Writing Skills

Sec One (Units 1-3)

Essay Structure
 Introduction: The opening paragraph
Introduces the topic, grabs the reader’s attention, and presents the thesis statement (the
main idea of the essay / State your main argument clearly).
Hook (interesting fact/question/quote), background information, thesis statement.
 Body Paragraphs: The main part (usually 2-3 paragraphs)
Explain and support the thesis with details, examples, and evidence.
Topic sentence (main idea of the paragraph), supporting details, examples, and a closing
sentence linking back to the main topic.
 Conclusion: The final paragraph
Summarize the main points, restate the thesis in new words, and give a final thought or
call to action. Summary of ideas, rephrased thesis, final insight.

Writing skills: (A descriptive essay)

A descriptive essay is a piece of writing where you use words to create a picture for the reader.
It’s like painting a picture, but with words instead of paint! You describe a person, a place, an
object, or an experience in a way that makes the reader feel like they are there.
• To do this, you need to use your five senses: (Sight / Hearing / Smell / Taste / Touch)
Using good adjectives (describing words) and adverbs (words that describe actions) is very
important to make your descriptions clear and interesting.

How to write a Descriptive Essay

A simple descriptive essay has three main parts:
Introduction: Start by introducing the person, place, or thing you will describe. Give a general
idea of why it is important to you.
Body Paragraphs: In the middle, you will have two or more paragraphs. Each paragraph
should focus on a different aspect or sense.
For example, one paragraph can describe what you see, and another can describe what you hear
and smell.
Conclusion: Finish by summarizing the main ideas and sharing your overall feeling about
the topic.

Exercises on writing skills 1

Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d.
1. The main purpose of the introduction in an essay is to ............. .
a. list references b. present the topic and thesis statement
c. summarize the conclusion d. include dialogue
2. The thesis statement is usually found ............. .
a. At the end of the body b. In the middle of the essay
c. At the end of the introduction d. In the conclusion only
3. The function of the conclusion is to ............. .
a. introduce a new idea
b. repeat the first sentence
c. summarize main points and restate the thesis
d. list all sources
4. A well-organized essay should have ............. .
a. random ideas b. clear transitions and logical order
c. only opinions d. many questions
5. What is a topic sentence?
a. A sentence that ends the essay
b. The first sentence of a body paragraph that states its main idea
c. A sentence in the conclusion only
d. A sentence with no purpose
6. The main goal of a descriptive essay is to ............. .
a. describe a person, place, object, or experience in detail
b. tell a story
c. argue a point
d. give instructions
7. What should a descriptive essay include to make it vivid?
a. Opinions only b. Sensory details and imagery
c. Only facts d. Long definitions
8. Which comes first in a typical essay outline?
a. Body paragraphs b. Conclusion
c. Thesis statement d. References
9. What does “imagery” mean in writing?
a. Pictures printed in the essay
b. Words that create mental pictures and sensory experiences
c. Drawing a map
d. Using bullet points
10. An outline should be written ............. .
a. after finishing the essay b. in full paragraphs
c. only if the teacher asks d. before writing the first draft
11. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated:
a. I love cooking my family and my pets.
b. I love cooking, my family, and my pets.
c. I love cooking, my family and my pets.
d. I love cooking my family, and my pets.
12. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated:
a. Don’t forget to bring your notebook, laptop, and charger.
b. Don’t forget to bring your notebook, laptop and, charger.
c. Don’t forget to bring your notebook laptop and charger.
d. Don’t forget, to bring your notebook, laptop, and charger.

Exercises on writing skills 2

 Sec One (Units 4-6)
Formal Email Template
Subject: [Clear and Professional Subject] Dear [Title + Last Name],
I am writing to [state your purpose clearly].
[Give details in full sentences. Be polite and professional.] Thank you for your time and
consideration.
Yours sincerely,
[Your Full Name]
Formal Email
Greeting: Dear Sir / Madam, / Dear Mr. Ali,
Language: Polite, complete sentences, no slang
Purpose: Job application, complaint, official request
Closing: Yours sincerely, / Yours faithfully, / Kind regards,
Informal Email
• Greeting: Hi Sara, / Hello John, (Friendly, casual)
• Language: contractions (I’ll, can’t) / emojis / exclamation marks
• Purpose: Chatting, inviting a friend, sharing news
• Closing: Best wishes, / See you soon, / See you later / Love, / Talk to you soon!
Informal email format
Subject: Friendly subject line Hi [First Name],
How are you? I just wanted to [state your purpose casually].
[Add details in a relaxed, friendly tone. Use contractions if needed.]
Talk to you soon!
[Your Name]
writing skills (A CV)
A CV (Curriculum Vitae) is a document that summarizes your education, work experience,
skills, and achievements. It’s usually the first thing an employer sees about you, so it needs to
make a good impression!
Key points about CVs: - Keep it short / - Use clear, simple language
- Include only relevant information / - Make it easy to read / - Update it regularly
A good CV contains
1. Personal Information
• Full name /• Phone number /• Email address /• City and country / • LinkedIn profile
2. Personal Statement/Objective
• a brief summary of who you are and your goals
• A short paragraph (2-3 sentences) describing who you are and what you want to achieve.
3. Education
List your qualifications in reverse ‫ بالمقلوب‬chronological order ‫( ترتيب زمنى‬most recent first).
Format: • Dates / • Qualification /Degree / • Institution / • Grades (if good)
4. Work Experience: your previous jobs and responsibilities
Include all relevant jobs, internships, and volunteer work.
Format: • Dates / • Job title / • Company name / • Key responsibilities and achievements
5. Skills: your abilities and competencies ‫كفاءة‬
• Technical skills (computer programs, languages)
• Soft skills (communication, teamwork, leadership)
• Language skills with proficiency levels
6. References: people who can recommend you for a job
7. Additional Sections (if relevant)
• Certifications / • Projects / • Interests/Hobbies / • References
Exercises on writing skills 3
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d.
1. Which of the following is the most appropriate greeting for a formal email?
a. Hey there! b. Hi John, c. Dear Mr. Smith, d. You!
2. The main purpose of a CV is to ..............
a. tell a personal life story
b. request a favor from a friend
c. summarize education, skills, and work experience
d. share vacation photos
3. .............should be avoided in a formal email.
a. Clear subject line b. Polite closing c. Emojis and slang d. Full sentences
4. .............is the most appropriate closing for a formal email.
a. Cheers! b. Talk soon, c. Best wishes, d. Sincerely,
5. Where would you include your contact information in a CV?
a. At the end, after references b. In the middle of work experience
c. At the top of the page d. Only in the cover letter
6. .............is a feature of an informal email.
a. Structured paragraphs with bullet points b. Use of contractions like “I’m” and “can’t”
c. Long, complex vocabulary d. No greeting or closing
7. The purpose of a formal email is to ..............
a. share memes
b. chat about weekend plans
c. make a joke with friends
d. communicate professionally with clarity and respect
8. Which sentence is appropriate for the body of a formal email?
a. “What’s up? Need help with the assignment.”
b. “I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to inquire about the internship position.”
c. “Hey! Send me the notes ASAP!!!”
d. “Lol, that was so funny!”
9. Which of the following is NOT typically included in a CV?
a. Education history b. Work experience
c. Full life story and childhood memories d. Relevant skills
10. When writing an informal email to a classmate about a group project, you can include....
a. Official company letterhead ‫ترويسه‬ b. Emojis and exclamation marks
ُ ‫ت َ َن‬
c. Legal disclaimers ‫صل‬ d. Formal titles like “Respected Sir”

Exercises on writing skills 4

 Sec Two (Units 1-3)
(An Essay)
An essay is like a structured story or argument you write about a specific topic. It has three main
parts:
1. Introduction:
This is the beginning. It tells the reader what your essay will be about and gives your main idea.
2. Body Paragraphs:
This is the middle part. It’s where you write the main information and ideas. Each body
paragraph should talk about one specific point and give reasons or examples to support it.
3. Conclusion:
This is the end. You summarize your main points and restate your main idea in a new way.
Detailed steps for writing a good essay:
1. The Introduction is the first paragraph of your essay. It has two main jobs:
a) Hook the reader: Grab their attention with an interesting sentence.
b) Tell the reader your main point: This is your thesis statement. It’s the most important
sentence in your introduction and tells the reader exactly what your essay will be about.
2. The Body Paragraphs are the middle part of your essay. You should write at least two or three
paragraphs here.
a) Each paragraph should focus on one single idea that supports your main point.
b) Start each paragraph with a topic sentence. This sentence introduces the idea of that
paragraph.
c) After the topic sentence, give reasons and examples to explain your idea.
3. The Conclusion is the last paragraph. It summarizes your main points and gives the essay a
sense of closure.
a) Start by restating your thesis statement in a new way.
b) Briefly mention the main ideas from your body paragraphs.
c) Finish with a final thought about the topic.
(a Business Email)
A business email is a formal message sent for professional purposes in a work or business
context. It is used to communicate with colleagues, clients, customers, managers, or other
professionals. Unlike personal emails, business emails follow a more formal and polite format
to maintain professionalism and clarity.
Key Phrases for Business Emails:
A. Subject Line
- Keep it short and clear / Meeting Request – Project Update (Follow-Up: Job Application)
B. Greetings (Formal): Dear Mr. Smith, / Dear Ms. Johnson, / Dear Hiring Manager, / Dear
Sir/Madam, (if name unknown)
C. Opening Lines: I hope this email finds you well. / I am writing to… / I would like to ask
about… / Thank you for your email.
D. Polite Requests
Could you please…? / I would appreciate it if you could… / Please let me know…
E. Closing Phrases
Thank you for your time. / I look forward to your reply./ Please do not hesitate to contact me.
F. Sign-Offs: Yours sincerely, (if name known) / Yours faithfully, (if name unknown)
(a blog post)
When writing your blog post, think of it like telling a story to a friend. Start with a hook that
grabs their attention and makes them want to read more. Then, organize your ideas in a way
that’s easy to follow, using headings to break up your text. Finally, end with a strong
conclusion that leaves your reader with something to think about or a call to action.
Plan your writing using the structure below:
1) A Catchy Title/Hook: Start with a sentence that grabs the reader’s attention.
2) Introduction: Start by telling the main idea of this post.
3) Body Paragraphs: (At least two)
4) Conclusion: Summarize your main points
Exercises on writing skills 5
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d:
1) Which of the following is the most effective way to improve the readability of a long blog post?
a) Using complex technical terms
b) Breaking up content with subheadings, short paragraphs, and bullet points
c) Using one large block of text
d) Ignoring formatting and focusing solely on the text
2) Why is it important to include relevant key words in your blog post?
a) They are a way to hide spam from search engines.
b) They help search engines understand the topic of your content, which can improve your
ranking.
c) They are a mandatory part of every blog post template.
d) They make the post longer and more detailed.
3) Which phrase is appropriate for stating the purpose of an email?
a) “I don’t know why I’m writing” b) “I am writing to request a meeting.”
c) “Maybe you’ll read this” d) “Just wanted to say hi”
4) To politely ask for information, you should say ………………….. .
a) “Tell me now” b) “Give me the report”
c) “I need it yesterday” d) “Could you please send the report?”
5) Which closing is most appropriate for a formal business email?
a) “Love, Sarah” b) “Bye!” c) “Best regards, Ali Hassan” d) “See you!”
6) Which phrase is commonly used to express belief or opinion in a blog?
a) I don’t care b) I think / I believe c) Maybe someone will d) It’s not important
7) “Students will learn to solve problems using technology, not just memorize facts” shows a
focus on improving …………………….skills.
a) computing b) critical thinking c) sleeping d) copying
8) A strong blog post about education reform should include ………………..such as
communication and teamwork.
a) soft skills b) video games c) holidays d) punishments
9) The word “…………” refers to building students’ abilities and knowledge for the future.
a) tradition b) human capital c) silence d) entertainment

Exercises on writing skills 6

 Sec Two (Units 4-6)
Formal report
A formal report is a serious written document that gives information about a topic and usually
includes advice or suggestions.
Introduction: This report examines..., The purpose of this report is to...
Main Body: Furthermore, / In addition, / However, / As a result,
Conclusion: In conclusion, / To summarize, / It is recommended that...
Tip Box for a Formal Report:
Key Features of a Formal Report
Title: Clearly states what the report is about
To/From: Basic information about the report’s sender / receiver
Introduction: Briefly explains the purpose of the report
Findings: Presents facts or problems discovered during the research or observation ‫المالحظة‬
Recommendations: Offers clear advice or suggestions based on the findings
Conclusion: Summarizes the key points and final thoughts
Formal Language: No contractions (e.g., do not instead of don’t); polite, neutral ‫ حيادى‬tone
Organized Structure: (Uses headings and bullet points to make information easy to read)
My opinion essay
An opinion essay presents the writer’s viewpoint on a specific topic, supported by evidence and
logical reasoning. It aims to persuade the reader to understand and potentially agree with the
presented opinion.
Introduction (Hook + Background + Thesis statement)
Body Paragraph 1 (Main argument + Evidence + Explanation)
Body Paragraph 2 (Second argument + Evidence + Explanation)
Counter-argument (Opposing view)
Conclusion (Summary + Final opinion + Future prediction)
Opinion Essay Structure
Useful Phrases to Use:
Introduction
Starting the topic:- Nowadays, many people talk about…/ - In my opinion, … / - I believe that…
Giving opinion: - I think… / - I agree/disagree because…
Body
Giving reasons: - First of all, … / - Secondly, … / - This is because …
Giving examples: - For example, … / - In Egypt, many students … / - My friend once …
Conclusion
Summarizing: - In conclusion, … / - To sum up, …
Final opinion: - That’s why I strongly believe …. / - For these reasons, I think …
A Descriptive Essay
A descriptive essay focuses on describing a person, place, object, event, or experience in vivid
detail, using sensory language ‫ لغة حسية‬to create a strong image in the reader’s mind.
1. Introduction:
A hook to grab attention (a surprising fact, question, or striking image)
A thesis statement that hints at the main feeling you want to convey
2. Body Paragraphs: Each paragraph should describe a specific aspect of the subject
a. Topic Sentence: Focus on one main idea or part of the description.
b. Sensory Details Uses words that make you see, hear, smell, taste, or feel something and
Imagery ‫تصوير‬: Use vivid adjectives and verbs to help the reader picture things
c. Figurative Language‫لغة مجازية‬: Use similes ‫تشبيه‬, metaphors ‫استعارة مكنية‬, or hyperbole ‫ مبالغة‬to
enrich the description
d. Emotional Impact: Shares a feeling or mood, like happiness, peace, or sadness.
3. Conclusion: Summarize the impression or feeling created by the description
Reflect on the importance, meaning, or personal connection
Exercises on writing skills 7
Leave the reader with a lasting image or thought
1) Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d:
1) A formal report should begin with a clear ……………..that tells the reader the topic.
a) story b) title c) joke d) email
2) In a formal report, you should write “do not” instead of “don’t” because formal writing avoids
…………….
a) headings b) contractions c) paragraphs d) punctuation
3) The section that explains the purpose of the report is called the ……………. .
a) conclusion b) introduction c) findings d) greeting
4) A formal report uses a ……………….tone, not casual or emotional language.
a) funny b) neutral and polite c) angry d) poetic
5) Using bullet points and headings helps to make the report ………….to read.
a) harder b) more organized c) longer d) more colorful
6) Which phrase is most appropriate for making a recommendation in a formal report?
a) I think we should… b) Maybe we can…
c) It is recommended that… d) Let’s try…
7) A strong introduction should include a hook, background, and ………………. .
a) secret b) joke c) song d) thesis statement
8) In the conclusion, you should restate your opinion and give a …………… .
a) movie title b) random guess c) future prediction d) phone number
9) The section that explains the purpose of the report is called the ……………. .
a) findings b) greeting c) conclusion d) introduction
10) The part of the report that presents facts and observations is called the …………. .
a) title b) findings c) story d) opinion
11) What is the primary purpose of an opinion essay?
a) To provide a factual and unbiased report on a topic.
b) To argue for and support a specific point of view on a topic.
c) To narrate a personal experience or story.
c) To compare and contrast two different subjects.
12) Which of the following is a good hook for a descriptive essay?
a) I don’t know what to say.
b) The room was silent, but the air buzzed with tension.
c) This is a normal day.
d) Let’s skip this.

Exercises on writing skills 8

 Sec Three (Units 1-3)
(A blog post)
A blog post is an article or a piece of writing published on a blog (an online journal or website).
Blog posts are usually:
• Informal or semi-formal: Like talking to a friend, but maybe a bit more organized.
• Engaging: They want to catch the reader’s attention.
• About a specific topic: They share information, opinions or personal experiences.
• Not too long: Easy to read online
A good blog post usually has these parts:
1. Catchy Title (Headline).
• Purpose: To make people want to click and read!
2. Introduction (1-2 paragraphs).
• Purpose: To introduce your topic and hook the reader.
3. Main Body (2-4 paragraphs).
• Purpose: To develop your ideas, provide details, and explain your points.
4. Conclusion (1-2 paragraphs).
• Purpose: To summarize your main points and give a final thought.
(Argumentative Essay)
An argumentative essay is a type of writing where you give your claim on a topic and support it
with reasons and evidence. You also mention the opposite claim and explain why you think
your claim is stronger.
Useful Expressions
• Stating your claim: -I believe that… / -In my opinion… / -I think it is clear that… /
• Supporting your claim: -Firstly ……….. / Another reason is… / For example ……..
• Introducing the other side: -Some people say that… / It is argued that… / On the other hand …
• Refuting the other side:
-However, I disagree because / This may be true, but / I believe this is not strong enough because
•Concluding: -In conclusion ……/ To sum up ………/ That’s why I believe…
The structure
1. Introduction: Introduce the topic - give background - state your claim (thesis)
2. Body (Paragraph 1): Your first reason - give examples or evidence.
(Paragraph 2): Your second reason - more examples or facts.
Opposing View: Mention the opposite side - say why you disagree.
3. Conclusion: Restate your claim - summarize your main points.
(Persuasive writing)
Use Persuasive Writing if you want to:
· Convince the reader to take action
· Share your opinion and support it with reasons and evidence
Key Characteristics of Persuasive Writing:
1. Clear Opinion or Point of View
- The writer states their opinion or position clearly.
2. Strong Reasons and Evidence
- The writer gives reasons, facts, examples, or statistics to support their opinion.
3. Emotional Appeal
- Uses words that make the reader feel something-like fear, hope, guilt, or pride.
4. Persuasive Language
- Includes words like: must, should, need to, important, urgent, we all know, clearly, obviously.
- Uses rhetorical questions: “What will happen if we do nothing?”
5. Call to Action
- Tells the reader what they should do after reading.
Exercises on writing skills 9
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d:
1. A blog post is usually written in …………………..
a. formal, academic style b. casual, personal style
c. legal style d. poetic style
2. An argumentative essay should …………………..
a. present both sides of an issue and support one b. tell a personal story
c. be completely one-sided without evidence d. list daily activities
3. A persuasive essay’s main goal is to …………………..
a. inform b. entertain c. convince d. summarize
4. Blog posts often include …………………….
a. charts and data tables only b. personal opinions and experiences
c. only references and citations d. none of the above
5. In an argumentative essay, evidence can include ……………………
a. facts, statistics, and expert opinions b. only personal opinions
c. random examples d. unrelated stories
6. Which of these is a good blog title?
a. “Analysis of Thermal Migration in Birds”
b. “Why My Morning Coffee is Sacred”
c. “The Effects of Lever Mechanics”
d. “A Study on Urban Infrastructure”
7. A persuasive essay is different from an argumentative essay because it ……………
a. focuses more on emotional appeal b. uses no evidence
c. avoids taking a stance d. is always shorter
8. The introduction of an essay should ………………….
a. immediately give all details b. present the topic and thesis statement
c. start with unrelated jokes d. list references
9. Blog posts may include hyperlinks to ………………..
a. sources and related content b. poems
c. advertisements only d. random websites
10. In a persuasive essay, the conclusion should …………………
a. restate the thesis and encourage action b. introduce new evidence
c. start a new argument d. list unrelated facts
11. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a. Its going to be a long day. b. its going to be a long day!
c. It’s going to be a long day. d. It’s going to be a long day?
12. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a. However, we decided to leave early. b. However we decided to leave early.
c. However we, decided to leave early. d. However! we decided to leave early.
13. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a. She spent her summer in New York - Los Angeles, California - and Miami, Florida.
b. She spent her summer in New York; Los Angeles, California; and Miami, Florida.
c. She spent her summer in New York: Los Angeles, California: and Miami, Florida.
d. She spent her summer in New York, Los Angeles, California, and Miami, Florida.
14. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a. I love cooking my family and my pets.
b. I love cooking, my family, and my pets.
c. I love cooking, my family and my pets.
d. I love cooking my family, and my pets.
15. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a. Don’t forget to bring your notebook, laptop, and charger.
b. Don’t forget to bring your notebook, laptop and, charger.
c. Don’t forget to bring your notebook laptop and charger.
d. Don’t forget, to bring your notebook, laptop, and charger.
Exercises on writing skills 10
 Sec Three (Units 4-6)
(Writing a short story)
• Use short paragraphs.
• Add feelings: scared, excited, proud.
• Use compound adjectives: ice-cold rain, heart-warming ending.
• Use idioms or expressions: “She was over the moon.”
Structure Your Story Use this classic 3-part structure.
a) Beginning – (Introduction): • Introduce the main character(s) / • Set the time and place
(Where? When?) / • Show the situation or problem
b) Middle – (Development): • Show what happens (the action or conflict) / • Describe how the
character tries to solve the problem / • Add tension or surprise
c) Ending – (Resolution): • End the story clearly / • Solve the problem (happy, sad, or
unexpected ending) / • Show what the character learns or feels
Useful Tools
• Tense: Usually use past simple and past continuous
• Linking Words: Then, suddenly, after that, while, finally, in the end
• Adjectives/Adverbs: scary, exciting, slowly, angrily
• Dialog: Add characters’ speech (use “ ” quotation marks)
(Narrative Essay)
It narrates / tells a story or recounts ‫ يحكى‬series of events. / It includes a sequence of actions. /
It includes the plot, characters and the setting.
1. Characters: - The story includes people (or animals, robots, etc.) who take part in the events
2. Setting: - The time and place where the story happens
3. Plot (Events in Order): - A sequence of events: a beginning, middle, and end
- Often includes a problem or conflict and a resolution
4. Point of View: - Usually written in first person (“I”) or third person (“he,” “she”)
5. Dialog and Description:
- May include conversations and detailed descriptions to bring the story to life
6. Theme or Message: - Deeper meaning, lesson, or reflection
7. Emotion and Voice: - The writer often shares feelings or thoughts to connect with the reader
Structure of narrative writing
Exposition (introduction).
Rising Action (events building tension).
Climax (turning point).
Falling Action (events after the climax).
Resolution (conclusion).
(Structure of a Review writing)
A good review usually has four main parts:
1. Introduction: • Purpose: Introduce the movie, book, restaurant, product, etc.
- Basic information: Give the title, director/author, location, or type of product.
- Your general opinion: Briefly state your overall impression (e.g., “It’s a must-see!”, “I was quite
disappointed.”).
2. Body Paragraph 1: • Purpose: Describe the main aspects.
- For a film/book: Plot, characters, acting, special effects, writing style.
- For a restaurant: Atmosphere, food quality, service, prices.
- For a product: Design, features, ease of use, performance.
- Use descriptive adjectives!
3. Body Paragraphs 2: (optional) • Purpose: Your Opinion & Reasons Specific likes/dislikes
- Give reasons: Explain why you felt that way. Provide examples to support your points.
4. Conclusion Summary of opinion:
• Purpose: Briefly restate your overall opinion.
- Recommendation: Tell your readers if you recommend it or not, and for whom.
Exercises on writing skills 11
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d:
1. When writing a review, phrases like “I really enjoyed...” or “The best thing about...” are used
for ..............
a. giving a negative opinion b. giving a balanced opinion
c. stating a positive opinion d. making a recommendation
2. The phrase “I wouldn’t recommend it to...” is used for ..............
a. stating a positive opinion b. highlighting a positive point
c. making a recommendation d. giving a negative opinion
3. An idiom is a group of words whose meaning is ..............
a. the same as the individual words b. different from the individual words
c. always literal d. always used in formal writing
4. A well-written online review should include both positive and negative points to be ..........
a. balanced b. biased c. short d. easy to read
5. When writing a story, the beginning should focus on ..............
a. the climax b. setting the scene c. the resolution d. the ending
6. Which phrase is a good way to start a sentence when giving a positive opinion in a review?
a. “Although it was interesting, I thought...” b. “The best thing about... was...”
c. “It was a bit disappointing because...” d. “I wouldn’t recommend it to...”
7. The resolution of a story is the part where the main ..............
a. problem is introduced b. conflict is at its peak
c. character is introduced d. problem is solved
8. Which of the following is an example of an idiom?
a. “a brilliant idea” b. “a stitch in time saves nine”
c. “a very beautiful sunset” d. “a strong wind”
9. The main purpose of the beginning of a story is to ..............
a. surprise the reader with a twist
b. describe how the problem is solved
c. explain what the character learned
d. introduce characters, setting, and the initial situation

Exercises on writing skills 12

 Sec Three (Units 7-9)
(An expository essay)
An expository essay is a type of essay where you explain a topic. Think of it like a teacher or a
tour guide. You are the expert, and your job is to share information clearly and simply. The goal
is to inform the reader, not to tell a story or give your opinion. The word “expository” comes
from “expose,” which means to show or reveal. So, an expository essay reveals
information about a topic.
Expository essays have a clear and simple structure:
· Introduction: This is the first paragraph. You introduce the topic and tell the reader what
you are going to explain.
· Body: These are the middle paragraphs (usually two or three). Each body paragraph talks
about one main idea from your topic. You give facts, details, and examples here.
· Conclusion: This is the last paragraph. You summarize the main points and restate your
topic in a new way. You don’t add new information here.
(A descriptive essay)
A descriptive essay is a type of writing that uses vivid language to describe a person, place,
object, or experience. The goal is to make the reader feel like they are right there, seeing, hearing,
and feeling what you’re describing. Think of it as painting a picture with words. You want to use
your five senses: sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch.
Descriptive essays have a clear and simple structure:
- Introduction: Introduce the topic you will describe.
- Body Paragraphs: Describe your topic in detail using your sensory words and figures of
speech. Each paragraph can focus on a different aspect (e.g., one paragraph for the sights, another
for the sounds).
- Conclusion: Summarize your description and share your final thoughts or feelings about the
topic.
- Use Similes and Metaphors: These are figures of speech that compare things to make your
descriptions more creative.
- Simile: uses “like” or “as.” (e.g., “The moon was like a glowing pearl.”)
- Metaphor: states that something is something else. (e.g., “The moon was a glowing pearl.”)
(A mystery story)
A mystery story is a short tale about a puzzle or crime that needs to be solved—like a missing
object, a secret message, or a strange event. The main character (the detective) follows clues to find
the answer.
Tips for Mystery Writers
- Keep the reader guessing! / - Don’t tell the answer too soon.
- Make sure the clues lead to the solution. / - Have fun!
Steps to Write a Mystery
1. Think of a Mystery
Start with a question: - Who took the cookies? / - Why did the lights go out?
- Where did the secret map come from?
Tip: Keep it simple and fun!
2. Create a Detective
This is the person who solves the mystery. It could be:
- A student - A pet - A robot - Or even a talking cat!
Give your detective a name and a special skill (like noticing small details).
3. Add Clues and Red Herrings
- Clues help solve the mystery (e.g., a muddy footprint, a note).
- Red Herrings are fake clues that confuse the detective (e.g., a suspect who looks guilty but
didn’t do it).
Use 2–3 real clues and 1 red herring.
4. Solve the Mystery
At the end, the detective puts the clues together and reveals the truth.
Make sure the answer makes sense and fits the clues!
Exercises on writing skills 13
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. An expository essay usually begins with an .............that presents the topic clearly.
a. ending b. introduction c. dialogue d. description
2. The .............of an expository essay provide facts, examples, and explanations.
a. body paragraphs b. mystery clues c. character sketches d. conclusions
3. The .............of an expository essay restates the thesis and summarizes the main points.
a. setting b. introduction c. conclusion d. mystery twist
4. A descriptive essay focuses on creating a clear .............using sensory details.
a. thesis b. picture c. argument d. plot twist
5. In a descriptive essay, writers often use the senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, and ............ .
a. touch b. introduction c. conclusion d. decision
6. The structure of a descriptive essay can follow a logical order, such as moving from general
impressions to .............details.
a. random b. specific c. mystery d. concluding
7. A mystery story often begins with an introduction that sets the .............
a. conclusion b. scene c. essay thesis d. evidence
8. The middle of a mystery story usually introduces ........that the reader must piece together.
a. words b. facts c. arguments d. clues
9. A good mystery story builds .............by keeping readers guessing.
a. suspense b. introduction c. thesis d. summary
10. At the end of a mystery story, there is often a surprising .............that explains the case.
a. argument b. setting c. introduction d. twist
11. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated:
a. It’s raining, we should stay inside.
b. Its raining; we should stay inside.
c. It’s raining; we should stay inside.
d. It’s raining we should stay inside.
12. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated:
a. “I can’t wait to go,” she said.
b. “I can’t wait to go”, she said.
c. I can’t wait to go she said.
d. I can’t wait to go,” she said.
13. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated:
a. The meeting is scheduled for Monday, September 14, at 9:00 a.m.
b. The meeting is scheduled for, Monday September 14 at 9:00 a.m.
c. The meeting is scheduled for Monday September, 14 at 9:00 a.m.
d. The meeting is scheduled, for Monday, September 14, at 9:00 a.m.
14. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated:
a. I wanted to go to the park, but it started raining.
b. I wanted to go to the park but, it started raining.
c. I wanted to go to the park but it started, raining.
d. I wanted, to go to the park but it started raining.
15. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated:
a. Having finished her housework she went for a walk.
b. Having finished her housework, she went for a walk
c. having finished her housework, she went for a walk.
d. Having finished her housework, she, went for a walk.
Exercises on writing skills 14
 Sec Three (Units 10-12)
(Writing a Diary)
A diary is a personal record of the daily life, thoughts and feelings
→ A diary includes:
◆ Date & Day → Monday, 29 September 2025.
th

◆ Greeting → you may start with "Dear diary."

◆ Introduction → a short opening line about what you are writing about.
Today, I felt .............because ............. . My favorite part of the day was ............. .
I laughed when ............. . / I learned something new: ............. . I wish I could ............. .
◆ Body → Main events, feelings.
◆ Conclusion → End with a closing thought, wish or reflection.
Structure of a Diary
1. Write the day and full date at the top.
2. Write a clear opening sentence.
3. Describe the events of the day in order.
4. End your writing with positive lines.
Ex: “I hope tomorrow will be even better.”
Activities
1- Write just 3 sentences about your day.
Example: Today I played football at break. My team won! I felt very proud.
2- Draw emojis to show how you felt that day. Then write one sentence to explain.
😊 😢 I was happy, then sad, then surprised when I got a gift!
3- Make a wheel with feelings (happy, angry, tired, excited). Spin it and write about a time you
felt that way.
4- Draw a picture of your day, then write 2–3 sentences about it.
5- Try writing every day for 7 days.
Put a sticker on your calendar each day you write!
(Poetry Tip)
A poem is a type of writing that expresses feelings and ideas through images and rhythm
Structure of a Poem
1. Choose a topic (nature, friendship, dreams, school, family).
2. Think of feelings and images (What do you see? Hear? Feel?).
3. Use adjectives and comparisons (bright, quiet, as tall as a tree).
4. Keep lines short (poems don’t need full sentences).
5. Rhyme like (cat/hat, sing/wing) — but rhyme is not always necessary.
(Writing a Biography)
A biography is a piece of writing about someone’s life, written by another person.
It usually answers:
• Who? (basic information: name, birth, death if relevant)
• When and where? (date and place of birth, childhood, education)
• What? (important events, achievements, difficulties)
• Why are they important? (their influence, legacy)
Structure of a Biography
1. Introduction – Who is the person? Why are they important?
2. Early life – Birth, family, childhood, education.
3. Major achievements – Career, discoveries, awards, contributions.
4. Later life – Old age, retirement, death (if applicable).
5. Conclusion – Summary of why this person is remembered.
• Tip: Use past tense verbs (was, were, studied, worked, wrote).
Language Focus
• Use linking words: first, then, later, finally, because, however, although.
• Use dates and time expressions: in 1995, at the age of 20, during his career.
• Use third person: He/She/They.
Exercises on writing skills 15
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1. A diary usually uses the .............person point of view.
a. first b. second c. third d. passive
2. A diary entry is often organized by ............. .
a. rhyme b. date c. chapters d. stanzas
3. Diaries typically include the .............feelings, thoughts, and daily events.
a. writer’s b. reader’s c. teacher’s d. editor’s
4. Poems are often divided into sections called ............. .
a. paragraphs b. entries c. chapters d. stanzas
5. The repeating pattern of sounds in a poem is called ............. .
a. rhyme b. tone c. biography d. prose
6. The mood or attitude of a poem is referred to as its ............. .
a. flow b. tone c. diary d. date
7. Unlike prose, poems usually pay close attention to .............and rhythm.
a. grammar b. spelling c. word choice d. punctuation
8. A biography is the story of a person’s life written by ............. .
a. themselves b. another person c. a teacher d. a poet
9. A biography usually presents events in .............order.
a. random b. reversed c. alphabetical d. chronological
10. Biographies often highlight a person’s major .............and struggles.
a. hobbies b. achievements c. favorite foods d. diary entries
11. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated:
a. My brother who lives in Toronto is visiting next week.
b. My brother, who lives in Toronto, is visiting next week.
c. My brother, who lives in Toronto is visiting next week.
d. My brother who lives in Toronto, is visiting next week.
12. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated:
a. I bought apples, oranges, and bananas; but I forgot to buy milk.
b. I bought apples, oranges, and bananas, but I forgot to buy milk.
c. I bought apples, oranges and bananas but I forgot to buy milk.
d. I bought apples, oranges, and bananas—but I forgot to buy milk.
13. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated:
a. She said “I’ll be there in five minutes” and hung up the phone.
b. She said, “I’ll be there in five minutes,” and hung up the phone.
c. She said “I’ll be there in five minutes,” and hung up the phone.
d. She said, “I’ll be there in five minutes” and hung up the phone.
14. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated:
a. He asked: “Where are you going?”
b. He asked “where are you going?”
c. He asked, “Where are you going?”
d. He asked, “where are you going?”
15. Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated:
a. Although it was raining; we decided to go for a walk.
b. Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.
c. Although it was raining we decided to go for a walk.
d. Although it was raining— we decided to go for a walk.

Exercises on writing skills 16

 Exercises on writing skills
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1- The introduction of the essay is included in the ........................paragraph.
a. first b. second c. ending d. middle
2- ........................can’t come at the end of a sentence.
a. A question mark b. A period c. A colon d. An exclamation mark
3- A ........................is used to indicate a short pause.
a. comma b. semicolon c. colon d. full stop
4- ........................are used to quote someone’s words.
a. quotation marks b. semicolons c. colons d. commas
5- We use ...................to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word, possession, or the
plural of lower case letters.
a. full stop b. comma c. semicolon d. apostrophe
6- A conclusion of an essay should include ........................
a. description of the topic b. summary of the main points
c. positive points d. negative points
7- The first paragraph of an essay is called ........................
a. introduction b. thesis statement .c conclusion d. summary
8- If the speaker wants to remember what exactly the lecturer says, he/she has to ........................
a. paraphrase b. quote c. sum up d. summarise
9- It isn’t necessary to remember what the speaker says, you can ........................
a. paraphrase b. quote c. sum up d. memorize
10- An unexpected question the presenter doesn’t expect to receive an answer to is called ...........
a. signposting b. a rhetorical question c. comparing d. pause
11- The main idea of a travel review is given in the ........................
a. body b. conclusion c. title d. introduction
12- The goal of fables is to ........................
a. teach moral b. teach a truth c. to muse the reader d. All of the above
13- The following is part of a/an ........................ essay.
The flood has been destructive. We got scared by the terrible consequences we had. The medical
and material aid sent by the government has eased some of the pain we feel.
a. narrative b. descriptive c. argumentative d. persuasive
14- Which of the following is used in a formal email?
a. Hi b. Yours sincerely c. With best wishes d. Bye for now,
15- The following sentence could be part of a/an ………essay.
The Taj Mahal is a magnificent Indian monument. It is a great architectural masterpiece. It has
four magnificent pillars. It is at least 2.5 kilometres from the Agra Fort.
a. persuasive b. narrative c. descriptive d. argumentative
16- A/an ………….essay depicts a person, building, place, situation, etc.
a. narrative b. descriptive c. argumentative d. formal
17. The body of the essay includes the …………………..……….of the essay.
a) middle paragraphs b) first paragraphs
c) closing sentences d) topic sentences
18. One of the social instructions is ...................................... .
a) ”Keep distance to avoid infection.” b) “Write your work experience.”
c) ”Write your personal and hard skills.” d) ”Leave your contact information.”
19) “Let’s go to the club.” This sentence is a kind of a/an ……………..………….
a) offer b) request c) suggestion d) order
Exercises on writing skills 17
20- Last but not least we should do our best to spread awareness concerning the importance of
this topic to achieve progress and welfare to our dear country: Egypt.
This sentence can be considered a / an ..........................to an essay.
a) start b) introduction c) body d) conclusion
21- The following line can be put in the ..............................of a CV.
“I enjoy meeting people from other countries. I have travelled to Europe and Australia”.
a) education b) hard skills c) interests d) work experience
22) The introduction of essay is included in the …………………..…..paragraph.
a) first b) second c) ending d) middle
23) “I’m busy, said the sea.”
This sentence has a personification and that kind of sentences can be seen in a ……………
a) letter b) resume c) message d) poem
24) Nobody can solve this problem. It means; ……………….
a) this problem can’t be solved b) this problem can’t solved
c) this problem can to be solved d) this problem can be solved
25) The topic sentence is included in the …………………….of the essay.
a) supporting sentence b) conclusion c) introduction d) body
26) Academic qualifications and foreign languages are a sort of ………….……..skills.
a) soft b) hard c) personal d) computing
27- In the …………, you can restate the introductory paragraph.
a) body b) conclusion c) thesis d) topic sentence
28- Which of the following do you need to apply for a job or a position?
a) Home address b) Biography c) Curriculum Vitae d) Autobiography
29- Which sentence is incomplete?
a) The chef cooked lunch. b) The bus broke down.
c) Fortunately, he uninjured. d) The house collapsed.
30- “I needn’t have bought bread.” This means that I ……………………….bread.
a) didn’t buy b) had to buy c) mustn’t buy d) regret buying
31- The sentence which attracts the reader’s attention is called …………………..
a) résumé b) hook c) conclusion d) thesis
32- “We are to meet to discuss your offer and the ways of payment”
We can use this sentence in a/an ………………………
a) informal invitation b) business letter
c) fact file d) recommendation letter
33- The people living next door are neighbourly. The word “neighbourly” is a/an ……………….
a) adjective b) adverb c) verb d) noun
34- Which one of the following sentences must end with an exclamation mark (!)?
a) What is your favourite view here b) What a lovely view you have here
c) How can you find this view d) How about finding a lovely view here
35- Supporting sentences are included in the ……………of the paragraph to reinforce the topic
sentence of the essay.
a) thesis b) introduction c) body d) summary
36- All of the following can be used to write an online profile EXCEPT……………. .
a) previous work experience b) future dreams and ambitions
c) current achievements d) mutual friends and relatives
37- To start the conclusion paragraph, you can use “…………………..…….”.
a) In addition to b) Even though c) To sum up d) To start with
Exercises on writing skills 18
38. You can give examples and provide details in the ..............when you write an essay.
a) last paragraph b) supporting paragraphs
c) concluding paragraph d) introductory paragraph
39. The ............ is used to indicate the end of a declarative sentence.
a) Full stop b) Comma c) Question mark d) Exclamation
40. The role of the body paragraph in an essay is to ................ .
a) introduce the main idea b) provide detailed support for the thesis
c) restate the thesis statement d) present the conclusion
41. The conclusion of an essay should ………… .
a) summarize the main points b) introduce new ideas
c) provide unrelated information d) present detailed evidence
42. What is the primary purpose of the introduction in an essay?
a) To provide background information b) To summarize the conclusion
c) To present the main argument d) To include unrelated details
43. When you conclude your essay, you should …………. .
a) put a full stop b) develop the main idea
c) make the end open d) summarize its content
44- Which of the following can be used to express strong feelings in written English?
a) An exclamation mark b) A quotation mark c) A backslash d) A dash
45- In an essay introduction, it is recommended to avoid ……………… .
a) introducing the topic with more than one sentence
b) stating that you plan to address both sides of the argument
c) mentioning that you will give your opinion after discussing both perspectives
d) using phrases such as “All in all...”
46. He didn’t understand ……………
a) what his teacher had explained. b) what his teacher had explained?
c) what had his teacher explained? d) what his teacher had explained!
47- ………...you have got!
a- How about a terrific haircut b- What a terrific haircut
c- Which a terrific haircut d- How long a terrific haircut
48- Is Mr. Ahmed usually fond of watching action movies?
a) Yes, he is usually. b) Yes, he usually is.
c) No, he is never. d) No, he isn’t ever.
49- We write an informative paragraph to…………………………. .
a) create a vivid image or description of a person, a place or a thing
b) entertain the reader with a fictional narrative
c) provide facts and explain a topic in detail
d) persuade the reader to adopt a certain viewpoint
50-………… is a summary of a personꞌ s education, work experience, and skills.
a- Profile b- Curriculum vitae c- Biography d- Autobiography
51. The following extract is part of a/an ……………. essay.
‘The golden sun dipped below the horizon, painting the sky in vibrant hues of orange and pink,
while a gentle breeze rustled through the whispering trees.’
a- narrative b- persuasive c- descriptive d- argumentative
52. Now, I don’t speak Chinese, but I do speak a little Korean.
What is the function of the underlined word “do”?
a) Deduction b) Contrast c) Emphatic d) Rhetoric
53. The............ is the part of an email that has the address of the sender.
a. footer b. header c. closing d. greeting
Exercises on writing skills 19