Module 3 – Reading on Related Studies

- A Review of Related Literature (RRL) is a survey of scholarly sources on a

- It analyzes, evaluates, and synthesizes previous research to validate the need

PURPOSE:
- The purpose of RRL is to provide a foundation of knowledge, identifies
inconstancies: gaps in research, conflicts in previous studies, open questions left
from other research, justify the need for a new study, gain insights from previous
studies, the presentation, process, and techniques, and avoids duplication.
SOURCES:
Primary source- publications or writings wherein a researcher reports the
results of his studies.
Secondary source-publications or writings wherein a certain author
describes the work of another author.
• Related studies are published and unpublished reports on actual
researches done previously, to know what have been done in the field in
relation to your topic such as thesis, articles, dissertations.
• Related literature refers to published materials that discuss theories,
concepts, principles, and opinions related to the research topic such as
books, encyclopedias, professional journals, magazines, newspapers, and
government documents.
TYPES OF SYNTHESIS:
Synthesis is defined as a combination of information and discussion from one
or more relevant sources of information. When you synthesize, you need to
extract important information coming from all your sources, you have to find
similarities and differences, and you must instill the importance of this
information in your research study. Thus, you can do it in two ways:
a. Explanatory – deals with presenting information through explanations
and presents in objectively.
b. Argumentative- a presentation of information that is usually done in a
logical and debatable manner.
Example:
“According to the Divine Creation Theory, the world was created by the Almighty.
All creatures are made into life through His power. He crafted the universe in just
6 days. He made the human beings from sand and blessed them with life through
His breath”.
- Explanatory
“The world is created through evolution and scientific reactions, wherein all living
creatures undergo different mutations and reactions to become what it is right
now. This statement is supported by the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
which is published by Charles Darwin”.
- Argumentative
In writing RRL, there are three major sections:
a. Introduction- composed of a single paragraph wherein information about
the general topic of your research is presented. It also provides the overall
statement of knowledge of your research. It gives an overview of the
content of your RRL.
b. Body – it focuses on presenting all relevant information gathered. It must
follow be presented in a logical manner, addressing the order of your
objectives of the study.
c. Conclusion – this is composed of a single paragraph the presents the
summary of the overall state of knowledge about your topic and how
significant is your study.
After finding your possible sources and crafting the structure of your RRL, the
next important part that must be truly considered is the means of citing sources
used.
A citation is a formal reference to a published or unpublished source that you
consulted and obtained information from while writing your research paper.
(Baraceros, 2016)
According to this author, the following are the purpose of citation:
a. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know about the
field.
b. To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people’s claim, conclusions
and arguments.
c. To prove your broad and extensive reading of related studies and literature.
About your topic.
d. To help readers find contacts the sources of ideas easily.
e. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work and save yourself from
plagiarism.
Take note:
- The idea/s is not yours, always make sure that you will not directly copy it.
Rather, you need to paraphrase it and cite the author.
Citing sources comes in two manners:
a. In-text citation – it refers to citation that can be found in all of the
chapters in your research paper. The information used are the following:
Author’s name, Date of publication, and page number.
b. Referencing – it refers to bibliography that holds the summary of the
information of all your sources. These includes: Author’s name, Date of
Publication, Page number, Publisher, Place of publishing, Title, Volume,
and Edition.
In in-text citation, these guidelines should be considered under APA
citation style:
a. By-author or writer – all your information is discussed or explained
separately.
b. By-topic – it is used when several authors give the same information about
a certain topic.
Number of Authors By-author or writer By topic
One author Abdul (2026) states The composition of
that… Earth is … (Abdul,
2026).
Two authors Smith and Clavin (2022) Accoridngly,………
explained that… (Smith & Clavin, 2022).
Three authors Kim, Lee, and Yu (2019) In today’s education, …..
discussed that… (Kim, Lee, & Yu, 2019).
Four and above and you Young et al. (2025) Technology is ……..
wish to use the same emphasized that……. (Young et al., 2025).
source for many times
 Module 4- Understanding Ways to Collect Data
In conducting research, Methodology is an important section of research paper
that states how the study was designed, conducted, and analyzed. It details the
research design, participants, locale, instruments, data gathering procedures,
and statistical treatment/ data analysis. (Immersion concept, 2024).
Research design states the whole approach that you decide on to add the
different components of the study coherently and logically, thereby, ensuring you
will effectively address the research problem; it is a blueprint for the collection,
measurement, and analysis of data.
Research designs for Qualitative includes:
a. Ethnography – the study of people’s culture by immersing oneself to the
participants’ environment.
b. Phenomenology- the study of people’s experiences and its meaning by
describing an event or phenomenon.
c. Case study – a detailed examination of a single case and it involves deep
understanding through multiple types of data sources.
d. Grounded theory – aims to formulate theory or explanation.
e. Historical analysis- the study of past events and its relation to the present
time.
Research designs for Quantitative includes:
a. Descriptive/ Survey research- a non-experimental design that uses
questionnaires and sampling polls to generate numerical data for
statistical analysis.
b. Correlational – a non-experimental design that investigates the
relationship of two variables.
c. Experimental – the systematic process of planning, conducting, and
analyzing controlled tests to evaluate the impact of independent variables
on dependent variables.
d. Quasi- experimental – a design that involves intervention.
Population and Sampling Procedure
Population refers to the total number of people who serve as subjects or
respondents of the study.
Sampling Methods:
a. Random sampling- a technique that uses randomization to make sure
that every element of population gets an equal chance to be part of selected
sample.
 b. Stratified Sampling – a technique that divides a population into distinct,
homogeneous subgroups (strata) based on shared characteristics like age,
gender, or income, ensuring each segment is represented proportionally.
c. Convenience sampling – a technique where samples are selected based
on availability.
d. Purposive sampling – based on intention or the purpose of the study.
e. Snowball sampling - a non-probability, chain-referral method where
initial research participants recruit future subjects from their network,
causing the sample to grow like a rolling snowball.
Other parts of chapter 3:
Locale of the Study
- This describes the specific setting or geographic location where the study
takes place. You may explain why the location was chosen and its
relevance to the study.
Data Gathering Procedure
- It outlines the chronological process of how data will be collected, from
securing permission, sending letters, to the final collection. You may
explain how did you approach your participants and how did you use your
instruments to collect data.
Research instrument
- This part describes the tool used in collecting data if it is a survey, an
interview, checklist, Likert scale, a researcher’s made questionnaires, etc.
You will include here your final tool to be used and always ensure its
validation.
Data Analysis Procedure/ Statistical Treatment of Data
- Specify what will you use to interpret your data and why they are
necessary. If it is a quantitative study, it may include descriptive statistic
using mean, media, frequencies, range, and standard deviation or
inferential statistics like paired t-test, ANOVA, or regression. For
Qualitative, it may include thematic or Content analysis.
Visit this sample for guidance:
[Link]
university/practical-research/chapter-3/97628983
[Link]
Methodology-Comfort-Rooms