Your Name: Lizbeth Alvarado

Collaboration Report:

A. 100% autonomous

B. Autonomous + compared (no adjustments)

C. Autonomous + compared + adjustments

D. Delegated with group

Which level of collaboration did you engage in for this assignment: A

For choices B, C, or D, please list the names of your collaborators below. If you chose C,
you must include details regarding the specific answers you changed based on the
collaboration (see the special instructions for collaboration for more on this). If you chose
D, you must divulge which answers you completed on your own, and you must list which
answers each of your collaborators completed on their own (see the special collaboration
instructions for more details).

Names of Collaborators (C) List Each Answer You Adjusted Per Name OR (D) Answers
Delegated Per Name (Including You)

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Content Instructions for Completing This Theory Guide

-All answers must be typed.

-If a question calls for complete sentences, then you must use complete sentences when
answering the question.

-If a question calls for a paragraph, then you must answer the question with at least 3
complete sentences.
-Do not leave questions blank. It is possible that there is not an answer to some of these
questions. If you cannot find the information for the answer, or if it simply does not apply,
please mark the empty space with a “NA”. If you forget to do this you will lose points.

-Many of the questions are marked with an asterisk “*”. These questions require you to
include a page number to indicate where you found the information in the book. You can
put that before or after your answer. ONLY OUR TEXTBOOK CAN BE USED to complete
these guides. Do not use any other source. If I find information in any of your answers that
is not found in our book, dramatic grade reductions will occur based on my discretion.

The chapter summaries cannot be noted as sources (page numbers) for the answers to any
of these questions. You must locate the pages in the chapter--- not the summaries.

Page ranges are not allowed. You must note every page used in an answer. Therefore, you
should note each page used at the end of each answer--- or component to an answer. For
example, if you are required to list and describe 3 strengths of a theory, you should use a
numbering format. After each strength (1., 2., 3.), there should be at least one page number
listed as the source of the information. If you used more than one page, then list all
relevant page numbers used for each “strength”.

Theory Guide: Cognitive Stage Theory (Piaget)

1. Chapter: 2

2. Pages: 25-94

3. Major Theorist: Jean Piaget (p.26)

4. Lifespan (of major theorist): Piaget's lifespan was 1896-1980 age 84 (p. 26,27,28)
5. What year was this theory proposed? (this one you can use google if not in the book-
-- just needs to be close). This theory was proposed in 1936. (Not found in the book).

6. Was this theory completely new at the time? No, this theory was not completely
new at the time. (p.29)

7. If not, what is the name of the theory it is built from? (complete sentence) The name
of the theory was built from a study called “epistemology”. (p.29).
8. *If Miller mentioned any mentors, who were they? (List last names of mentors) Jean
Piaget did not have any mentors.

9. *Describe 3 differences between this theory and the one it was built from: (at least
one sentence for difference). One difference is that epistemology only had one
statement. Another difference is that Piaget expanded from the statement and
attempted to answer all the questions through his writings. Lastly, Piaget had those
questions divided into content areas, which were mathematics, moral reasoning,
and language. (p. 29,30)

10. *List 3 MAJOR accomplishments of the main theorist (no degrees or jobs):
1. Made a book describing “autovap” at age 10. (p.27)
2. American Psychological Association awarded Piaget with “Distinguished
Scientific Contribution Award” for his great perspective on the nature of human
knowledge and biological intelligence. Also, being the first European to receive
this award. (p. 28)
3. Discovered stage Approach. (p.33)
4. Discovered sensorimotor period (p.36, 37)

11. *What is assumed about human nature (mechanistic, organismic, contextual)?

Answer this with a paragraph, and you can use chapter 10 as an additional source if
needed.
Something that was assumed was that human nature was more organismic than
mechanistic or contextual. It is organismic because Piaget knew children explore,
test, hypothesize and evaluate all while using symbols, concrete operations and
formal operations. Something else that is assumed is the organismic worldview like
mechanistic can also be seen in parts that can be understood only in terms of the
whole. (p. 62).

12. *Which was assumed to be more dominant, nature or nurture and why? Answer this
with a paragraph, and you can use chapter 10 as an additional source if needed.
Nature and nurture are assumed to be more dominant because they both emerge
from a complex configuration of innate and experiential influences. Piaget viewed
development as an interaction between these two innate factors, which were
physical maturation and equilibrium. Piaget also depicted development as an
interaction between of another two factors which are social and physical. (p.425)
13. *Is development quantitative, qualitative or both? (If both, make sure to explain how
it works for both. Elaborate in a single paragraph, but again, you can use chapter 10
to help if needed).
Development is both quantitative and qualitative because they build on each other.
Qualitative development in children can quickly learn about the classifications and
relationships in many different areas, like animals, people, trees, shapes, and
colors. Quantitative development increases in more information, like talking with
peers and adults rapidly expands children's knowledge and challenges their present
understanding. (p. 63)

14. *What develops? Answer this with a paragraph, and you can use chapter 10 as an
additional source if needed.
The development of Piaget's theory is connected to his methodology; he relied on
interviews, observations, and assessment situations. It developed structural
change in the schemes and logical mathematical structures. Structural change
influenced change in the content of thought and more changes at more molecular
levels.

15. According to the theory, what is the span of development? If no span is mentioned,
it is assumed to be lifelong.
According to the theory the span of development is from birth to 15 years of age. (p.
36)
16. Is the trajectory of the development assumed to be discontinuous or continuous?
This trajectory is assumed to be discontinuous. (p.36)
17. If discontinuous, how many stages are proposed?
There are four stages that are propose. (p. 36)
18. *List each stage/substage below. For each stage/substage, provide the age range
and briefly describe how development unfolds (1 paragraph for each
stage/substage).
1. Sensorimotor period (birth to 2 years): The infants understand the world and
physical actions of the world. They go from simple reflexes through several steps
to an organized set of schemes. Infants progress through six stages to construct
a sensorimotor system of thought. (pgs. 36, 37)
2. Preoperational period (roughly 2 to 7 years): They no longer make perceptual
and motor adjustments to objects and events. They can now use symbols like
mental images, gestures, and words to represent objects and events. They use
these symbols in an increasingly organized and logical way. (p.36)
 3. Concrete operational period (roughly 7 to 11 years): Children acquire certain
logical structures that allow them to perform mental operations, which are
internalized actions that can be reversed. Conservation in this stage is an
important concept because it gives stability to the physical world. Piaget
asserted that children cannot conserve unless they have certain mental
operations, especially reversibility. (pgs. 36, 48)
4. Formal operational period (roughly 11 to 15 years): Mental operations are no
longer limited to concrete objects; instead, they can be applied to verbal or
logical statements. During this stage adolescents carry concrete operations one
step further by generating their hypotheses about their logical relations. (pgs.
36, 51, 52)
19. If the theory assumes a continuous trajectory, please try and write one paragraph
explaining the process of development highlighting the continuity.
N/A
20. *List and describe at least 3 mechanisms of development. Use at least 2 complete
sentences for in each description.
1. Schemes: During stage 4 in sensorimotor period, Piaget mentions schemes as a
mechanism of development. This coordination of the schemes includes looking,
grasping, sucking, and hearing. They learn to differentiate an instrumental
behavior (scheme) and a goal behavior (scheme). (p.39)
2. Assimilation: This is the process of fitting reality into one's current cognitive
organization. There is a degree of “bending” or distorting experience as people
attempt to incorporate, understand, or interpret this experience. (p.58)
3. Accommodation: Adjustments in cognitive organization that result when reality
does not fit our expectations. (p.58)
21. *Describe the research methods that are mentioned in the chapter?
1. Clinical Research Method: In this research he asked open-ended questions like,
“where does the dream come from?” to children, then he made an observation
about their response and asked a follow-up question like, “Does it come from us
or from outside?” so that they can explain their reasoning. This method focused
on how children came up with their conclusions instead of seeing if they were
correct. (p. 34)
2. Object-Interaction/Manipulation Tasks: In this research Piaget would spread out
a row of objects and asked whether the number had changed. This would allow
Piaget to study numerical and physical concepts or perceptual development. (p.
35)
3. Focus on Error Analysis (conservation task): In this experiment Piaget poured the
same amount of water from short wide glass, into a tall glass, then to a narrow
 glass and asked children if the amount of water is still the same. This allowed
Piaget to see the ability children have to think logically and determine if the
amount is still the same despite the size or size. (pg. 48,49,50,51)
22. *Describe 3 strengths (complete sentences).
1. For experiment, “Clinical Research Method” one the strength is that it is
providing in-depth ecological data, and Piaget saw how children solve problems
instead of seeing them just get it right. (p.66)
2. In experiment number two, one strength is that Piaget engages children into the
conversation, and he also adapts the questions depending on the child’s
response, making it a way for the children to think deeper. (p.68)
3. A strength for experiment number three is that Piaget can understand the
cognitive limitations children have by having a view of it. (p.69)
23. *Describe 3 weaknesses (complete sentences).
1. One weakness is inadequate support for the stage notion; Piaget did not provide
what determines whether a structure will be applied to a particular content
area. (p. 70, 71)
2. Another weakness is inadequate account of mechanisms of development,
although Piaget considered explanations of change quite important, he more
successful described than explained development. (p. 72)
3. A weakness is slighting of social and emotional aspects of development, Piaget
thought that social and emotional influences on cognitive development were
very important. (p. 74)
24. *Notable Researcher: Shahaeian, A., Peterson, C. C., Slaughter, V., and Wellman,
H. M. What was one concept/principle examined by this individual? Developmental
Psychology. Date? 2011 (p.89, 460)

Do not answer #24 with a “major theorist”. The answer should come from the
“contemporary research” section of the chapter. Make sure to use only one or two
words to answer the “concept” portion. Use your index to make sure it is from a
research article and not a book.