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= B.B. of DE FB of EA
= 7015’’ 122045’ = 115030’
Check: The sum of the interior angles of a closed traverse must equal to
(2n-4) right angles, where n is the number of the sides of the traverse. In this
case the sum of the angles must be equal (10-4) x 900 = 5400.
A + B + C + D + E = 162030’ + 94045’ + 29030’ + 137045’ +
115030’ = 5400 00’. Hence checked.
3.7 Errors in Compass Surveying
Errors in compass surveying are classified as follows:
a) Natural Errors b) Instrumental Errors
a) Natural Errors: Natural errors are of two types:
1. Errors of manipulation and sighting
2. Errors due to external influences
1. Errors of manipulation and sighting
i) Inaccurate centering of the compass
ii) Inaccurate leveling of the compass box
iii) Imperfect bisection of the ranging rods at stations
iv) Carelessness in reading the graduations
v) Carelessness in recording the observed readings
2. Errors due to external influences
i) Magnetic changes in atmosphere on a cloudy or stormy day
ii) Variations in declinations
iii) Local attraction due to proximity of steel structures
b) Instrumental Errors:
i) The needle not being perfectly straight
ii) The pivot being bent
iii) The needle being sluggish
iv)The needle not moving freely.
Paper - II Surveying Theory 247
v) The line of sight is not being vertical.
vi) The graduated circle not being horizontal.
vii) The line of sight not passing through the centre of the graduated ring
and
viii) The vertical hair being loose.
Summary
1. Closed traverse is a traverse in which the sides of a traverse form a
closed polygon.
2. Open traverse is a traverse in which the sides of a traverse do not
form a closed polygon.
3. Meridian is a standard direction from which, the bearings of the
lines are measured.
4. Types of Meridian.
(i) True meridian. (ii) Magnetic meridian. (iii) Arbitrary meridian.
5. Bearing is a horizontal angle made by the survey line with reference
to the meridian.
6. Bearings of survey lines are represented in
(i) Whole Circle Bearing System. (ii) Quadrantal Bearing System.
7. The difference between fore bearing and back bearing of a line
should be 1800.
8. Local attraction: A compas needle is affected by the presence of
masses of iron and steel such as lamp posts, electric cables, steel
girders etc. They deflect the needle and gives the wroing value of
bearing the effect of this disturbanceis called local attraction.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Define bearing
2. Define Meridian
3. Write the methods of representing bearing.
4. Convert the following WCB in to the reduced bearings.
a) 30045’ b) 215015’
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5. Define local attraction.
6. Write the types of meridian.
7. Find the angles between the lines AB and AC if their respective
bearings are 145030’ and 56045’
8. Define fore bearing and back bearing of a line.
9. What is a closed traverse?
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Explain the construction of prismatic compass with a neat sketch
2. Write the errors in compass survey, explain the instrumental errors
3. a) How do you detect local attraction in compass survey?
b) The following bearings were observed with the compass.
Line F.B. B.B.
AB 74015’ 254015’
BC 900 27000’
CD 16500’ 34200’
DE 17800’ 100’
EA 18700’ 800’
Correct the bearings for local attraction
Activities
• Study and identify the parts of pismatic compass.
• Measuring magnetic bearing of a line using prismatic compass.