1.
Define IoT (Internet of Things) – 4 Marks
Definition:
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical objects (things) embedded with sensors, software,
and communication technologies that enable them to collect, exchange, and act on data over the internet
without human intervention.
Key points:
• IoT connects physical devices like sensors, smart appliances, vehicles, etc.
• Devices collect real-time data from the environment.
• Data is transmitted through communication networks.
• Devices can be monitored and controlled remotely.
• Enables automation and smart decision-making.
Example: Smart home system controlling lights, fans, and temperature remotely.
2. What do you mean by MQTT? – 4 Marks
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight messaging protocol used for communication
between IoT devices over low-bandwidth and unreliable networks.
Key features:
• Uses publish-subscribe model
• Lightweight and efficient
• Requires low bandwidth
• Ideal for IoT and remote devices
• Works on TCP/IP
Components:
• Publisher – sends data
• Subscriber – receives data
• Broker – manages communication
Example: Temperature sensor publishing data to cloud via MQTT.
3. Four Benefits of SDN (Software Defined Networking)
• Centralized Management: Administrators can manage the entire network from a single pane of glass
rather than configuring individual hardware switches.
• Agility and Flexibility: Network traffic can be dynamically rerouted or shaped in real-time to meet
changing demands.
• Cost Reduction: By using programmable software, organizations can use "white-box" hardware instead
of expensive, proprietary vendor equipment.
• Enhanced Security: SDN allows for "micro-segmentation," making it easier to isolate compromised
devices and apply security policies globally.
4. Advantages of IoT – 6 Marks
• 1. Automation
• Devices operate automatically without human intervention.
• 2. Remote Monitoring
• Users can monitor devices from anywhere.
• 3. Improved Efficiency
• Optimizes resource usage.
• 4. Time Saving
• Reduces manual work.
• 5. Real-Time Data Collection
• Provides instant data for analysis.
• 6. Cost Reduction
• Reduces operational costs.
• 7. Better Decision Making
• Data helps in smart decision making.
5. Difference between M2M and IoT – 6 Marks
Feature M2M IoT
Meaning Machine to Machine communication Internet of Things
Connectivity Direct device communication Uses internet and cloud
Network Cellular or wired Internet protocol (IP)
Scalability Limited Highly scalable
Intelligence Less intelligent More intelligent
Data Processing Local processing Cloud processing
Flexibility Less flexible Highly flexible
6. NFV Architecture Network Function Virtualization (NFV) replaces dedicated network appliances
(firewalls, routers) with software running on virtual machines.
The architecture consists of three main components:
• VNFs (Virtualized Network Functions): The software implementation of network functions (e.g., a
virtual firewall).
• NFVI (NFV Infrastructure): The physical resources (compute, storage, networking) and the
virtualization layer (hypervisor).
• NFV MANO (Management and Orchestration): The "brain" that coordinates the lifecycle of VNFs and
manages resources.