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Maths Formula

The document provides a comprehensive overview of various mathematical concepts including real numbers, polynomials, linear equations, quadratic equations, arithmetic progressions, triangles, coordinate geometry, and trigonometry. It outlines definitions, properties, and formulas related to each topic, such as prime numbers, polynomial degrees, solutions of linear equations, and trigonometric ratios. Additionally, it includes methods for solving equations and determining relationships between geometric figures.

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13 views26 pages

Maths Formula

The document provides a comprehensive overview of various mathematical concepts including real numbers, polynomials, linear equations, quadratic equations, arithmetic progressions, triangles, coordinate geometry, and trigonometry. It outlines definitions, properties, and formulas related to each topic, such as prime numbers, polynomial degrees, solutions of linear equations, and trigonometric ratios. Additionally, it includes methods for solving equations and determining relationships between geometric figures.

Uploaded by

gursevaksingh1806
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
bP CHAPTER 1 REAL NUMBERS . Anumber is prime if it has only two factors, 1 and itself. . Every composite number can be expressed as a product of prime factors. . H CF of two numbers = Product of the smaller power of each common factor in the numbers. H.C.F. of (30, 45) = 3x5 = 15. [30=2x3x5 ;45=3?x5] . LC M of two numbers = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor involved in the numbers. LCM of (30, 45)=2x3?x5=90 -HCF(a,b)xLCM(a,b)=axb .HCF(a,b,c)xLCM(a,b,c) #axbxe CHAPTER 2 POLYNOMIALS . Xis a variable and @o, dy, ... ... .....@,, be real numbers, nis a positive integer then f(x) = @g + a,x + ayx? + — — — — a,x" isa polynomial in the variable of x. . The exponent of the highest degree term is called the degree of the polynomial. . Constant Polynomial : f(x) = a, ais constant. Linear Polynomial : f(x) =ax+b,a#0 Quadratic Polynomial : f(x)=ax? +bx+c, a#0 Cubic Polynomial : f(x) = ax? + bx?+cx+d,a40 . Areal number ‘a’ is a zero of the polynomial f(x) if f(a) =0 . A polynomial of degree ‘n’ can have at most ‘n’ real zeros. . Geometrically, the zeros of the polynomial f(x) are the x coordinates of the points where the graph y =f (x) intersects the x axis. . If @and B are the zeroes of the quadratics polynomial f(x) = ax?+bxtc,then Sum of the Zeros = a+ B= 2 a Product of the Zeros = a B =e 8. Given the sum of the zeros and product of the zeros, the quadratic polynomial is k[ x? — x(sum of the zeroes) +(product of the zeroes)] ; k(x? -x(a+B)+aBp] 9. Ifa@+ Band a@ Bare given / known, then a? +B2=(a + B)*-2aB a’ + B= (a + B)3-3a Bla + B) ats B= (a? + B’)?-2(aB)? 10. If a, B, y are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial f(x) = ax? + bx?+cx+d, then b at+Bpry=—2 ap + By+ya= a apy=-) CHAPTER 3 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 1. Each solution (x, y ) of a linear equation ax+by+c=0 which represents a line, corresponds to a point on the line. 2. A pair of linear equations in two variables x, y is axt+ by +c, = 0; a,x+bey+ce2=0 3.a;x+ byy +c, = 0; agx + boy +c, =0 Graphically the two straight lines are, Th a, b a) Intersecting lines, if + # = a2 bz a. b. Cy Parallel lines, if + = #4 sd bz & vai 4 by , b) Coincident lines, if— =— = — (The equations are a bz dependent linear equations) [Link]+ by +c, = 0; aoxt+ hoy +c. =0 a) Consistent and have unique solution if b) Consistent and have infinite number of solutions if By, Pu Ss az by ez c) Inconsistent and no unique solution if a oh a a a, be 2 5. Certain basic facts to know : (i) x = 0 is the equation of y axis and y = 0 is the equation of x axis. (ii) x = a( some constant )represents a line parallel to y axis (iii ) y = b ( some constant )represents a line parallel to x axis (iv ) Distance travelled = speed X time (v) In sums consisting of sum or dif ference of the digits and reversing the digits, if the unit digit is x and tenth digit is y, the number should be takenas 10 y+x 6. Consider the two linear equations 49 x + 51 y= 499 and 51x+49 y=501. The coefficients of x and y are interchanged in the two equations. In such cases add the two equations, simplify ; subtract the two equations , simplify. Very easy method to solve. CHAPTER 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS [Link] forrn of a Quadratic Equation is ax*+b x +c =0,a40 2. Examples of Quadratic Eq. : x* -6x+4=0,2x?-7x=0 3. Examples of Equations which are not Quadratic:x + = Ss x7 x? 4 2vx-3=0. 4. Areal number a is called a root of the quadratic Equation ax? + b x +c if a satisfies the quadratic equationie. ifaa?+batc=0.x= ais a solution of the quadratic equation. 5. Zeros of the quadratic polynomial is ax?+b x +c = O are the same as the roots of the quadratic Equation ax*+bx+c=0 6. Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factorisation Method: If the Quadratic Equation ax?+b x + ¢ = 0 is factorizable into a product of two linear factors, then the roots of the quadratic equation can be found by equating each linear factor to ‘0’. 7. Solving a Quadratic Equation by Formula : The real roots of the Quadratic Equation ax*+b x + ¢ = 0 are given by abate tee be — 4ac 20. 8. Nature of the roots of the Quadratic Equation depends on D = b? — 4ac, which is the Discriminant. 9. The Quadratic Equation ax*+b x +c = 0 has (i) two distinct real roots , if b? — 4ac >0 (ii) two real and equal roots ( coincident roots ), if b? — 4ac =0 (iii)no real roots , ifb? — 4ac <0 CHAPTER 5 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION 1. Asequence ay, ay,...........@, is an Arithmetic Progression (A.P) if the difference between any two consecutive terms is the same and that is the common difference ‘d’ which can be positive or negative. 2. [Link],a+d,a+2d,a+3d where a is the first term and d is the common difference. 3. Then" term of an A.P with a as the first term and d as the common difference is given by, an =a+(n-1)d (aw=a+9d; ac=a+15d) 4. Easy way to find some term from the end of the sequence which is an A.P : Find the 7*” term from the end of the sequence 17,14,11----- (- 40 ). Just write the sequence from the end.( - 40 ), (-37 )-----17. Now for this [Link]=-40.d=3; av=at6d a7 =(- 40) + (6x 3) =- 22. 5. If you want to find out whether a given number belongs to the A.P,you can find out ‘a’ the first term and ‘d’ the common difference of that A.P. Use the formula an =a + (n-1) d. In the place of an substitute the given number, and the values of ‘a’ and ‘d’. Find ‘n’. If n is a positive whole number, then the given number belongs to the A.P. Otherwise it doesn’t belong to that A.P. 6. Sum ton terms of an A.P is denoted as Sn . Sn =n/2[2a+(n-1)d] orn/2 [atl] where Lis the last term. 7. Sum of the first ‘n’ natural numbers =14+243+------+n=n(n+1)/2. 8. Sum of the first ‘n’ odd natural numbers =14+34+5+---+(2n-1)=n? 9. Sum of the first ‘n’ even natural numbers =24+4+6+-----+2n=n(n+1) 10. S1=a1/( first term ); So=ai+a2; S3=aitazt+a3 and so on. S$2-S1=a2; $3-—S2=a3;------ In general an = Sn—Sn-1 CHAPTER 6 TRIANGLES same size are congruent figures. 1. Two figures having the same shape and © @ 2. Two figures having the same shape but @ Q not the same size are similar figures. 3. All congruent figures are similar but all similar figures need not be congruent. 4. Two polygons having the same number of sides will be similar if the corresponding angles of the two polygons are equal and the corresponding sides are proportional. 5. Basic Proportionality Theorem : If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in two distinct points, then the other two sides are divided in the same ratio. AP _ AQ Pa || BC;oE = 22 6. Converse of a Basic Proportionality Theorem: If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side. 7. SIMILAR TRIANGLES : (A)A AA SIMILARITY : If the corresponding angles of two triangles are equal, then their corresponding sides are proportional. The two triangles are similar. (B)A A SIMILARITY : If two angles of one triangle are equal to the corresponding two angles of another triangle, the two triangles are similar. (C)S SS SIMILARITY : If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional ( the corresponding angles are equal ) then the two triangles are similar. (D)S AS SIMILARITY : If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides including these angles are in the same ratio, then the two triangles are similar. (E)R HS SIMILARITY : In two right triangles, if the hypotenuse and one side are proportional then the two triangles are similar. [Link] THEOREM : Ina right triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides. [Link] OF PYTHAGORUS THEOREM : If in a triangle, square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle. 10. The line joining the mid points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half the third side. 11. The diagonals of a trapezium divide each other proportionally. CHAPTER 7 COORDINATE GEOMETRY [Link] distance of a point from y axis is called the x coordinate or abscissa 2. The distance of a point from x axis is called the y coordinate or ordinate. [Link] point on the x-axis will be of the form ( x, 0) [Link] point on the y-axis will be of the form ( 0, y) [Link](x1, y1) and Bis (x2, y2) Distance AB = J (X2 — x) + (¥2 — y1)? 6. Distance of a point A (x,y) from the origin O = OA =@? +6)" 7. Distance of a point P (x,y) from the x - axix is | y | units. 8, Distance of a point P( x,y) fromthe y - axix is | x | units [Link] points A, B, C are collinear if the sum of the distances between two pairs of points = the distance between the third pair. c —— 2) P Q R a 8 PQ+QR=PR. P,Q, Rare collinear points AC+CB #AB. A,B. Care noncollinear points . 10. SECTION FORMULA: INTERNAL DIVISION : P(x, y) divides the line joining A(x, y1) and B(x2, y2) in the ratio m:n internally. Atay) Pury) Bouy,) Pixy) = mxz,+nx, myz+my; 7——s—_ ” mtn’ men EXTERNAL DIVISION : P(x, y) divides the line joining A(x1, y1) and B(xz, y2) in the ratio m: n externally. 1 —— Ptey) = MERE Mor=myy—hy ae lr 11. MID-POINT FORMULA : If P (x,y) is the midpoint of the line joining A(x1, y:) and B(x2, yz) = X2tt1 YotVi P( x,y) = 224, 12. Points of Trisection : The points which divide the line joining A and Bin the ratio 2 : 1 and 1 : 2 are called the points of Trisection [Link] prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, ( given the vertices ) prove that the midpoints of both the diagonals are the same. Use the same concept to find the fourth vertex of the parallelogram if three vertices in order are given. [Link] prove that the quadrilateral is a rectangle, ( given the vertices } prove that the opposite sides are equal and the two diagonals are equal. [Link] prove that the quadrilateral is a rhombus, ( given the vertices ) prove that all the four sides are equal. [ Diagonals are not equal. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles. Important property of a Rhombus } [Link] prove that the quadrilateral is a square, ( given the vertices ) prove that the four sides are equal and the two diagonals are equal. in the ratio m: n internally. Ay) Pliny) BIXy,) P(xy) = mxz+nx; my,+my; % 7 sno} a mtn ' m+n EXTERNAL DIVISION : P(x, y) divides the line joining A(x1, y1) and B(xz, y2) in the ratio m:n externally. _ Mx2—nxX, my2—Myy ay BO ow Py) = = si mn m=-n 11. MID-POINT FORMULA : If P(x, y)is the midpoint of the line joining A(x1, y1) and B(x2, yz) a t2tk1 Yat P(x ye 12. Points of Trisection : The points which divide the line joining A and B in the ratio 2: 1 and 1: 2 are called the points of Trisection. [Link] prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, ( given the vertices ) prove that the midpoints of both the diagonals are the same. Use the same concept to find the fourth vertex of the parallelogram if three vertices in order are given. [Link] prove that the quadrilateral is a rectangle, ( given the vertices ) prove that the opposite sides are equal and the two diagonals are equal. [Link] prove that the quadrilateral is a rhombus, ( given the vertices ) prove that all the four sides are equal. [ Diagonals are not equal. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles. Important property of a Rhombus ] [Link] prove that the quadrilateral is a square, ( given the vertices ) prove that the four sides are equal and the two diagonals are equal. CHAPTER 8 and 9 INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRY TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS: In Right triangle ABC, ZB = 90 ° Side AC opposite to that is the hypotenuse. _ adjacent _ hypotenuse cos = poteruse — $°°° = “adjacent = opposite _ adjacent tan “adjacent cote = —=— Let 2A=6 AB is the adjacent side and BC is the opposite side. The six trigonometric ratios are explained in the figure cos8 1 z a cosec @ = = ; secO= T= ; cot@ = ; cot = VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF STANDARD ANGLES: Values of Trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the lengths of the sides of the triangle. PYTHOGORUS THEOREM : The square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides containing the right angle. Examples of some Pythagorian Triplets : 3, 4, 5 ; 5, 12, 13; 8, 15,17; 7, 24, 25 and any multiples ot these numbers. i. b a+hP=ac TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES: sin?0+008?6=1 cos*0=1-sin?9 — sin? = 1-c0s78 t+tan?G-sec?8 tan?3-sec?S-1 = 1- sec?@-tan?6 4+cot?8=esc76 —cot?8@=ese75-1 1=cse?é-cot’? * ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION: — ae D—-Angle of elevation 7 G—rAngle ofdepression Horizontal Line ee 7 Objet 2 CHAPTER 11 CIRCLES RECAPITULATION OF CONCEPTS LEARNT IN IX STANDARD : 1. Equal Chords subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle. 2. Equal chords of congruent circles subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle. 3. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre of the circle. 4, Equal chords of congruent circles are equidistant from their corresponding centres. 5. Ifyou consider two chords ot a circle, the one which is nearer to the centre is larger than the other. 6. The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle bisects the chord. 7. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal. 8. Angle subtended by an arc at the centre of the circle is double the angle subtended at any other point in the remaining part of a circle. 9. Angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. 10. If the four vertices of a quadrilateral lie on a circle, it is a cyclic quadrilateral. 11. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary (Their sum is 180’) . 12. If one side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced, then the exterior angle is equal to the interioropposite angle. CONCEPTS IN X STANDARD . Tangent is a line which intersects a circle at only one point. . Secant is a line which intersects a circle in two points. 1. 2. 3. From a point inside the circle, no tangent can be drawn to that circle. 4. Froma point on the circle, only one tangent can be drawn to the circle. 5. . From a point outside the circle two tangents can be drawn to the circle. CHAPTER 12 AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 1. Perimeter ( Circumference ) of a circle P=2arornd r=radius; d = diameter 2. Area of a Circle A =r? 3. Distance travelled by a wheel in one revolution is equal to its circumference. 4. Length of an arc of a sector of angle @ is | = = x2nr 5. Perimeter of a sector P=1+2r . e 6. Area of a sector ot angle @ is A = 300 * i 7. Area of a sector is A =~ 8. Area of the major sector = mr? - Area of minor sector 9. Area of the minor segment ACB = Area of the minor sector OACBO ~ Area of the triangle AOB. 10. Area of triangle AOB it angle AOB is @ is 7 rsin£ cos £6 ( Can be usedif the angle is 60° , 90°, 120°) 11. Area of Major segment =r? - Area of minor segment CHAPTER 13 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUMES CUBOID : l=length b=breadth h= height 1. TSA of the Cuboid = 2 (Ib + bh + hl) sq units 2. CSA of the Cuboid= 2h(l+b) sq. units 3. Volume of the Cuboid = 1b A cubic units 4. Diagonal of the Cuboid = Vi2 + b2 + h2 CUBE : a = side of the Cube 1. TSA of the Cube = 6 a? sq. units 2. CSA of the Cube= 4 a? sq. units 3. Volume of the Cube = a cu. units 4. Diagonal of the Cube =V3 a units CYLINDER : r= radius h = height 1. CSA of the Cylinder = 2 mrh sq units 2. TSA of the cylinder = 2 mr (her) squnits 3. Volume of the cylinder = 77h cu units CONE: r=radiusofthebase h=verticalheight (= slant height 1. CSA of the Cone= mrl sq. units 2. TSA of the Cone = mr(l+r) sq. units 1 ; 37h cu units 3. Volume of the cone 4. Relation between r,h,lis [2 = r? +h? SPHERE : r=radius of the sphere 1. Surface Area ( TSA = CSA) of the Sphere = 4 mr? sq. units 2. Volume of the Sphere = Snr3 cu units HEMISPHERE : r=radius of the sphere 1. CSA of the Hemisphere = 2 1 r? sq. units 2. TSA of the Hemisphere =3 1 r? sq. units 3. Volume of the Hemisphere = 2 7erScu. units HOLLOW CYLINDER : Ris the radius of the outer circle ; r is the radius of the inner circle ; h= height of the cylinder 1. CSA of the Hollow Cylinder = 24Rh + 2mrh = 2xh(R+r) [Link] 2. Area of the top and bottom of the Hollow Cylinder = 2(mR?- wr?)=27 ( R? — 1?) sq. units 3. TSA of the Hollow Cylinder =2 wh (R+r)+27( R2-r?) sq. units 4. Volume of the material of the Hollow Cylinder = R2h- 1 r7h =mh(R?-r?) cu. units SPHERICAL SHELL : R is the radius of the outer circle ; r is the radius of the inner circle 1. Surface area = outer surface area = 47R* sq. units 2. Volume of the material of the Spherical shell = Sn? —r?) cu units COMBINED SOLIDS : 1. WHEN THREE EQUAL CUBES OF SIDE ‘a’ ARE JOINED END TO END A CUBOID |S FORMED. Length of the Cuboid = 3 a Breadth of the Cuboid =@ Height of the Cuboid = a (Only the length will vary depending on the number of cubes joined) Tenghh=atata 2. ACONE SURMOUNTED BY A HEMISPHERE : Surface area of the solid = CSA of the Cone + CSA of the Hemisphere vi 3. A CUBE SURMOUNTED BY A HEMISPHERE : =mrl+2mr* sq. units Surface Area of the solid = TSA of the Cube — Area of the base circle of the Hemisphere + CSA of the Hemisphere. 4. CYLINDER SURMOUNTED BY A CONE : (CIRCUS TENT SUMS ) Area of the canvas required for the Circus Tent = CSA of the Cylinder + CSA of the Cone 5. A CONE OF MAXIMUM SIZE CARVED OUT FROM A CUBE OF SIDE ‘a’ The diameter of the base of the cone = 21'= a= side of the cube. The height 'h' of the cone = a= side of the cube. Volume of the remaining solid = Volume of the Cube — Volume of the Cone. TSA of the remaining solid = TSA of the Cube — Area of the base circle of the Cone + CSA of the Cone 6. A cylinder of diameter 7 cm is drilled out from a cubical block of dimensions 15m X 10cm XS cm. Surface Area of the Remaining Solid = TSA of the Cuboid - Area of the top and bottom Circles of the Cylinder + CSA of the Cylinder. Sem 7. A Cone of same height and same base radius as a cylinder is hollowed out from the Cylinder : TSA of the remaining solid = CSA of the cylinder + Area of the top Circle of the cylinder + CSA of the Cone 8. When lead shots or marbles are dropped in a cylindrical or conical vessel ( vessel of any shape }, the volume of the water raised or the volume of the water overflown = Volume of the lead shots or marbles dropped. ( Principle of Archimedes } CHAPTER 14 STATISTICS 1. Mean or average x of ‘n’ number of observations = sum of all observations / Total no of observations. 28 (212-1 x=EHt (j=1,2-—n) Bre (5 = 2. Mean for ungrouped data = x= "tt 1,2,—-n) 3. Median of ‘n’ observations a. Arrange the given observations in ascending or descending order. b. If ‘n’ is odd, median is the [(+1)/2] th observation. c. If ‘n’ is even, median=[n/2 th observation+(n/2+ 1) th observation: 2 4. Mode : The most frequently repeated observation. 5. Mean, Median and Mode are called the Measures of Central Tendency. CONCEPTS IN X STANDARD : 1. Class Mark is the Mid-Point of the Class Interval . (Upper Class Limit + Lower Class Limit) /2 2. Mean of Grouped Data : Mean by Assumed Mean Method : a Lhidi . = Assumed Mean ; di=xi-a rfi 3. Mean by Step Deviation Method : x= a + rm (bh) w= xi-a/h 4. Mode of Grouped Data : Mode = 1 + Cy) xh] aT l= lower limit of modal class . (Modal class is the one with highest frequency | fiz frequency of the modal class fo= frequency of the preceeding class fo= frequency of the succeding class h= size of the modal class 5. Median for grouped Data : Median = 1+ l= lower limit of median class Median class is the corresponding class in which the cumulative frequency is just greater than N/2 f = frequency of the median class F = cumulative frequency of the preceeding class N=5 fi h= size of the median class. 6. For finding median, the class interval should be continuous. If not, make it continuous, Ex : Consider 3 Class intervals which are not continuous. 110-119, 120-129, 130-139. The difference between the upper limit of one class interval and the lower limit of the consecutive class interval is 1. ( 120 - 119 = 1) Divide the difference 1 by 2. You get 0.5. Subtract 0.5 from lower limits, add 0.5 to upper limits. The new continuous Class Intervals are 109.5 -— 119.5 , 119.5-129.5 , 129.5 - 139.5. Now h = 10. 7. If instead of Class intervals, given less than 20, less than 25 -----, , then cumulative frequency is given. A proper tabular column with Class interval and frequency to be prepared. 8. Empirical Relationship between Mean, Median and Mode : 3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean CHAPTER 15 PROBABILITY 1. Probability is the likelihood of occurrence of an event. 2. Probability of an event A is denoted by P (A) (A) = Nees favourable outcomes _ (Ay [Link] all possible outcomes = n(s) Sealed the satople Space 3. TOSSING A COIN : A) When a coin is tossed once, S={H,T} n(S)=2 B ) When one coin is tossed twice or 2 coins are tossed once, S=((H,H),(H,T),(T,H),(T, T)}n(S)= 2? =4 C) When one coin is tossed thrice or 3 coins are tossed once, S={(HLH,H ), (H,H,T), (H,T,H ), (H,T,T), (T,H,H), (7,H,7), (7,7,H), T, T, T) n(S) = 23 = 8. In general if one coin is tossed ‘n’ times or ‘n’ coins are tossed once , n(S) = 2" 4. THROWING A DIE: A) When a die is thrown once, S = {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6}n(S)=6 B) When a pair of dice are thrown once or a die is thrown twice (1.1), (12),- - -(.6) (2.1), (2.2),- - -(2.6) (3,1), (3.2),- - -(@,6) (4,1), (4.2) - - - (4.6) (5,1), (5,2),- — -(5,6) (6,1),(6,2),- — -(6,6) n(S) = 6? = 36 C) When three dice are thrown once or one die is thrown thrice n(S) = 63 =216 5. Playing Cards: Total number of cards in a deck = 52. No. of red cards = No. of black cards = 26 No. of cards in each suit = 13 No. of face cards = 12 6. P ( Aj is the probability of event A not happening. 7. P(A)+P(A)=1;P(A)=1-P(A) A and Aare complementary events. 8. Probability of a sure event is 1. 9. Probability of an impossible event is 0. 10.0

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