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Nuclei

The document discusses various concepts related to atomic masses, nuclear composition, and properties of nuclei, including isotones, nuclear density ratios, and the binding energy per nucleon. It includes case-based questions on Rutherford's model, nuclear forces, and energy calculations for nuclear reactions. Additionally, it addresses the differences between nuclear fission and fusion, the significance of mass defect, and the stability of nuclei.

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4 views11 pages

Nuclei

The document discusses various concepts related to atomic masses, nuclear composition, and properties of nuclei, including isotones, nuclear density ratios, and the binding energy per nucleon. It includes case-based questions on Rutherford's model, nuclear forces, and energy calculations for nuclear reactions. Additionally, it addresses the differences between nuclear fission and fusion, the significance of mass defect, and the stability of nuclei.

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somanshsoni5
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13.2 Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus 1. _Isotones are nuclides having (a) same number of neutrons but different number of protons (b) same number of protons but different number ‘of neutrons (c)_ same number of protons and also same number of neutrons (d). different number of protons and also different number of neutrons. (2024C) 13.3 Size of the Nucleus - 2, Two nuclei have their mass numbers 1: 27. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities ? (@) 1:27) 4:1) @ 1:9 @) 1:3 (2023¢) (Es) 3. The ratio of the nuclear densities of two nuclei hhaving mass numbers 64 and 125 is o£ wt oF or | (2023) (i) Case Based Questions Question number 4{i) to 4(v) are case-based questions. Read the case carefully and answer the questions that follow. 4, In Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, the entire positive charge and most of the mass of the ‘atom are concentrated in the nucleus. The electrons ‘move in orbits around the nucleus. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. Because the nucleus is extremely small as compared to the atom, most of an atom is empty space. The protons and the neutrons are held together in the nucleus by very strong nuclear forces. (i). The radius R of a nucleus of mass number A is givenby (a) R=RoA? (b) R=RoAM (©) R=RRA (@). R=RRAY (li) The ratio of nuclear density of nuclei X”” to Y° is (a)3:2 (b) 27:8 (c) 1:1 (@) 2:3 (ii) In the following nuclear reaction *Bu+n— \Npte +V+Q, the values of X and Y are (@) X=92;¥=238 (9 X=93;T=239 PREVIOUS YEARS’ peas for shor {iv) The saturation property of the nuclear forces ig (a) due to the fact that they are (a) charge independent forces {b)_non-central forces wo (0) spin-dependent forces (@)__ short-range forces. (v) In Geiger-Marsden scattering experiment, thin, Q gold foil is used to scatter alpha particles because « alpha particles will (a) not suffer more than one scattering and gold nucleus is 50 times heavier than alpha particle, ‘The {b) not suffer more than one scattering and gold! anc nucleus is lighter than alpha particle. (©) not suffer more than few scatterings and gold red nucleus is 25 times heavier than alpha particle. (a) (d)__suffer more than one scattering and gold nucleus © is 25 times heavier than alpha particle. (2020¢) 42, Tht ; fur GS (1 mark) _ __ a at he The nuclear radius of 3ZAl is 3.6 fermi. Find the a nuclear radius of $$Cu. mod f 6. Why is the mass of a nucleus always less than the d) ‘sum of the masses of its constituents? (2019¢) (Bmarks) iy 7. (i) Howis the size of a nucleus found experimentally? er ‘Write the relation between the radius and mass er number of a nucleus. fa ii) Prove that the density of a. nucleus. is independent of its mass number. (2028) 44, vy 8. Show that density of nucleus is independent ofits h mass number A. (1/3, Dethi 2019) (0) f 13.4 Mass-Energy and Nuclear ( Binding Energy ( mee | 9. Which of the following figures correctly represent *S- the shape of curve of binding energy per nucleon a5 a function of mass number? 16. Sig rrtion (A):: The bindir racially constant for f0 Fon > Fon (0). Fon > Fon > Fop (Fan Fep > Fen (8) Foo Fon = Fon Bo ! (2024¢) —~ CEB CASE Charon Pysscig, 2 30, The potential energy between two nucleons; nucleus is minimum at a distance of about (2) 08fm (0) 164m (© 204m @) 28%m — eoaaeay 31. Which of the following statements is not nuclear forces? (2) They are stronger than Coulomb forces, (6) “They have about the same magnitude jy different pairs of nucleons. 7 (0 They are always attractive (@)_ They saturate as the separation between typ nucleons increases. (2023 SMM (amar) 32. Draw a plot showing the variation of potenig energy of two nucleons as a function of dstaren between them, Identify the regions in which the force between the nucleons is () attractive, rj (repulsive, Justity your answers. (2029) 33. (@) The density of the nuclear matter i tremendously larger than the physical density of the material. Explain. (b) The nuclear forces aré not coulomb forces between nucleons. Explain, (€) Draw a plot of the potential energy between a pair of nucleons as a function of distance between them inside a nucleus. (2029) |B) 13.7 Nuclear Energy 34, Assertion (A) : Nuclear fission reactions are responsible for energy generation inthe Sun Reason (R) : Light nuclei fuse together inthe nuclear fission reaction (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A), {b) Both assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion, (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is ae i arefalse. (@) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) a inside true for ‘ 95. In the nuclear reaction, 7N'4+ Het —>X+2H» Xrepresents: ” fa) 707 (b)@N @ 7” GN, 202908) HR mary) ae ea 36. Why does the process of spontaneous oe @ fission occur in heavy nuclei? (208! calcula 2064 Joke th Het A nw EIA A=120 energy. 4, Caleula 23H jie = R (big nucle pul (2marks) 415 aes (0) Draw a Q 8raph of potential ener betweer 7. Briefly describe the multi-st. 7 F Pair of nu nettin’ a the geyleration of energyin the sun aac ‘teonsas function oftheirsepaation 48. (a) Differentiate between nuclear fission and (2025) iiictear fusion 43. Find the Q value of the following nucle or " ‘nuclear reaction: Re, 1: ‘: ) ees Fate fusion as per the reaction, 3C+ 2C— BNe+ SHe I 3Heins3: Inet BuerinsaamMey {thls reaction exothermic or endothermic? Find the duration for which an electric bulb of waa ao eo be kept glowing by the fusion of m('2c)=12.000000u |g of deuterium, “I (Term-t 2021-22) m(72Ne)=19.992439u 39, Calculate for how many years will the fusion of 2.0 kg deuterium keep 800 W electric lamp glowing, m(3Hte)=4.002603u Take the fusion reaction as 2 Tt ston Fea 1u= 931 Mevic2 (2025) (i) H+ JH— 3He + §n+3.27Mev (2020)(Kn) 44. (i) Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion . giving an example of each. 40. A nucleus with ir = Fi . ten ith mass . number A. 240 and (ii) Explain the release of energy in nuclear fission 6 MeV breaks into two fragments each of id is indir and fusion on the basis of binding energy per A= 120with B.E/A=8.5 MeV. Calculate the released nucleon curve. (2023) (0) energy. i (Delhi 2026) 45, ~ heavy nucleus P of mass number 240 and 41 Calculate the energy in fu: reaction : binding energy 7.6 MeV per nucleon splits into two 2a . BE e2 ic nuclei Q and R of mass number 110 and 130 and in BHe +n, where BE. of $H =229 MeV and of binding energy per nucleon 8.5 MeV and 8.4 MeV $He = 7.73 Mev. (Dethi 2016) (Ap) respectively. Calculate the energy released in the fission. (2023) CFQ (3marks) 46. Ina typical nuclear reaction, eg. 42. (a) Differentiate between ‘nuclear fission’ and H+ 7H—3He+ $143.27 MeV, although number of ‘nuclear fusion. Briefly discuss one example of nucleons is conserved, yet energy is released. How? each. Explain. (1/3, Delhi 2016) BSE SAMPLE|QUESTIONS 13.4 Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding (3marks) Energy 2. Draw the graph showing the variation of binding mz energy per nucleon with mass number. Write two i ——-_-—— inferences which can be drawn from this graph. 1. Assertion (A) : Nuclei having mass number about 60 (2023-24) are least stable. 13.5 Nuclear Force Reason (R) : When two or more light nuclei are rere combined into a heavier nucleus then the binding” Wii oF the following statements about nuclear energy per nucleon will decrease. Peco tenst ive? (2) If both Assertion and Reason are true and | (a). The nuclear force between two nucleons er Reasons the correct explanation of Assit, : rani t200 8 their distance is more r are true but | few femtometres. tote a Ser welbiation of | (b) The nuclear force is much weaker than the pean eae Coulomb force. Assertion. is i larger than ‘The force is attractive for distances i 08 fm and repulsive if they are separated by distances’ less than 0.8 fm. (0). IfAssertion is true but Reason is false. ion and Reason are false. (a). If both Assertion ar =e 416 (@) The nuclear force between neutron-neutron, Proton-neutron and _proton-proton approximately the same. 13.7. Nuclear Energy 4. Binding energy per nucleon vs mass number curve for nuclei is shown in the figure. W, X, Y and Z are four nuclei indicated on the curve. Identify which of the following nuclei is most likely to undergo (Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion. (2024-25) Detailed La SVE CBSE BOARD QUESTIONS | 1. (a):Same number of neutrons but different number of protons. 2. (b): Nuclear density =: Mass of nucleus Volume of nucleus Therefore, nuclear density is independent of the mass number. 3. (d): Nuclear density is constant and independent of mass number so the ratio is 1. 4, (i) (b): Radius of nucleus is given by R= RAYS (ii) (c):As, nuclear density is given by p= This means p is independent of A. 3m 4nR3 So, ratio would be 1: 1. (wv) fd due to the fa (v) (a): gold foil is us Bi ni nucleus is 5 5. -1=92 the saturation property of the nuclear forces is, ‘ct that they are short range forces. iger-t scatter experiment thin sed © te alpha partile because alpha not suffer more than one scattering and gold 0 times heavier than alpha particle. 5 shows that volume of a number A. article will tal measurement: iment Cas tional toitsmass cleus is propo! (2022-23)(R) WwW (EEE) CBSE Champ mrs, HEM (a mars) _ fea? a 5. A given coin has a mass of 30 & Caley nuclear energy that would be required t «He all the neutrons and protons from each tte For simplicity assume that the coin ig ct made of $3Cu atoms (of mass 62.92960 yi m,= 1.007825 uandm,=1.008665y,” ° (202825 @y 6. Identify if the two nuclear Teactions meas below are endothermic or exothermic, shen ot calculations. i {p+ 2Li>.2($ He) Js fue ines Use the information below to answer the quests 4p=1.00728 amu (2023-24) PQ Radius of a nucleus is proportional to cube rots) mass number. ie in of a nucleus, ti oe rules ules 6. During the forme and neutrons come closer to a distance of 1 energy required for the purpose is spent by the at the expense of their masses. So, mass of the found is less than the sum of the masses ofthe int nuclei. 5 i 7. (). The size of a nucleus can be de, experimentally using a technique called sae experiments. In these experiments, a beam of Perf (usually alpha particles) is directed at 2 tit erat a particular element. As the beam particles ee with the target nuclei, they are scattered i" directions. By measuring the scattering angle can deduce the size of the target nucleus: | oA aie ane pit in. wht ut 8 e is is al Ye nucle! observation made by Rutherford about size of ucleus from his scattering experiment is that very jew o-particles (1 in 8000) suffers deflection of 180% {his shows that size of nucleus is very small, nearly 4/8000 times the size of atom, he relationship between the nuclear radius and the mass umber of anucleus can be described by R = Ro AUS tinere Ro is a constant and As the mass number. Nuclear radiusis measured in fermi, (itm= 10°" m). {i)_ If mis the average mass of a nucleon and R is the muclear radius, then mass of nucleus = mA, where Ais the mass number of the element. Volume of the nucleus, vadar? 3 v=tnlRo ABy =v. Densityofnucteus, p=" = This shows that the nuclear densi 8, Nucleus was first discovered in 1911 by Lord Rutherford and his associates by experiments of scattering of a-particle by atoms. He found that the scattering result could be explained. Atoms consists of a small, central, massive and positive core surrounded by orbiting electron. The experiment results indicated that the size of the nucleus is of the order of 10° metres and it thus 10,000 times smaller than the size of atom. Relation between the radius and mass number of the nucleus R= Ro AY? fmis the average mass of a nucleon and Ris the nuclear radius, then mass of nucleus = mA, where A is the mass number of the element, Volume of the nucleus, V vasa (Ro Ae Density of nuclear matter, 3am 4nRS > 9 Saga This shows that the nuclear density is independent of A. 9% (a) 10, (c):The binding energy per nucleon is practically independent of the atomic number for nuclear of mass number in range of 30 to 170. Nuclear force is a short range force. 41, (407 > 40% + ont Energy required to remove a neutron from, 20" E=BEof 0" - BE of 0" = 17% 7.75 - 16% 7.97 = 423M 12, (d):The elements that lie high on binding energy Versus mass number plot are tightly bound and hence, are aay stable. As helium nucleus shows peak on this curve, which means that itis very stable. 13. (a): The difference in mass 7X nucleus and total mass of its constituent nucleus is 21.00 u Total mass of constituent nuclei No. of nucleons present in7X,n=7 So, Binding energy per nucleor So, option (a) is correct. 14. (a): When two lighter nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus, its binding energy per nucleon increases. 15. The characteristic property of nuclear force that. explains the constancy of binding energy per nucleon is, the saturation or short range nature of nuclear forces. In heavy nuclei, nuclear size > range of nuclear force. 16. In nuclear fusion, daughter nucleus would have higher binding energy per nucleon. 17. Carbonisotope Chas a nuclear mass = 12.000000u mass of proton, m, = 1.007825 u mass of neutron, m,= 1.008665 u Binding energy, AB = ((6m, + 6m,) - 12.0000) <* = (6 «(1.007825 + 1.008665) - 12,000000) c” = (0.09894) amuc?x9a15 MEY = 9216Mev ¢ 18. YH+3H > 3H+3H Given that, m(4H) = 1.007825 u, m(3H) = 2.014102 u, m@QH) = 3.016049 u initial mass) ~ (Final mass) 1.007825 u + 3.016049 u) - (2 * 2.014102 u) Q= 4.023874 u) - 4.028204 u Q=- 0.00433 u ‘As, some mass is converted into energy, hence the Qvalueis negative and thus energy is absorbed during the reaction. 149, Mass defect is the difference between the mass of reactants and the mass of products. Larger the value of mass defect, greater the nuclear binding energy and more stable the nucleus. 20. Binding energy curve: = fe g beef dof of, 5° Fa ps | Be ee is A oo lb Peale ? ie : 50, 100 150 200 250 | saber 418 ‘The above curve tells us that the binding energy per nucleus is smaller for heavier nuclei as well as for lighter nuclei than for the middle order nuclei (with mass number lying between 30 to 170). Meaning heavier nuclei are less stable thus they undergo fission and lighter nuclei undergo fusion in order to form the nucleus lying in the range of the mass number 30 to 170. 21. The mass defect is the difference between the mass of reactants and the mass of products. Bis gH— fHeen ‘Theenergyreleased,Elesed™Ea(GH) + EoH)~ Es(SHe) my Ereteased = 2014102 u + 3.016049 u ~ 4.002603 u - 1,008665u Eveeased * 5.030151 u ~ 5.011268 u = 0.018883 u Now, 1u= 931.5 MeV So, Ereeased * 0.018883 x 931.5 MeV = 17.5895 MeV 22. (a) Refer to solution 20. ‘Two salient features of the curve (i) The binding energy per nucleon, Epy. is practically constant, ie. practically independent of the atomic number for nuclei of middle mass number (30 < A < 170). The curve has a maximum value of about 8.75 MeV for 56 and has a value of 7.6 MeV for A = 238. (ii) E4, is lower for both light nuclei (A < 30) and heavy nuclei (A > 170). Nuclear fission : Binding energy per nucleon is smaller for heavier nuclei than the middle ones eavier nuclei are less stable. When a heavier nucleus splits into the lighter nuclei, the B.E./nucleon changes from about 7.6 MeV to 3.4 MeV. Greater binding energy of the product nuclei fesults in the liberation of energy. This is what happens in nuclear fission which is the basis of the atom bomb. Nuclear fusion : The binding energy per nucleon is small for light nuclei, ie, they are less stable. So when two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, the higher binding energy per nucleon of the latter results in the release of energy. This is what happens in a nuclear fusion which is the basis of the hydrogen bomb. {b) (i) This process in called nuclear fusion. In nuclear fusion, lighter nuclei combine to forms a heavier nucleus leading to an increase in binding energy per nucleon. (il) The total mass of nuclei decreases. (iii) The process produces energy. As the final nucleus has a higher binding energy per nucleon, the binding energy is released in the form of energy. 23, (a) ZH+FH— JHe+dn+Q m(ZH) = 2.014102 u, m(3H) = 3.016049 u m(ZHe) = 4.002603 u, min) = 1.008665 u Y CBSE ChampionPhiscy, zy Mass defect, am = m(3H) + m(3H) ~[m(3He) + my ‘Am = 2.014102 + 3.016049 - 4.002603 - 1006. ‘Am = 0.018883 u Energy, Q= Am x 931 MeV = 0018883 x 991 « 1755 (0) As,relation between the radius and mass ny the nucleus is, R= RoAY? mber of If mis the mass of a nucleon and Ris the nucle, then mass of nucleus = of the element. mae mA, where Ais the mass eae Volume of the nucleus, V: Salton") RBA =p =0. z RA 3 This shows that the nuclear density is independent o mass number, A. 24. (a) Massdefect : The difference in mass of anucleus and its constituents is known as the mass defect and is given by ‘m= [Zm,+(A-Z)mq— my] where mz is the mass of the proton, m, is the mass of the neutron and my is the mass of the nucleus. BE/nucleon is smaller for heavier nuclei than the middle ‘ones. When a heavier nucleus splits into the lighter nuclei, the BE/nucleon changes from 7.6 MeV to 8.4 Mev. Greater binding energy of the product nuclei results in the liberation of energy. The splitting of heavier nucle is called fission. Binding Energy : It is defined as the surplus enerey tic) the nucleons give up by virtue of their mutual attraction when they are found together to form anucleus. \E.=(Mass defect) x= Ame2=(Zm, +(A~Zi(ma-®V) (bo) m,=mg=2.013553u m= 1.007277 u, m, = 1.008665 u ‘Am=(m,+m,- md) BE = Ap * 931.5 MeV (1.008665 + 1.007277 - 2.013553) «9315 2.225 MeV. F we [Topper’s Answer, 2024] 26. Given, m, = 1.007828 u im, = 1.008665 u Mj_ = 4.002800 u Xm,+2% mq- Myo = 2x 10007828 + 2 x 1.008665 - 4.002800 +=2,001565 + 2.01733 - 4.002800 = 0.016095 u So, binding energy = Am x 931 MeV 0.016095 x 931 = 14.9844 Mev 27. Refer to solution 20 for binding energy curve. OR Nuclear fission : Binding energy per nucleon is smaller for heavier nuclei than the middle ones, ie., heavier nuclei are less stable. When a heavier nucleus splits into the lighter nuclei, the B.E/nucleon changes from about 7.6 MeV to 84 MeV. Greater binding energy of the product nuclei results in the liberation of energy. This is what happens in ‘uclear fission which is the basis of the atom bomb. Nuclear fusion : The binding energy per nucleon is small for light nuclei, ie, they are less stable. So when two light Nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, the higher binding energy per nucleon of the latter results in the release of energy. This is what happens in a nuclear fusion Which is the basis of the hydrogen bomb. Am= OATES > The binding energy curve can be used to explain the Phenomena of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. 28, (i) An electron can revolve around the nucleus only 'n certain allowed circular orbits of definite energy and in 419 these orbits it does notradiate. These orbits are known as stationary orbits. __ Angular momentum of the electron in astationary orbit is anintegral multiple of h/2n. This is knownas Bohr's quantisation condition. __ The emission of radiation takes place when an electron makes a transition from a higher to a lower orbit. The frequency of the radiation is given by ya AaB B where E, and Ey are the energies of the electron in the higher and lower orbits respectively, Velocity of the electron in then" orbit aot Bade? 2.2107 |, ""aneg nh nS ‘The kinetic energy of the electron in the n" orbit Kot Ze?_(_1_Y 2ntmetz? _ 13.622 "Aney 2%, (Anég) whe nt ‘The potential energy of the electron in the n" orbit 1 Ze? (_4_Y 4n?metz? 4ne,) neh? ane9 Total energy of electron in then" orbit ( 1 eee - neg) nth? ev y, E, Int Ky Kj = ~Eqp Up 2E, -2Ky (ii) Carbon isotope *2C has a nuclear mass = 12.000000u ‘mass of proton, m,= 1.007825 u mass of neutron, m, = 1.008665 u Binding energy, AB = ((6m, + 6m,) - 12.000000) c? (6 * (1.007825 + 1.008665) ~ 12000000) c* =(0.09894) amuc?x9315 MEV = 92.16 Mev 92.16 12 29. (d):Asnuclear force is charge independent, 0, pp = Fon = Fon 30. (a): [Link] nucleon = .68Mev/nucleon where, ris 0.8 fm. | So, potential energy is minimum at a distance ro of about | O8fm. 420 31. (c) :Nuclear forces are not always attractive as range below 1 fermi, it becomes repulsive in nature. 32. Plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation is given in the figure. ha Repulsive Attractive ‘ i e : é Conclusions: (i) The nuclear force is much stronger than the coulomb force acting between charges or the gravitational forces between masses, (ii) The nuclear force between two nucleons falls rapidly to zeros their distance is more than a few fermi. (ii) For a separation, greater than ‘fp, the force is attractive and for separation less than ro, the force is strongly repulsive, 33, (a) Thedensity of the nuclearmatteris tremendously larger than the physical density of the material. This is due to the fact that most of the atom is empty and its whole mass is concentrated in its nucleus. (b) Coulombian force between two proton is repulsive. However, within a nucleus a number of protons and neutrons exist together within a very small space. So it is clear that nuclear force is not coulomb force but it is an extremely short range force which is attractive in nature and responsible for maintaining all the nucleons together. (€)__ Refer to solution 32. 34. (d) 35. (c) :Let the nucleus X has mass number A and atomic number Z, Conservation of atomic number: 2472142 > Z=8 Conservation of mass number : 4414=1+A = A=17 Thus, the Xis 07”. 36. Large nuclei have large number of like charge articles close to each other and hence they are unstable in nature. Because of this instability they undergoes nuclear fission reaction to form two stable nuclei. 37. The fusion reaction in the sun is a multi-step process in which the hydrogen is burned into helium. Thus, the fuel in the sun is the hydrogen in its core. The proton-proton (p, p) cycle by which this occurs is represented by the following sets of reactions: JH+TH 3 Hte* +v+0.42MeV et te y+7+1L02MeV PH+fH 3 He+7+5.49MeV $He+$He $ He+}H+12.86MeV (CBSE Champion Physicg Casey 2 For the fourth reaction to occur, the first thre rea, occur twice, in which case two light helium unite ty 0° ordinary helium nucleus. If we consider the combina, 2 (i) + 2(ii) + 2 (ii) + 2(iv), the net effectis om 44H42e” 9$ He+2v+67+26.7MeV (or (AtH+4e~) + ($He+26")+2v+67426.7Mey Thus, four hydrogen atoms combine to form ay 3He atom with a release of 26.7 MeV of energy, 38. (a) Nuclear Fission 1.]The process of splitting] 1. of a heavy nucleus into| [than two light nuclei two nuclei of nearly! |fuse together to form comparable masses with] |heavy nucleus with the| liberation of energy is| liberation of energy, the called nuclear fission. process is called nuclear Nuclear Fusion When two or more Example: fusion, 25us dn Ba Example: | 1Bkriginsg| [TH+ THO SH +§n+3.2Mev The lighter nuclel-have| 2.|A suitable bullet or] 2, projectile like neutron} |to be brought very close| is needed to initiate] |to each other against nuclear fission electrostatic repulsion. Fission of single nucleus|3.|Four protons combine| lof U33° producesapprox.| |to form helium nucleus 200 MeV energy. which produces approx. 24 MeV energy. (>) Given: m= 100g,P=500W Here two deuterium nuclei produce 3.27 MeV energy 5.232% 1071) 23210713 2 2.616 107195 No. of deuterium atoms in 100 g 0231073 x100 2 Total energy = 3.011 x 105 x 2.616 x 10°? = 7.88% 10°75 Energy per nuclei = =3.011%1075 atoms 7.8810" “500 58x10 = t 1.58x10" s _ 2 InAgofsample ,x4 there will 6022107 number of xX“ atoms. eet Neues +! 2 us Be nude s9, Givenm=2kg, P= 800W. ere, two deuterium nuclei produce 427 MeV energy = 5.232% 10° J 5:232x10-9 2 Energy per nuclei = =2.616x 109) L umber of deuterium atom in 2 kg 6023x109 x2000 aie =6023% 107 atom p._ Total energy = 6.023 x 1076 x 2.616 x 10-1 = 15,75 x 10°95 Energy Time 1575x109 800 1.96x10"* =u ODIO? oars at =1.96x10"ts 40. Fora big nucleus, Initial binding energy Fortwo small nuclei, A= 120, BE/A= 8.5 MeV Final binding energy = 2x 120 x 8.5 = 2040 MeV Energy released during fission =(Final BE.) - (Initial B.E.) = 2040 - 1824 = 216 MeV 41. Fusion reaction, 7H+7H—> jHe+n Energy released = final B.E. BE =7.73 ~ (2.23 + 2.23) =3.27 MeV. 42. (a) Refer to solution 38(a). (0) Refer to solution 32. 1264 12¢-5 Nex 4 43. Given equation, "C+ “ZC f0Ne+ 3He Mass of products m’ = 19.9924394+ 4.0026034 3.995042 u Mass defect, Am =m -m’ = (24000000 - 23.9950424) = + 0.004958 u This reaction is a exothermic reaction, as Am s positive Q= (Am)c? = (0.004958) x 931 MeV = 4.615898 MeV 44. (i) Refer to solution 38(a). (i) The release of energy in nuclear fission and fusion can be explained by the concept of binding energy per nucleon, Binding energy per nucleon is the amount of energy required to separate a nucleon from the nucleus ofan atom, Nuclei with higher binding energy per nucleon are more stable, meaning that they require more energy tobe split apart or combined, 'n nuclear fission, the total binding energy per nucleon Of the resulting nuclei is greater than the binding energy Per nucleon of the original nucleus. This excess energy is ‘eleased in the form of kinetic energy and radiation. 42a In nuclear fusion, the total binding energy per nucleon of ‘the resulting nucleus is greater than the binding energy Per nucleon of the original nuclei. The excess binding energy is released in the form of kinetic energy and radiation, 45, pr4o_, BE. A -6MeV /nucleon BE que, 7 8.5MeV /nucleon BE 10.4 =8.4MeV /nucleon Energy released E=190%8.4+110x85 - 240%7.6 E=1092+935- 1824 E=203MeV 46. Ina nuclear reaction, the sum of the masses of the target nucleus (2H) and the bombarding particle (GH) may be greater than the product nucteus (3He) and the ‘outgoing neutron gn. So from the law of conservation of mass-energy some energy (3.27 MeV) is evolved due to mass defect in the nuclear reaction. This energy is called Qualue of the nuclear reaction. GEG > Q-value = (Amin a.m.u) x 931.5 MeV a (CBSE SAMPLE QUESTIONS ee] 1. (d): The nuclei having mass number about 60 have highest binding energy per nucleon. Thus, these are most stable nuclei ey 2 ot st i (Ma tin Ba Bo lbw . 4 ° 0 100, 0, 200 350 Mareen a (i) the binding energy per nucleon, Ej, is practically constant, ie, practically independent of the atomic number for nuclei of middle mass number (30 < A < 170). The curve has a maximum of about 8.75 MeV for A= 56 and has a value of 7.6 MeV for A = 238. (il) Ejq is lower for both light nuclei (A < 30) and heavy nuclei (A > 170). We can draw some conclusion from these two observatior 422 (i) The force is attractive and sufficiently strong to produce a binding energy of a few MeV per nucleon. The constancy of the binding energy in the range 30 mass of products a) Hence, the reaction is exothermi (05) For the second reaction 70160 + 4.0026= 11.0186 amu mass of products = 1.0087 + 10.1294 = 11.1381 amu mass of reactants < mass of products ( Hence, the reaction is endothermic. (05) —

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