonstration Leaflets Song | Poster Drama Booklets Lecturé Charts Puppet show E-mail Group Meeting 3D non-projected | Bhavai Newspaper Panel discussion ‘Model Projected Personal letter Specimen Fim Circular letter [2p projected ‘| Video Flim strip Television | Slides | ‘Transparency Importance of extension teaching method a) To attract the attention of the people. 'b) To open the mind of the villagers. ©) To test out new innovation. | d) To see merits of the new innovations. €) To learn more 1) To learn fast | g) To change the attitude h) To provide variety in teaching Factors to be considered while selecting extension teaching methods- 1. Audience : Audience is one of the important factors, one should keep in mind while selecting suitable teaching methods. | i. Size of the audience : If size of audience is small, select and use personal contact method. If size of the audience is large select and use mass contact method.ii. Ability of the audience: If there is an ability to read and Write in audience we should use written form of teaching methods e.g, newspaper, baoklets, folders. If our audience isilleliterate, one should use personal contact methods of demonstration so that two- way communication can be made possible, iii, Age of the audience: In case of old aged audience, use personal contact methods or traditional media like puppets, folk song and drama. If we have young aged audience we should se modem method or electronic methods of teaching like computers, power point presentation. iv, Level of modernization of the audience: Fatalistic audience should be contacted by personal contact methods. Modern or highly developed audience can be contacted by modern methods like e-mail, computeretc. | 2. Communicator: The communicators, teachers, trainers or instructors are manager of whole process of communication and teaching and leaning, Thus, they pldy important role in the selection and use of teaching methods. [Link] to use various methods Skill of communication iii, Knowledge of the communicator 3. Objectives of the communication: Objective of communication plays key role in the selecting methods. If objective is just to create awareness, one can use mass contact methods like poster, if itis to improve skill, personal contact methods or "leaming by doing” approach like farm and home visit or method demonstration can be proved best selection. In case|of changing attitude of audience or leamers, method, which uses principle of, "seeing is believing", can be used. The result demonstration is best mean to change knowledge, skill and attitude of the leamers. 4. The subject matter: For simple matte-use written mattals, for complicated subject matter- one should use personal contact method of the teaching. \ 5. The stage of the extension work: At the early stage, result demonstration is necessary to gain the confidence While at the later stage use of local leader can be used. 6. Size of extension staff: If more staff’ members are available try personal contact method If stall members are less in number use mass contact. 7. Availability of communication media: Newspaper in rural area may not available. So looking to the availability of media in the area, where extension educationist wishes his message to flow should be selected. 8. Relative cost of media : If we have big budget , use personal contact methods of teaching and if we have limited budget , one should use mass contact methods of teaching . 9. Communicators familiarity : Communicator should try to use only those teaching methods in which they are confident and enough skill. 10. Availability of time: If more time is available to convey message one can use personal contact ‘methods. If we have limited time ,we should use mass contact method,