Module # : Series Solution and Special Function
Power series
Def" : Let voERgao , a - -- an ...
-
ER .
An
typean
expression of the
Au is called a
power
Series in 12 around No The ·
point no is called the center
and an's are called as the coefficients .
Example 0 x- +5
:
Here no = 0
> 90 = 0 , G2n = 0 , 121
=
a
24 + 1 , n
② anuh
Any polynomial astain + --- + i
a
power series.
efinition : Consider a
power Series Ian (n-ud"
n= 0
A real number RLO is called the radius of
convergence if the expression converges for all
NE (Uo-R No + R) ,
and R is the
largest such number .
Let R be the radius of convergence of the
power
series · Let I =
(No-R , NotR) ·
Hence it defines
a real valued function and we denote it
by
f(x) i. e
.,
2 -U
,
f(x) = an , NE
We f
call is
analytic on the interval I
.
In Example O the
analytic function Sin .
u
Formula for radius of convergence :
T= himano
= lim
Example: Consider the power
series
Here 20 =
-1
& an = 1 .
So
, him Ian1Y
= =
1
=> R = .
1
The Series is a
geometric series
careyes to flu) =
#Hu =
in , me (2 0),
Properties of power series
1.
Equality Let f(u) =
[an (n-no)" & g(n) [bum-n)" =
be two series with radius of convergence
power
R , R2 respectively .
Let R =
minGR R2] ,,
Then f(u) =
g(u) - xE (No - R ,
Mo + R)
= an =
bu fu .
2 Term term addition .
by
.
f(u) = [anCr-ro)" ,
xE (No ) -
R
,,
20+ R ,
& g(u) 2 bu (n- uo)" = ,
nE(Mo-R2 Mo +R2) ,
R =
minGR R23 ,,
for n-
( -
R , no + R) , ( g) (n)
+ :
= Can b) +
. Term
3
by term differentiation :
Let f(u) =
I an G-uo)" ,
ne (no-R ,
R
Mo +
Then f (n) = nan(-u(-R , not
and points of
Ordinary Singular differential Equation
Consider a differential equation of second order
f(u) D
y" a(u)y
uEI
b(u)y
+
+
-
= ...
called
A pointNot I is an
ordinary point if the
functions a , b & f admit power series expression
around Otherwise it is called
singular
u= do :
Point of the ODE .
Solving ODE D:
If all the points of I are
ordinary ,
we use
power series sol method .
I there exists a
singular point of the ODE from I ,
Frobenious series sol method
Power series solution Method
Consider
y" + a (u) y + b(x)
y
=
f(u) .
Let a ,
b , f be
analytic around No = 0
(say)
we can expect Ienu" is solution to the
y
: a
diff equation
-
We need to determine en's.
Example Consider thediffequation Y-
:
-gl
y
around No = .
0
Let
y enu" is a seto
yty
zenue
↓
y
=
y" +
y 0
=
=> Cu
=> M +
2) ( + ) Cut
=> ( + (( + 2)
Cut
=> Cn + 2
=
-2) n+
2 =
- 2z =
-
712 25
7/2
=
24 =
·
i
En
=
Eight
:
Therefore yea
= Guru
=
C +I
=
To cosn + & Sin 1 ,
Co , GER .
Frobenious Series Solution Method
We solution
can
apply power series method when
the coefficients are
analytic .
What if not all the coefficients are
analytic at some
Pointeo
(say).
ef :
& Let totl be a
singular point of the diff .
equation
y" P(u)y g(u)y
+ + = 0 .
said to
No is regular singular point if
be
(x-10) PSU) & (x-2) &(1) are analytic .
ToSolve such ODE we will use Frobenious method .
Zan
wes : Assume
# D y
:
y a
se the
to
ODE .
We used to determine v .
② substitute the values of y y'y" , into the ODE .
coefficient of
③ collect then lowest power of M-U) ,
this
gives
a
polynomial egul of degree 2 in v. solve the esun.
of solutions : Let two sets of the
polynomial
be
Types
r h
,
equation .
Case 1 : v
, - V2 **, then two independent Frobenious
solutions .
Case 1 : v -rEX , One Frobenious solution , second
Solution
may
involve a
logarithmic term
Case III : v =
2 ,
one Frobenimus solution ,
second sol
always
-
involves
log (-1).
Example
1: Solve
ny" my' + + (n 2) y
- =
0 about 0 .
Station P( = q( = clearly a
is
!
are
point of the ODE .
N
ntr
Let Sol 0
y = anc is a to .
n = 0
(o +1)
n+ V
y"= Intrant
1
y' =an
-
e &
Substitute into the ODE ,
we
get
ny" +
xy +
my
-
2y
= 0 .
=> +Intranc an uat t
+ unt an
=> (2) an
unta
lowest of "
is
the series
degree power a .
& its coefficient is
(VE2) do
no (= 1 = 0 => V = + v .
Let V = E IE = -
v
for 221 , an =
-
Two Frobenious Sot's are
Jana" ,
with no = 1
9
-E Zana" with ao = 1 .
ans
satisfy the recurrence
relation ( * )
Example
2 :
n2y" +
My'-ny = 0 about 1=0
cheek that e= o is a
regular Singular point of the
ODE .
Let y : anti Go8
as
gives Can
++
This (n + r) "an + 10 ·
n =0
n = 0
2148
=> Entry
120
an
-an)a = 0 .
v= 0
lowest degree term
yields = v= .
0
an
=
N
Thus
y (v) =I
, an
at is <
Sc
The second sel" is
y
=
y ,
em
+ bar
Putting J2 Ye , ,
ye" we
get
bn = -
zan .
(31) , bo = 0 .
=>
F2 =
Y , (n-2an ,
an=
about
Example
:
cy" +
my-y = 0 100 ·
cheek v= 0 is a
regular Singular point of the ODE
.
y
=
Zancentr is a
sel ?
=Cutt 11
+
Entry - Janu
Cus = 1
lowes term
gives
El
v2 -1 = 0 = V = .
=> ( = 1) an= = 0 + 230 ·
=> an = 0 + n>1 :
n are two
Take ao = 1 = Y ,
= U
& Y2 =
sells of the ODE .
Example
4 : Solve
ry"-myt y = 0 about 1= 0
Solution: cheek n=0 is a
regular Singular point of
The ODE .
Let
yan put is a solution of the D
y =Intrancentr ,
yaur) (tret
The ODE becomes
Can (utr) M + -D -
an Mtr) +
an u
=> (n + ran t
coefficient of lowest degree term
(V-2ao = 0
=> v= 1 ie . r
,
= r= 1 .
(+ r -
1)an =
0 f nx1
=> nan =
0[ : v=
1]
=> an = 0 n3 1 ·
is solution of the
Y aox a
=>
=
,
ODE .
put 20 1 : is So
Y,
= .
.
e a a
Solution is
Other
y2
=
y, (a +
b
+
n 1
Y y:
-
= lux +
y/ ,
Y =
y,
(nx +
yim +
Yiv -
51/2bun
ny" xyz - +
yz = 0
<y +-
=>
Ly"-y N
u=1
+ [buk" = .
0
n =8
comparing coefficients ,
we
get
bn = 0 + .
n
=> x In a
Yz
=
General sol" is
Gy , +
22 , no ·